The 1970’sThe 1970’s

1968-19801968-1980

Nixon Through Nixon Through BushBush

Nixon Through Nixon Through BushBush

Testing the SuperpowerTesting the Superpower 1968-19931968-1993

Testing the SuperpowerTesting the Superpower 1968-19931968-1993

Economic Problems EmergeEconomic Problems Emerge By the end of the 1960’s…the prosperous By the end of the 1960’s…the prosperous

economy of post War era was ending.economy of post War era was ending. 1970’s- no productive advance equal to one 1970’s- no productive advance equal to one

year’s progress in previous 20 years.year’s progress in previous 20 years. Median income of workers stagnated for Median income of workers stagnated for

next 20 years!next 20 years! Standard of living lower than parents?? Standard of living lower than parents??

The First Moon LandingThe First Moon Landing

On July 20, 1969, On July 20, 1969, Neil A. ArmstrongNeil A. Armstrong became the became the first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, JrEdwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., a fellow crewman on ., a fellow crewman on the the Apollo 11Apollo 11 spacecraft. spacecraft.

Television viewers around the world watched the Television viewers around the world watched the moon landing, and moon landing, and Apollo 11’sApollo 11’s crew were treated crew were treated as heroes when they returned. as heroes when they returned.

Economics in the 1970’sEconomics in the 1970’s **StagflationStagflation: : economic crisiseconomic crisis of the 70’s, 80’s.; inflation of the 70’s, 80’s.; inflation

accompanied with low employment.accompanied with low employment. Income for most Americans rose- but prices rose Income for most Americans rose- but prices rose

correspondingly therefore, there were no real income correspondingly therefore, there were no real income gains (70’s,80’s,90’s).gains (70’s,80’s,90’s).

Cause: unknown Cause: unknown 1.1. Rising oil prices (x 4 after 1973 )- Rising oil prices (x 4 after 1973 )- OPECOPEC placed an placed an

embargo on oilembargo on oil (after 73 Yom Kippur War) for US & (after 73 Yom Kippur War) for US & other countries due to friendly policies towards Israel.other countries due to friendly policies towards Israel.

2.2. Aging US factories- not as efficient as German & Aging US factories- not as efficient as German & Japanese factoriesJapanese factories

3.3. Shift from manufacturing to service economy jobsShift from manufacturing to service economy jobs4.4. Military spending- VietnamMilitary spending- Vietnam5.5. Indexed Social Security & welfareIndexed Social Security & welfare

Nixon & Foreign PolicyNixon & Foreign Policy Nixon & Nixon & Sec. of State Henry KissingerSec. of State Henry Kissinger (former (former

Harvard Professor)Harvard Professor) ““VietnamizationVietnamization”” – Nixon policy of gradual – Nixon policy of gradual

withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam & allow S. withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam & allow S. Vietnam to slowly take over the fighting.Vietnam to slowly take over the fighting.

Nixon Doctrine-Nixon Doctrine- US would honor existing defense US would honor existing defense commitments, but in the future Asians & others commitments, but in the future Asians & others would have to fight their own wars without large would have to fight their own wars without large numbers of US troops– numbers of US troops– ““New IsolationismNew Isolationism””

De-escalation- Nixon reduced troops to 30,000De-escalation- Nixon reduced troops to 30,000 Jan. 1973- peace treaty is signedJan. 1973- peace treaty is signed Nixon called on “Nixon called on “silent majoritysilent majority” who supported the ” who supported the

war for supportwar for support Sent VP Sent VP Spiro AgnewSpiro Agnew out to attack anti-war crowd out to attack anti-war crowd

Fighting the war at home & Fighting the war at home & abroadabroad

1968- 1968- The My Lai MassacreThe My Lai Massacre Oct. 1969- massive national Vietnam moratorium Oct. 1969- massive national Vietnam moratorium

(Boston) & Washington (150,000 plus)(Boston) & Washington (150,000 plus) Jan. 1970- Vietnam war became longest was & 3Jan. 1970- Vietnam war became longest was & 3 rdrd

costliest war in US historycostliest war in US history Draft protests continued- blacks & poor whites over Draft protests continued- blacks & poor whites over

represented in the draft. “represented in the draft. “rich man’s war, poorrich man’s war, poor man’s fightman’s fight” – ends draft by 1973!” – ends draft by 1973!

Fighting in VietnamFighting in Vietnam Hard to distinguish who the enemy is & whereHard to distinguish who the enemy is & where Drug abuse, mutiny, sabotage common among US Drug abuse, mutiny, sabotage common among US

troops– “fragging” their own officers!troops– “fragging” their own officers!

