An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800 Chapter 19 p. 526-548.
Transcript of An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800 Chapter 19 p. 526-548.
An Age of Explorations and An Age of Explorations and IsolationIsolation
1400-18001400-1800
Chapter 19Chapter 19
p. 526-548 p. 526-548
BackgroundBackgroundBy 1400, Europeans By 1400, Europeans
were ready to were ready to venture venture beyond their bordersbeyond their borders
• Renaissance encouraged a new Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosityspirit of adventure and curiosity
• Printing press spread ideas and Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and chartsnew maps and charts
I. Causes of European I. Causes of European ExplorationExploration
#1- New Trade Routes#1- New Trade Routes• People want People want wealthwealth; achieve that ; achieve that
through tradethrough trade Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon,
pepper)pepper) Introduced during Crusades; people still Introduced during Crusades; people still
demanded goods once wars endeddemanded goods once wars ended Demand greater than supply= high pricesDemand greater than supply= high prices
Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)
• Trade routes controlled by Trade routes controlled by Italians and Italians and MuslimsMuslims Muslims sold Asian goods to ItaliansMuslims sold Asian goods to Italians Italian merchants resold items at increased Italian merchants resold items at increased
prices to merchants throughout Europeprices to merchants throughout Europe Other traders did NOT like this and wanted Other traders did NOT like this and wanted
new routes that bypassed Italian merchantsnew routes that bypassed Italian merchants
Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)
#2- Spread Christianity#2- Spread Christianity• Crusades left hostility between Crusades left hostility between
Christians and MuslimsChristians and Muslims• Europeans believed they Europeans believed they
had a sacred duty to had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims continue fighting Muslims
and to convert non-Christiansand to convert non-Christians
Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)
• Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias: early Portuguese : early Portuguese explorerexplorer““For God, Glory, and Gold”For God, Glory, and Gold”
(”To serve God and His majesty, to give light (”To serve God and His majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”)rich as all men desire to do.”)
Causes of European Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)Exploration (cont’d)
#3- New Exploration Technologies#3- New Exploration Technologies• CaravelCaravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular : stronger, sturdier ship with triangular
sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the windsail against the wind
• AstrolabeAstrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully : brass circle w/ carefully adjusted rings marked off in adjusted rings marked off in degrees; used to calculate latitude degrees; used to calculate latitude (perfected by Muslims)(perfected by Muslims)• Compass: Compass: magnetically tracked magnetically tracked direction (Chinese invention)direction (Chinese invention)
II. Portugal leads the wayII. Portugal leads the way
A.A. Portugal was 1Portugal was 1stst to to establish trading outposts establish trading outposts along the west coast of along the west coast of AfricaAfrica
B.B. Prince HenryPrince Henry: son of : son of Portugal’s kingPortugal’s king
• Nation’s most enthusiastic Nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of explorationsupporter of exploration
• Conquered Muslim city in Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he North Africa where he discovered exotic wealth discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe never found in Europe (cinnamon, cloves, (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, pepper, silver, gold, jewels.jewels.
