THE 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE AUTO

INDUSTRY• Became the nation’s largest

industry in 1920s.• 10 million cars in U.S. in 1920,

26 million by 1929!• Assembly line started in 1913,

building 5 million cars/year by 1929.

Industry weakness: Those who buy a long lasting item are out of the market for a few years (fewer sales)

1920 Ford Model T Center Door Sedan

Mass ProductionHad a ripple effect on the economy

More Steel mills were needed More Rubber Factories More Glass Suppliers Real Estate: Can now build homes outside

the cities in suburbs Gas Stations replaced horse stables Roads to be built

Negative Ripple Effect

When automobile sales slow down so do all of the other industries that supply them.

This causes a massive downturn in the economy.

Jobs are lost in those other areas This is why Auto industry helps drive the

economy (even today)

II. The 2nd Industrial Revolution: Other Industries/Economic

Weaknesses New industries appeared in the 1920s:

1. Electric Industrya. Massive steam generators

converted coal to electricity (2/3 of all Americans had electricity by 1929)

b. New Appliances: Washing Machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, ovens

c. These appliances led to more free time

- “chores” decreased, kids faced boredom

2. Radio/Motion Picturesa. In 1929 NBC became the 1st successful radio network

- Amos N’ Andy was 1st famous radio comedy (it featured “blackface comedy”)

b. Allowed the spread of advertising c. First talking movie in 1927: “The Jazz Singer”, starring Al Jolson

3. Aluminum became a major business

4. Corporations grew, forcing out familyowned businesses

a. increasing dependence on mortgage bankers like J.P. Morgan

Economic Weaknesses did occur1. Decline in “traditional” industries

a. Railroads were poorly managed & hurt by the new trucking industryb. Coal Industry was being replaced by

natural gas & petroleumc. Cotton declined due to rayon & synthetic fibersd. Agriculture was hardest hit of all

- farmers had expanded meat production in WWI to feed the U.S. & Europe

- prices dropped after WWI. This hurt farmers during 1920s. Later drought & depression devastated them in 1930s.

2. Middle to Upper Class Prospereda. Ended up with more money than they could spendb. Many ended up speculating

heavily in the stock market- instead of investing in sound markets- idea was to get rich quick

c. 1920s was known as a time of plenty: spend and not worry about the future

IV. Heroes of the Decade1. Babe Ruth (home run king)2. Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney (boxing legends)3. Charles Lindberg (1st man to fly

solo across the Atlantic) – Spirit of St. Louis

4. Rudolph Valentino – first major Hollywood “Sex symbol”

The New Urban Culture: The Great Migration

A half-million blacks left the South for the North in the 1920s1. Higher paying jobs, left behind Southern farms and sharecropping2. Competed for jobs/housing with existing Northern Whites

a. caused resentmentb. race riots erupted in 26 Northern

citiesc. White media reported RUMORS of

spreading violence by Blacks – this increased tensions/retaliation by Northern Whites

3. Migration also occurred due to blacks being hired to replace striking whites while unions formed4. Marcus Garvey

a. founded “Back to Africa” movement

b. Garvey felt Blacks couldn’t compete with whites in America

c. Urged blacks to return to “mother countries” in Africa to build strong separate civilizations

d. “Black Pride” was started, gained recognition

e. Garvey started the Black Star Line ships to Africa

- B.S.L. failed- Garvey was tried & convicted

of fraud by an all-white jury

- Many felt he was convicted mainly on radical beliefs

- B.S.L. really failed due to mismanagement, rather

than fraud.- served in jail from 1925-1927,

released and deported to Jamaica

5. Black Ghettos Todaya. Many were a result of the great

migrationb. Migrants were poor, moved into

less expensive city housesc. Middle Class whites with cars

moved to the new suburbsd. Inner city houses decayed with

age & poor couldn’t afford to move out – stuck there

e. Poor directly affected by economy, 1st to lose jobs, no way out of their situation