US Invasion of Cambodia & THE US Invasion of Cambodia & THE Kent State massacreKent State massacre

April 29, 1970- April 29, 1970- Invasion of CambodiaInvasion of Cambodia Nixon ordered US Nixon ordered US forces to join with S. Vietnamese forces to clean out forces to join with S. Vietnamese forces to clean out CambodiaCambodia without consulting Congress. (1969- 1973- Nixon without consulting Congress. (1969- 1973- Nixon bombed Cambodia)bombed Cambodia)

Laos & Cambodia used by the Viet Cong & North Laos & Cambodia used by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese; used trails for supplies== Vietnamese; used trails for supplies== “HO CHI MINH “HO CHI MINH TRAIL”TRAIL”

Student ProtestsStudent Protests *The Kent State Massacre*The Kent State Massacre - - angry college students believed angry college students believed

Nixon was widening the war- angry protests. Nixon was widening the war- angry protests. Ohio National Guard fired into the crowd= 4 deadOhio National Guard fired into the crowd= 4 dead Jackson State- Mississippi Highway Patrol fired at a dormitory Jackson State- Mississippi Highway Patrol fired at a dormitory

& killed 2& killed 2June 1970- * Nixon withdrew US troops from CambodiaJune 1970- * Nixon withdrew US troops from Cambodia

Congress Reigns the President inCongress Reigns the President in The Senate withdrew the Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionThe Senate withdrew the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Reduced draft calls, shortened period of draftability, on a Reduced draft calls, shortened period of draftability, on a

lottery basis from 8 years to 1. lottery basis from 8 years to 1. 2626thth Amendment Amendment (1971)- lowered voting age from 21 to (1971)- lowered voting age from 21 to

18.18. *** *** 1973 1973 War Powers Act-War Powers Act- President must report to President must report to

Congress within 48 hours after committing troops; Congress Congress within 48 hours after committing troops; Congress could limit action to 60 days & extend another 30.could limit action to 60 days & extend another 30.

• *The Pentagon Papers*The Pentagon Papers • Leaked to NY Times by former Defense Dept worker- Leaked to NY Times by former Defense Dept worker-

Daniel EllsbergDaniel Ellsberg - Nixon tried to block it-lost in Supreme - Nixon tried to block it-lost in Supreme Court.Court.

• showed mistakes & deceptions concerning Vietnam from showed mistakes & deceptions concerning Vietnam from Kennedy to LBJ.Kennedy to LBJ.

• How US provoked N. Vietnamese to attack US ships in Gulf How US provoked N. Vietnamese to attack US ships in Gulf of Tonkin. of Tonkin.

Nixon & DetenteNixon & Detente 1969- Soviet Union & China were fighting each 1969- Soviet Union & China were fighting each

other in border skirmishes in Asia= each had rival other in border skirmishes in Asia= each had rival interpretations of Marxism.interpretations of Marxism.

Nixon- decided to play them against one another.Nixon- decided to play them against one another. Feb. 1972- Nixon traveled to China Feb. 1972- Nixon traveled to China ““ShanghaiShanghai

CommuniquéCommuniqué”” – both nations agreed to normalize – both nations agreed to normalize relations & US acceptance of “relations & US acceptance of “One ChinaOne China” policy)” policy)

May 1972- Nixon invited to USSR (1May 1972- Nixon invited to USSR (1STST US president US president to visit)= to visit)= **DÉTENTEDÉTENTE (relaxing of tensions) (relaxing of tensions)

1972- 3 Year deal- US will sell USSR $750 million in 1972- 3 Year deal- US will sell USSR $750 million in foodfood

Results of DétenteResults of Détente

1.1. ABM Treaty-ABM Treaty- 1 1stst treaty; limited defensive missiles. treaty; limited defensive missiles.

SALT I-SALT I- ( (Strategic Arms Limitation TreatyStrategic Arms Limitation Treaty)- froze )- froze numbers of ICBM’s for 5 years.numbers of ICBM’s for 5 years.

* Both sides continued production of (defensive missiles= * Both sides continued production of (defensive missiles= 16,000 nuclear warheads by 1980’s. 16,000 nuclear warheads by 1980’s.