Portugal leads the way Portugal leads the way (cont’d)(cont’d)
• Henry determined Henry determined to find the source of to find the source of that wealththat wealth
• 1419 he founded a 1419 he founded a navigation school in navigation school in PortugalPortugal
(mapmakers, (mapmakers, shipbuilders, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea scientists, and sea captains, gathered captains, gathered there to perfect their there to perfect their trade)trade)
Portugal leads the way Portugal leads the way (cont’d)(cont’d)
• By Henry’s death, By Henry’s death, Portugal held a series Portugal held a series of trading posts along of trading posts along western African western African shores. shores. Traded for gold and Traded for gold and
ivoryivory Eventually, they Eventually, they
traded for African traded for African captives (slaves)captives (slaves)
Next, Portugal Next, Portugal searched for a trade searched for a trade route to Asiaroute to Asia
Portugal leads the way Portugal leads the way (cont’d)(cont’d)
C.C. Portugal secures a Sea Route to AsiaPortugal secures a Sea Route to Asia1.1. Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias
• 1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa 1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
where he reached the tipwhere he reached the tip
• Huge storm arose, battered shipsHuge storm arose, battered ships
• Realized his ships were blown around the tipRealized his ships were blown around the tip
• Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they returned homethey returned home
Portugal leads the way Portugal leads the way (cont’d)(cont’d)
2.2. Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama• 1498 began exploring east African coast1498 began exploring east African coast• Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)• Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gemsAmazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems• Filled boats with goods and returned to Filled boats with goods and returned to
Portugal where they sold them for 60 times Portugal where they sold them for 60 times the cost of the voyagethe cost of the voyage
• Da Gama’sDa Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route to IndiaPortugal a direct sea route to India
III. Spain also makes claimIII. Spain also makes claim
A.A. Christopher Christopher ColumbusColumbus• 1492 he convinced 1492 he convinced
Spain (although he Spain (although he was Italian) to pay was Italian) to pay for his plan to find for his plan to find a trade route to a trade route to Asia by sailing Asia by sailing west across the west across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean
Spain also makes claim Spain also makes claim (cont’d)(cont’d)
• October 1492: landed on a Caribbean October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Island which he mistook for the East Indies (AKA -Indonesia.) Indies (AKA -Indonesia.)
Immediate impact of Columbus:Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased Increased tension between Spain and Portugal.tension between Spain and Portugal.
Spain also makes claim Spain also makes claim (cont’d)(cont’d)
B.B. Spain vs. PortugalSpain vs. Portugal• Portugal believed Portugal believed
Spain reached Spain reached Asia and that Asia and that Columbus claimed Columbus claimed lands that the lands that the Portuguese might Portuguese might have reached have reached first.first.
• Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI divided the land divided the land between the 2 between the 2 nationsnations
Spain also makes claim Spain also makes claim (cont’d)(cont’d)
• He drew the He drew the Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation: : imaginary North/South line that gave imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal (light green) lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spainand the lands on the west to Spain
• 1494 1494 SpainSpain and and PortugalPortugal signed the signed the Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to : they agreed to honor the line.honor the line.
IV. Trading Empires in the IV. Trading Empires in the Indian OceanIndian Ocean
With new trade routes came With new trade routes came conflict. European nations conflict. European nations scrambled to establish profitable scrambled to establish profitable trading posts as they battle natives trading posts as they battle natives and each otherand each other
Trading Empires in the Indian Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)Ocean (cont’d)
A.A. PortugalPortugal• Built huge trading empire by capturing Built huge trading empire by capturing
many Muslim owned lands (w/ help from many Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted on their ships)cannons mounted on their ships) (Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, (Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca,
Spice Islands)Spice Islands) By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the
PortuguesePortuguese broke the Italian-Muslim broke the Italian-Muslim domination of trade and sold goods at 1/5 domination of trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost. the cost.
Trading Empires in the Indian Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)Ocean (cont’d)
B.B. English and DutchEnglish and Dutch• 1600 they began to challenge Portugal1600 they began to challenge Portugal• Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships
with 20,000 vesselswith 20,000 vessels• Both formed East India Company to Both formed East India Company to
establish and direct trade throughout establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.treaties, and raise armies.
Trading Empires in the Indian Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)Ocean (cont’d)
• Dutch East India CompanyDutch East India Company eventually eventually drove out the English and established drove out the English and established dominance over the regiondominance over the region
• By 1700, Dutch ruled much of By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia, the Spice Islands, and the Indonesia, the Spice Islands, and the Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope
Trading Empires in the Indian Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)Ocean (cont’d)
C.C. FrenchFrench• Established its own East India CompanyEstablished its own East India Company• It struggled at first, faced attacks from It struggled at first, faced attacks from
the Dutch, eventually est. output in Indiathe Dutch, eventually est. output in India
*Although Europeans took control of many *Although Europeans took control of many port cities their influence rarely spread port cities their influence rarely spread beyond the ports.beyond the ports.