6. The Harlem Renaissancea. Many migrant Blacks settled in Harlem, New York

- became the “Negro capital of the world”

b. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Walden Johnson became leaders of the Harlem Renaissance

- was an expression of African American writers

who began expressing their own identity and anger at racism

- jazz music, rhythm & blues told stories of racism/hard times : Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington

THE RED SCARE

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial1. Sacco & Vanzetti were immigrants who

believed in anarchy2. They were tried and convicted of

murder, based on circumstantial evidence, not hard proof

3. Some felt they were convicted on their beliefs & because they were immigrants

4. Executed in 1927. Later Names were cleared by Governor Michael Dukakis in 1977.

5. Riots erupted after executions in U.S. & Europe

THE RED SCARE (Continued)

Palmer Raids1. Palmer was President Wilson’s Attorney

General2. Palmer gathered information on radicals3. Deported up to 600 immigrants (mostly to

Soviet Union) due to Communist fears4. Most deported or arrested favored NON-

Violent radicalism, not Violent revolution

Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition

Feminism/Suffrage1. Women Suffrage

a. 19th Amendment Passed in 1920b. 15th Amendment allowed all MEN to vote

c. Progressives helped push for women to vote to help push through their reforms

Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)

d. Sheppard/Tower Act (1921) was 1st Amendment to deal with Welfare reform

- assisted maternal & infant health care

- Child killers included: polio, diphtheria & smallpox

e. Young Women Rebelled against Victorian Constraints

- wore shorter dresses- smoking/drinking in public

for 1st time- wild dancing, more

promiscuous

Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)

2. Children/TeensA. Kids no longer worked much thanks to

progressive reformsB. More Time led to: Drinking, promiscuity,

constant search for excitementC. More middle class attended school & given

more luxuriesD. Lower Class had more idle timeE. Gangs developed on city streets

Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)

3. Crime IncreasedA. Due to Prohibition (18th

Amendment in 1917)- More middle/upper class

were willing to break laws for alcohol

B. Bootlegging became common- Adult gangs developed: Al

Capone

Feminism/Kids/Crime/Prohibition (continued)

4. Prohibition

A. It was illegal to sell, drink, make or transport more than 1% alcohol

B. Represented moral issues by Progressives & Southerners who migrated North

C. Law angered ethnic groups such as Germans and Irish immigrants

D. Drinking did decline, but it was repealed in 1933

KKK Rebirth/Immigration Restricted

1. KKK Rebirtha. KKK had only 34 members in

1914 – 5 million by 1925b. The Red Scare helped to

convince many to join the KKKc. KKK was a sanctuary to the

frightened & insecure

KKK Rebirth/Immigration Restricted (Continued)

d. KKK gained political control of state governments in Oklahoma & Texase. Hatred extended to Mexicans, Japanese, European immigrants, Catholics, Jews, French Canadians, Prostitutes and radical women in the 1920s

f. KKK felt all of those groups werebeyond redemption

g. Similarities to the rise of Nazi’s in Germany

h. KKK wanted “pure Americanism”

i. KKK fell quickly in the 1920s due to:

- clashes with the law- scandals with

sex/corruptionj. Racism remained and there

would be no major civil rights legislation until the 1960s

KKK Rebirth/Immigration Restricted (continued)

2. Immigration Restrictiona. 1924 National Origins Act

- created a “quota system”- limited European immigrants

to 150,000 per year- based on fears of immigrants

flooding into the U.S. from a rebuilding Europe

- the law lasted into the 1960s- Mexican immigrants were NOT

restricted and filled the need for unskilled workers

Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion

1. The Lost Generationa. American writers who questioned why Materialism ruled over intellectual, spiritual and artistic concernsb. Writers moved to Europe and wrote pessimistically of greed/emptiness of American lives in 1920s- included: Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,T.S. Elliot, Sinclair Lewis

Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion (continued)

