8/13/2019 THE ACTION OF HERRING OIL BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO- GENATION ON THE YIELD AND FAT PERCENTAGE OF TH

1/4

THE ACTION OF HERRING OIL BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO-GENATION ON TH YIELD AND FAT PERCENTAGE

OF THE MILK OF TH E GOAT 1W . R. G R A H A M J R . w i t h th e a ss i s t a n c e o f P . T . C U P P S 2

Department of Dairy Husbandry College of Agriculture Columbia Mo.When small amounts of cod-liver oil are included in the diets of lactating

cows, there is a subsequent decline in the fat percentage of the milk whichthey secrete. This was first poin ted out by Golding and his associates 1),and has since been amply substant iated by Petersen 2) and McCay andMaynard 3).Recent ly Golding 4) has shown that the factor or factors in cod-liveroil which cause this decline in fat percentage are not recovered in the non-saponifiable frac tion of the oil. McCay and Maynar d 3) have shown thatthe principle responsible for the phenomenon is located in the saponifiablefrac tion of the oil. In other words, some fa tt y acid or groups of fa tt y acidsis responsible.

McCay and Maynard fed not only cod-liver oil but shark and salmon oil.These, however, produced an effect that was much smaller than that experi-enced with cod-liver oil.

In the light of these findings it would appear that the fatty acid groupresponsible for the reaction would be present in other fish oils but possiblyin smaller quantities. The reaction, if of general biological importance,should be manifes t in other species. Other highly unsatu rat ed fat ty acidswill not produce a similar effect in lowering the percentage of fat in themilk. However, this does not necessarily mean tha t ce rta in groupings ofunsaturated bonds possibly occurring in the fatty acids of cod-liver oil arenot responsible for the phenomenon. If this were true, hydrogenation ofthe fatty acids would obliterate the effect as produced by the untreatedfish oil. E X P E R I M E N T A L

Six lactating goats were used in the experiment, which was continuedover a period of 11 weeks. The animals were divided into two groups andtheir ration supplemented as shown in Table 1 with herring oil and the sameoil after hardening by hydrogenation.

The animals were confined to their stalls throughout the experiment. Themilk secreted was measured to the nearest 5 ec. and milk fats were de termined

R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n S e p t e m b e r 2 5 1 9 37 .1 C o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D a i r y H u s b a n d r y M i s s o u r i A g r i c u l t u r a l

E x p e r i m e n S t a t i o n J o u r n a l S e r i e s N o . 52 9 .T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o t h a n k t h e G e n e r a l E d u c g t i o n B o a r d o f t h e R o c k e f e l l e r F o u n -

d a t i o n f o r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .45

8/13/2019 THE ACTION OF HERRING OIL BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO- GENATION ON THE YIELD AND FAT PERCENTAGE OF TH

2/4

6 W. R. GRAHA ~ JR.~ AND P. T. CUPPSTABLE 1howing the ~at supplemen~ to the daily diet

W E E KG R O U P 3-5 6 6-93

ControlControl

2 oz..A.2 oz.B

2oz. B2 oz.A.

9 - 1 1

2oz. B 2oz. B2 oz. ~& 2oz. B

M I L K

A--Origin al herring o i l .B--Hydrogenated herring oil.o n th e m i lk s o f e a c h a n i m a l t w i c e w e e k l y f r o m a c o m p o s i te s a m p l e m a d eu p b y t a k i n g a l i q u o ts f r o m e a c h m i l k in g . T h e o r i g in a l p l a n o f e x p e r i m e n tca l l ed f o r a m i x t u r e o f t h e f a t i n t h e d ie t . H o w ev e r w h i l e t h e g o a t s co n -s u m e d t h e ir r a t io n c o n t a i n in g t h e h a r d e n e d o il w i t h t h e i r u s u a l a p p e t i tet h e y r e f u s e d t h e m i x t u r e c o n t a in i n g t h e o r ig i n a l oil. C o n s e q u e n t l y t h isw a s f e d b y s y r i n g e t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r im e n t s .

I I I 1 I

SHOWING THE EFFECT OFUNTREATED ANDHYDROGENATED HEP'P'ING OIL O N THE MILKYIELD AND FAT H RCENTAGE OF THE M ILKOF GOATS.

[ ' ~ "

o

, , I - - I I l a ' l l l - - I ' L ~ , l l W ~ ,- . . . .

a . a . ~ ~ . ~ 0GPOUP I ~- ~- -z 0 ~ = ~

i I0 t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lo ~1

TIM IN W KS 'zG. I .