V. China: Ming DynastyV. China: Ming Dynasty
Europeans had ports all over the Indian Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian coasts and were now and Asian coasts and were now looking for more sources of wealth. looking for more sources of wealth.
They found it in China, then Japan.They found it in China, then Japan.
By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol rulers and had united under Mongol rulers and had united under new leadership: the Ming Dynastynew leadership: the Ming Dynasty
China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
A.A. Ming DynastyMing Dynasty: dominant power in : dominant power in Asia from 1368-1644Asia from 1368-1644
• HongwuHongwu: commanded a rebel army : commanded a rebel army that drove out the Mongols in 1368 that drove out the Mongols in 1368 and became the 1and became the 1stst Ming Emperor Ming Emperor
Promoted reforms to restore agricultural Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols, & promote China’s power and Mongols, & promote China’s power and prosperityprosperity
China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)• Hongwu eventually dies, his son Hongwu eventually dies, his son
((YongloYonglo) takes over. He was very ) takes over. He was very curious of the world so he launched 7 curious of the world so he launched 7 voyages of exploration.voyages of exploration.
• Zheng HeZheng He led all 7 voyages led all 7 voyages 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting
ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships (400 ft long!)(400 ft long!)
Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.
China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
• Zheng He showed superiority by Zheng He showed superiority by leaving silver and silk as giftsleaving silver and silk as gifts
• More than 16 countries paid tribute More than 16 countries paid tribute to Chinato China
• Officials complained it was a waste Officials complained it was a waste and the voyages ceased after the 7and the voyages ceased after the 7thth in 1433in 1433
China: Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
B.B. China’s trade policies reflected China’s trade policies reflected isolationisolation
• Only government officials were Only government officials were allowed to conduct foreign trade allowed to conduct foreign trade through 3 coastal portsthrough 3 coastal ports
• However, smuggling went on up However, smuggling went on up and down the portsand down the ports
VI. China: Qing DynastyVI. China: Qing Dynasty
A.A. Manchus:Manchus: people of Manchuria (west people of Manchuria (west of the Great Wall) invaded China and of the Great Wall) invaded China and took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs)yrs)
• Qing DynastyQing Dynasty: name taken of the : name taken of the Manchus as they ruled for 260 yrsManchus as they ruled for 260 yrs
• Expanded China’s borders to include Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibetand Tibet
China: Qing Dynasty China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
B.B. RebellionsRebellions• Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese
Manchus and rebellions flared up for decadesManchus and rebellions flared up for decades
C.C. ImprovementsImprovements• Manchus made frontiers safeManchus made frontiers safe• Restored China’s prosperityRestored China’s prosperity• While keeping Confucian beliefs and social While keeping Confucian beliefs and social
structuresstructures
China: Qing Dynasty China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
D.D. RulersRulers• KangxiKangxi: Qing Emperor 1661-1722: Qing Emperor 1661-1722
Reduced govt. Reduced govt.