Nixon & Latin AmericaNixon & Latin America 1970- Opposed election of Marxist Salvador Allende 1970- Opposed election of Marxist Salvador Allende

(Chile) (Chile) Embargoed ChileEmbargoed Chile CIA worked covertly to undermine Allende governmentCIA worked covertly to undermine Allende government 1973- Allende killed in a military coup- US backed new guy 1973- Allende killed in a military coup- US backed new guy

General Augusto PinochetGeneral Augusto Pinochet

Nixon & The Burger Supreme CourtNixon & The Burger Supreme Court

1969- Nixon nominated 1969- Nixon nominated Warren E. BurgerWarren E. Burger as chief as chief justice to replace retiring justice to replace retiring Earl WarrenEarl Warren

1971- court had 4 conservatives out of 9 on 1971- court had 4 conservatives out of 9 on Supreme CourtSupreme Court

****Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg SchoolSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School BoardBoard (1971)- court ruled that busing could be (1971)- court ruled that busing could be used to integrate schools- controversial= angered used to integrate schools- controversial= angered whites. whites.

** ** Roe V. WadeRoe V. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion in the (1973)- legalized abortion in the US.US.

Nixon Domestic PoliciesNixon Domestic Policies Nixon expanded welfare programsNixon expanded welfare programs Increased funding for food stamps, AFDC, Indexed Increased funding for food stamps, AFDC, Indexed

Social SecuritySocial Security Reduced nations poverty rate by 11% (still lowest in Reduced nations poverty rate by 11% (still lowest in

US history)US history)Philadelphia Plan-Philadelphia Plan- required construction trade required construction trade

unions to set a timetable for hiring minorities- unions to set a timetable for hiring minorities- extended program to all federal contracts= extended program to all federal contracts=

**altered the meaning of **altered the meaning of affirmative actionaffirmative action to to include certain groupsinclude certain groups..

LBJ- intended it to mainly protect individualsLBJ- intended it to mainly protect individuals * * Griggs v. Duke Power CoGriggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) –outlawed . (1971) –outlawed

intelligence tests that exclude minorities & women.intelligence tests that exclude minorities & women.

Nixon & the EnvironmentNixon & the Environment **Rachel Carson-**Rachel Carson- “ “Silent Spring”Silent Spring” (1962)- “mother (1962)- “mother

of the modern environmental movement.of the modern environmental movement. April 22, 1970- 1April 22, 1970- 1stst Earth Day Earth Day Created the EPA Created the EPA ((Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection

AgencyAgency)) - 1970 - 1970 Clean Air & Water ActClean Air & Water Act (1970) (1970) Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act (1973) (1973)

*25*25thth Amendment (1967)- Amendment (1967)- Clarified the constitution- Article II, Clarified the constitution- Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 (does not specifically state if the VP Section 1, Clause 6 (does not specifically state if the VP becomes President or “acting president’).becomes President or “acting president’).

1.1. Incapacitated President= VP Incapacitated President= VP ISIS President President2.2. New President chooses new VP with consent of Congress New President chooses new VP with consent of Congress

Nixon Battles Political EnemiesNixon Battles Political Enemies Nixon’s suspicious and secretive nature caused the White Nixon’s suspicious and secretive nature caused the White

House to operate as if it were surrounded by House to operate as if it were surrounded by political political enemiesenemies. .

Nixon-- developed Nixon-- developed “enemies list”“enemies list”

Nixon ordered that Nixon ordered that wiretaps- even of his own staff wiretaps- even of his own staff

In response, Nixon organized a special White House unit, In response, Nixon organized a special White House unit, nicknamed the nicknamed the PlumbersPlumbers, to stop government leaks. , to stop government leaks.

In September 1971, the In September 1971, the Plumbers Plumbers broke into the office of broke into the office of Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, hoping to punish Ellsberg by Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, hoping to punish Ellsberg by disclosing damaging personal information about him. disclosing damaging personal information about him.

““The PLUMBERS”The PLUMBERS”““The PLUMBERS”The PLUMBERS”Started campaign of dirty tricks that Started campaign of dirty tricks that

included IRS harassment and included IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic frontrunner derailing of Democratic frontrunner Edmund Muskie.Edmund Muskie.

Used methods as calling New Used methods as calling New Hampshire voters in the middle of the Hampshire voters in the middle of the night and claiming to be from Harlem night and claiming to be from Harlem for Muskee or putting signs around for Muskee or putting signs around Florida stating “Help Muskee in Florida stating “Help Muskee in busing more children now”busing more children now”

Funded by Funded by Committee to Re-Elect theCommittee to Re-Elect the PresidentPresident (CREEP)(CREEP) which used highly which used highly questionable fund raising tactics and questionable fund raising tactics and raised over $20 million raised over $20 million

Started campaign of dirty tricks that Started campaign of dirty tricks that included IRS harassment and included IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic frontrunner derailing of Democratic frontrunner Edmund Muskie.Edmund Muskie.

