Earlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Silk Road Spice Trade2. Chinese Admiral Zheng He &

the Ming “Treasure Fleet” 3. A New Player Europe

Marco Polo- Italy, 1271Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.Better seaworthy ships.

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages

In 1498, Da Gama (Portuguese) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Isolationist China

• 1644 Manchu's from Manchuria invaded China- Overthrew Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)• Qing Dynasty established

– Remained isolationist country until Europeans would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor

• The Dutch from The Netherlands did this!

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

How do we know that the cartographer had limited info??

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Luxury Goods- want a faster

and safer trade route to Asia.2. Renaissance curiosity about

other lands and peoples.3. Monarchs seeking new sources

of revenue Monarchs wanted new ways to get $.

4. Technology advances.5. Fame and fortune.6. Want to stop the spread of

Islam- Spread Christianity!

The Three

G’s

GoldGod Glory

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

AstrolabeFrom Where??

Arabia

Better Maps [created by

cartographers]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

From Where??China

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Rudder

Triangular Lateen Sails

Shallow Hull

Gunpowder and guns!

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation in Portugal

Portugal

• First country to search for gold and spices by sea; wanted to increase trade!

Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire1. Exploring the west coast

of Africa.2. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut, India.

Spain

• Wanted to conquer – Use land to become wealthy– Convert people to Christianity

• Treaty of Tordesillas– Pope Alexander VI, 1494- split the unexplored

world in half through the Atlantic from North to South Poles.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 14941494

Divided the world into two parts, one for Spain, one for Portugal

Portugal’sSpain’s

Japan

• Japan divided into warring states which welcomed outside traders• 1600- Japan united by Tokugawa Shogunate

– *Japan closes itself off from the world

» **Ideas & Trade

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus Explored In The Islands

of the Caribbean

Sea

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the WorldWorld::Early 16Early 16cc

Global Trade• New agricultural products

– Sugar, tobacco, coffee, siliver mining• Expensive to trade- need financial backer• Joint-stock companies=individual

merchants combined resources, shared profits/risks of trading voyage

• Some companies had government support/protection (Dutch East India Trading Company

Mercantilism

• Defined: State’s power dependent upon its wealth

• Goal of every nation is to gain wealth• Gain wealth by mining or trading

– In trade, want to export more than you import– Governments help exporting businesses

(monopolies, tariffs)• Colonies- source of raw materials, market for

exports

Global Exchange

• Population growth in Europe• Worldwide exchange of people, goods,

tech, ideas, diseases• Rise of capitalism- economic system

based on private ownership and investing resources for profit

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa

Pineapple Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR

CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs

Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping

Cough

Liquor GUNS

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

aries

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.2. Portuguese replaced European

slaves with Africans.Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the

numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

3. English start sailing, as well.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.2. Influx of gold, and

especially silver, into Europe

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened European rivalries.