expensesexpenses Lowered taxesLowered taxes Patron of the artsPatron of the arts Welcomed the Jesuits who told Welcomed the Jesuits who told
them of science, medicine, them of science, medicine, mathematics, etc. in Europemathematics, etc. in Europe
China: Qing Dynasty China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
• Qian-longQian-long: : Kangxi grandsonKangxi grandson China reached its greatest size and China reached its greatest size and
prosperityprosperity
China: Qing Dynasty China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
E.E. Chinese continue isolationChinese continue isolation• China, center of universeChina, center of universe• If foreigners wanted to trade, they had If foreigners wanted to trade, they had
to follow the Chinese rulesto follow the Chinese rules Special ports & tributeSpecial ports & tribute DutchDutch followed the rules followed the rules Dutch returned w/ many Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new trade items including a new
one…TEA.one…TEA. By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to EuropeBy 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe
China: Qing Dynasty China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)(cont’d)
• BritishBritish also wanted to trade, but didn’t also wanted to trade, but didn’t like the ruleslike the rules 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a
letter from the king asking for better letter from the king asking for better arrangementsarrangements
Qian-long declinedQian-long declined This leads to problems laterThis leads to problems later
VII. Life in the Ming and Qing VII. Life in the Ming and Qing DynastiesDynasties
A.A. Role of FamilyRole of Family• Most farmedMost farmed• Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation
and fertilizersand fertilizers• This caused increase in food This caused increase in food
productionproduction• Thus, an increase in populationThus, an increase in population
Life in the Ming and Qing Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (cont’d)Dynasties (cont’d)
• Favored sons over daughtersFavored sons over daughters• Only son could perform religious ritualsOnly son could perform religious rituals• Sons raised families under parents roofs Sons raised families under parents roofs
(remember that they took care of aging (remember that they took care of aging parents!)parents!)
• Women worked the fields, took care of Women worked the fields, took care of the children's education, and managed the children's education, and managed the financesthe finances
Life in the Ming and Qing Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (cont’d)Dynasties (cont’d)
B.B. Cultural DevelopmentsCultural Developments• Traditional Chinese fiction Traditional Chinese fiction
written at this timewritten at this time• Artists painted in traditional Artists painted in traditional
stylestyle• Experimentation in ceramics Experimentation in ceramics
led to high-quality, including led to high-quality, including porcelainporcelain
• Drama very popularDrama very popular
VIII. Japan’s 3 DaimyoVIII. Japan’s 3 Daimyo
BackgroundBackgroundIn the 1300s Japan had developed unity In the 1300s Japan had developed unity
under the Shoguns (military rulers). In under the Shoguns (military rulers). In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s feudal 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s feudal system and the country slipped into chaos system and the country slipped into chaos as violent disorder followed. AKA-”Warring as violent disorder followed. AKA-”Warring States” period. Eventually powerful States” period. Eventually powerful samurais gained control and offered samurais gained control and offered protection to peasants in return for loyalty. protection to peasants in return for loyalty. Their new system of feudalism resembled Their new system of feudalism resembled that in Europe, with castles, small armies, that in Europe, with castles, small armies, and now, muskets.and now, muskets.
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
DaimyoDaimyo: warrior chieftains who become lords in : warrior chieftains who become lords in JapanJapan
A.A. Oda NobunagaOda Nobunaga: brutal and ambitious daimyo : brutal and ambitious daimyo who hoped to gain enough power to take the who hoped to gain enough power to take the whole country.whole country.
• Seized the capital in 1568Seized the capital in 1568• ““rule the empire by force”rule the empire by force”• 11stst to use muskets in Japanese battle to use muskets in Japanese battle• 1582 committed seppuku (ritual of 1582 committed seppuku (ritual of
suicide of a samurai) when one of his suicide of a samurai) when one of his own generals turned on himown generals turned on him
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
B.B. Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Nobunaga’s Nobunaga’s best general, continued his best general, continued his mission of destroying the daimyo mission of destroying the daimyo that remained hostilethat remained hostile• By 1590 he controlled most of JapanBy 1590 he controlled most of Japan
• Wanted to conquer China, so sent Wanted to conquer China, so sent troops to Korea (allies with Ming)troops to Korea (allies with Ming)
• Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew from Koreafrom Korea
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
C.C. Tokugawa Ieyasu: Tokugawa Ieyasu:
completed the unification completed the unification
of Japanof Japan• 1600, defeated rivals1600, defeated rivals• Became sole ruler of JapanBecame sole ruler of Japan• Tamed the daimyo at the local level by Tamed the daimyo at the local level by
requiring them to spend every other year in the requiring them to spend every other year in the capitalcapital
• Founded Founded Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of : dynasty of shoguns that ruled Japan until 1876shoguns that ruled Japan until 1876
IX. Life in JapanIX. Life in Japan
A.A. SocietySociety• Very structuredVery structured
1.1. EmperorEmperor (figure-head) (figure-head)2.2. ShogunShogun: military commander who actually : military commander who actually
held powerheld power3.3. DaimyoDaimyo: powerful landholding samurai: powerful landholding samurai4.4. Samurai WarriorsSamurai Warriors5.5. Peasants and ArtisansPeasants and Artisans6.6. MerchantsMerchants; eventually became more ; eventually became more
important as Japan’s economy expandedimportant as Japan’s economy expanded
Life in Japan (cont’d)Life in Japan (cont’d)
• Confucian values influenced ideas Confucian values influenced ideas about societyabout society– Depended on agricultureDepended on agriculture– Peasants made ideal citizens, bore Peasants made ideal citizens, bore
majority of tax burdenmajority of tax burden– Many left farming and tried to make it Many left farming and tried to make it
as samurais, artisans, and merchantsas samurais, artisans, and merchants– By 1700s, Japan began to shift from By 1700s, Japan began to shift from
rural to urban societyrural to urban society
Life in Japan (cont’d)Life in Japan (cont’d)
B.B. CultureCulture• Samurai attended dramasSamurai attended dramas• Read tales of courageRead tales of courage• New literature, drama, and art emergeNew literature, drama, and art emerge
HaikuHaiku: 5-7-5 syllable, 3-line verse poetry: 5-7-5 syllable, 3-line verse poetry• Presents images rather than ideasPresents images rather than ideas
KabukiKabuki: type of drama where music, dance, : type of drama where music, dance, and mime are used to present storiesand mime are used to present stories
Life in Japan (cont’d)Life in Japan (cont’d)
C.C. Contact between Japan and EuropeContact between Japan and Europe• Europeans began coming to Japan in the Europeans began coming to Japan in the
1616thth century and were welcomed century and were welcomed Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their
shoresshores Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco,
firearmsfirearms, & other unfamiliar items, & other unfamiliar items Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional
weapon was sword). They wanted every weapon was sword). They wanted every advantage over othersadvantage over others
Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost badly in battlebadly in battle
Life in Japan (cont’d)Life in Japan (cont’d)
• Christians in JapanChristians in Japan 1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan Japanese accepted them b/c they associated Japanese accepted them b/c they associated
them with goods from Europethem with goods from Europe Converted over 300,000 JapaneseConverted over 300,000 Japanese Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians
scorned Japanese beliefs & involved scorned Japanese beliefs & involved themselves in politicsthemselves in politics
Didn’t do anything b/c he didn’t want to drive off Didn’t do anything b/c he didn’t want to drive off the new merchantsthe new merchants
Life in Japan (cont’d)Life in Japan (cont’d)
Ieyasu died in 1616Ieyasu died in 1616 In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against
the Shogunate. the Shogunate. b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed
them for the rebellionthem for the rebellionAfter that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians After that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians
and forced Japanese to demonstrate Buddhismand forced Japanese to demonstrate Buddhism
* This led to Japanese exclusion * This led to Japanese exclusion policy!policy!
X. Japan’s Closed Country X. Japan’s Closed Country PolicyPolicy
• At first, Japan welcomed new tradeAt first, Japan welcomed new trade
• Over time, they realized they could Over time, they realized they could safely exclude both missionaries and safely exclude both missionaries and merchantsmerchants
• 1639 they sealed their borders and 1639 they sealed their borders and instituted their instituted their “Closed Country Policy”“Closed Country Policy”– Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open
to Chinese and Dutch.to Chinese and Dutch.
Japan’s Closed Country Policy Japan’s Closed Country Policy (cont’d)(cont’d)
• For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans. closed to Europeans.
• AND Japanese were forbidden to leave! AND Japanese were forbidden to leave! • Japan went on to develop self-Japan went on to develop self-
sufficiently, free of European attempts sufficiently, free of European attempts to colonizeto colonize