The condensed result s arc shown in Table 2 and F ig ur e 1. These demon-st ra ted tha t w hen 2 ounces of her r i ng o il were fed da i ly there was a subse-quen t r educ t ion in the pe rcen tage o f f a t i n the mi lk p rodueed by t h e s ean ima l s . S imi la r amoun t s of the same f a t a f t e r hyd rogena t ion had l i t t l e

12

8/13/2019 THE ACTION OF HERRING OIL BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO- GENATION ON THE YIELD AND FAT PERCENTAGE OF TH

3/4

T A B L EShowing the eondensed results for milk yield and percentage o f fatWEEKGOAT

Group 112330

119

Milk (co.)FatMilkFatMilkFat eanMilkF a t

16,7053.609,4952.2412,4803.1836,8603.13

15,2904.118,6252.6512,3703.2536,2853.47

14,6604.219,1302.6512,9203.3936,7103.53

12,5203.858,1202.3012,7003.2235,3403.05

11,7203.766,7502.1811,3902.97530,8603.00

11,5303.505,8302.159,4303.1026,9703.06

11,5704.176,9202.7010,1303.7028,6203.64

10,1504.156,8402.319,8103.4026,7003.41

9,9804.385,3202.509,0903.6124,3903.67

9,4804.196,8402.499,8203.76625,1403.73

10,1203.865,3902.729,2703.4924,7803.47

Group 256

252507

MilkFatMilkF a tMilkFateanilklVat

9,7403.1610,1303.4810,1202.329,9902;97

8,9603.999,3903.628,8452.7627,1953.68

9,2803.159,2903.869,4102.6028,0503.19

9,2403.459,5003.469,4802.5928,2203.16

8,5604.1399,2503.2848,3802.62626,1903.349

9,1303.858,8103.608,8402.9026,7803.45

9,3404.109,1803.088,4302.3526,9903.205

7 7403.068 3202.396 8701.6622,9502.395

7,2603.374,8902.931,5042.6013,6543.13

8,2303.593,2653.833,8502.4715,3453.36

4,5103.815,7103.274,9202.3114 2003.34

-4

8/13/2019 THE ACTION OF HERRING OIL BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO- GENATION ON THE YIELD AND FAT PERCENTAGE OF TH

4/4

48 w . R . GRAHA~Cf~ JR.~ AND P. T. CUPPSor no effect on the percentage of milk fat. In fact if any change occurredthere may have been a slight increase under this condition of feeding.

The results show that hydrogenation of the herring oil destroyed itspower to reduce the percentage of fa t in the milk. This fact indicates thatthe factor or factors responsible for the reaction are in unsaturated bondsof the fish oils. Since however simple uns atura tio n has been shown toproduce no similar effect the results must be due to some particular group-ing of unsaturated bonds in these fatty acids.

The treatment with herr ing oil was however not without effect on thegeneral well-being of the animals. This did not become appa ren t unti l theanimals had been on feed fo r over two weeks. At tha t time they began torefuse their feed and the decline in milk production and fat percentage mani-fest in the earli er portions of the period became more pronounced. No diffi-culties were experienced when the animals were fed the supplements ofhardened fat.

The reductions shown in the volume of milk secreted when the oil wasfed are thus complicated by reduced feed intake. However under similarconditions without the fish oil in the diet we would expect on the basis ofour knowledge of fa t production that there would have been an increase inthe fa t pe rcentage of the milk.

The effect produced when the oil was fed appeared to be generalizedthrough the body rather than localized in the secretion of the mammarygland. The toxicity of the unt rea ted oil as compared to the same oil aft erhydrogenation indicates that the grouping of unsaturated bonds is reactingwith some mechanism which is of general importance to the animal as awhole rather than one which might be specifically related to the secretionof milk.

REFERENCES1) GOLDING, J. , SOA]~IES, K. M., AND ZILYA, S . S . The inf luence of the cow di et on the

fa t soluble vita mins of winte r milk. Biochem..:[our. 20: 1306. 1926.(2) PETERSEN, W . E . The effect of cod liver oil in the rat ion upon the quality an d quan-

ti ty of cow s milk. Jo um DAIRY ScI. 15: 283. 1932.(3) McCAY, C. M., AND MAYNARD, L . A . The effec t of i ngest ed cod liver oil, sha rk liveroil and salmon oil upon the composition of the blood and milk of lactating cows.Jou r. Biol. Chem. 109: 29. 1935.

(4) GOLDING, J. Some of the effects produ ced on the ric hness of cow s milk by feedi ngcod liver oil. Proc. Wor ld s Dair y Congress, p. 44. 1928.