2. Harlem Renaissance brought previously hidden Black art, music & literature to the world

A. Rhythm & Blues music- sounds of years of sorrow and

struggleB. Writers Claude McKay, Langston

Hughes- wrote about the Black struggle

for equalityC. Cultural Explosion

- marked by white & black authors who were critical of mass production/wanting a simpler lifestyle

Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion (continued)

3. Fundamentalist ControversyA. Scopes Trial

- John Scopes was a Biology teacher

- Scopes taught theory of evolution, which was against Tennessee law to teach

- Prosecution used William Jennings Bryan to testify, but contradicted by taking Bible out of context after saying it was a literal translation

Literary Works/Lost Generation/Cultural Explosion (continued)

- Scopes was found guilty, given a $100 fine

- Bryan was so hurt by trial that he died 6 days later

- Fundamentalism did survive despite the trial

John ScopesHigh School Biology teacher

Famous Lawyers

Politics in the 1920s I. Warren G. Harding

(President 1921-1923)A. Republican candidate for

president in 1920. His slogan was “back to normalcy”B. Believed in importance of Big Business

- supported by big business leadersC. Tried to have U.S. face calm after WWI and Wilson’s Treaty failure

D. Teapot Dome Scandal1. Two cabinet members took

bribes for big oil leases in Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

2. Harding died of a stroke in 1923, before scandals became public

3. He was a good man, surrounded by corruption

Politics in the 1920s (continued)

II. Calvin Coolidge, (President 1923-1929)A. “Silent Cal”, honest, integrity, a

friend of businessB. “The Business of America is

Business”1. Believed big business must

be prosperous for America to prosper

2. This was popular strategy throughout the 1920s

3. Chose not to run again in 1928

III. Herbert Hoover (President 1929-1933)A. Self-made millionaire named

“Wonder Boy”B. Most intelligent President in the

1920s, served as secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge

C. Pushed for gov’t. regulations, but only wanted volunteerism from businesses, not having the gov’t. make it mandatory

Politics in the 1920s (continued)

IV. Republican PoliciesA. Isolationism

1. Wanted to separate from Europe’s troubles

B. Dawes Plan1. Allies owed the U.S. $10

billion in war debts they couldn’t pay until Germany repaid them $33 billion debt

2. France moved into Germany, possibly threatening a new war

Politics in the 1920s (continued)

3. Dawes was sent to avert another war. Got U.S. bankers to loan Germany money to repay its debt,

so allies could repay the U.S.4. Policy was to replace

Europe’s military dependence with big business dependence

5. Only worked until the Great Depression destroyed banking industry

Politics in the 1920s (continued)

V. Brand-Kellogg TreatyA. 14 Nations signed a treaty

outlawing warB. Treaty declared war was illegal

1. Weakness was there was no punishment if treaty was broken

Politics in the 1920s (continued)VI. Scientific Management

A. Developed by Frederick Taylor1. Taylor felt workers were lazy,

sloppy2. Felt efficiency could be

measured to improve productivity, raise wages & profits

B. Time Study Analysis1. Take a single task (welding a

car frame)2. Use a stop watch to time the

person - after several times, the

average time represents the standard time it takes to weld a car together

3. After a year, Management saw what average time was taken to do the task. If it was twice the standard time, the worker was at 50% efficiency

4. Aim was for 100% or better. If not improved after a period of time, then firings, demotions or new supervisors took over

5. Exceptions to improvement: When changes are made to the product, or new workers are hired

C. Benefits of Scientific Management1. Accountability, evaluation of

talent, future cost projections2. The more you do something,

usually you get more accurate in less time

Politics in the 1920s (continued)

VI. Failures of the Republican policiesA. Crash came down during Hoover’s

time due to ignorance1. When economy slowed in

1927, credit should have been made more difficult to get, but instead it was made easier

2. This would have created a mild recession, instead of a sudden, hard depression

B. Failure of Brand-Kellogg and League of Nations to create punishments helped Germany & Japan get aggressive & led to WWII