Used methods as calling New Used methods as calling New Hampshire voters in the middle of the Hampshire voters in the middle of the night and claiming to be from Harlem night and claiming to be from Harlem for Muskee or putting signs around for Muskee or putting signs around Florida stating “Help Muskee in Florida stating “Help Muskee in busing more children now”busing more children now”

Funded by Funded by Committee to Re-Elect theCommittee to Re-Elect the PresidentPresident (CREEP)(CREEP) which used highly which used highly questionable fund raising tactics and questionable fund raising tactics and raised over $20 million raised over $20 million

Election 1972Election 1972 Republican Republican Richard NixonRichard Nixon – – promised to wind down promised to wind down

the “democrat” war= had reduced troop levels from the “democrat” war= had reduced troop levels from 540,000 to 30,000540,000 to 30,000

* Kissinger announced that peace was at hand* Kissinger announced that peace was at hand **The Southern Strategy-The Southern Strategy- Republicans appealed to Republicans appealed to

white southern voters; appointing conservative white southern voters; appointing conservative Justices, slowing Civil Rights, opposing school Justices, slowing Civil Rights, opposing school busing- led to Republicans being strong in South.busing- led to Republicans being strong in South.

Democrat Democrat George McGovern-George McGovern- promised to pull US promised to pull US troops out of the war within 90 days troops out of the war within 90 days

* * Watergate scandal beganWatergate scandal began during the election during the election (involved CREEP)(involved CREEP)

Nixon won in a landslide!!Nixon won in a landslide!!

**The Watergate Break-In**The Watergate Break-In In March 1972, a group within the In March 1972, a group within the Committee to Reelect the Committee to Reelect the

PresidentPresident made plans to wiretap the phones at the made plans to wiretap the phones at the Democratic Democratic National Committee HeadquartersNational Committee Headquarters at the Watergate apartment at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. complex in Washington, D.C.

This group was led by This group was led by E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon LiddyE. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy. . The group’s first attempt failed. During their second attempt on The group’s first attempt failed. During their second attempt on June 17, 1972, five men were arrested. June 17, 1972, five men were arrested.

The money they carried was traced directly to Nixon’s reelection The money they carried was traced directly to Nixon’s reelection campaign, linking the break-in to the campaign.campaign, linking the break-in to the campaign.

The break-in and the cover-up which resulted became known as The break-in and the cover-up which resulted became known as the the Watergate scandal.Watergate scandal.

The Watergate Cover-upThe Watergate Cover-up Although Nixon had not been involved in the break-in, he became Although Nixon had not been involved in the break-in, he became

involved in its involved in its coverupcoverup. .

He illegally authorized the CIA to try to persuade the FBI to stop its He illegally authorized the CIA to try to persuade the FBI to stop its investigation of the break-in, on the grounds that the matter investigation of the break-in, on the grounds that the matter involved “involved “national securitynational security.”.”

Nixon advisors launched a scheme to bribe the Watergate Nixon advisors launched a scheme to bribe the Watergate defendants into silence, as well as coaching them on how to lie in defendants into silence, as well as coaching them on how to lie in court.court.

VP Spiro Agnew-Oct 1973VP Spiro Agnew-Oct 1973VP Spiro Agnew-Oct 1973VP Spiro Agnew-Oct 1973 Nixon’s belligerent Vice-President Nixon’s belligerent Vice-President

who took on opponents much like who took on opponents much like Nixon did for IkeNixon did for Ike

Alliteratively referred to “hopeless, Alliteratively referred to “hopeless, hysterical hypochondriacs of history”hysterical hypochondriacs of history”

Pleaded ‘no contest’ to bribe charges, Pleaded ‘no contest’ to bribe charges, resigns from office in late 1973resigns from office in late 1973

Gerald Ford replaces Agnew as VP Gerald Ford replaces Agnew as VP (25(25thth Amendment used for 1 Amendment used for 1stst Time Time))

The WATERGATE TrialsThe WATERGATE TrialsThe WATERGATE TrialsThe WATERGATE TrialsNixon administration denied Nixon administration denied

any knowledgeany knowledge

Burglars were convicted in Burglars were convicted in January 1973 and, despite January 1973 and, despite offers of $400K in hush offers of $400K in hush money from White House money from White House Counsel John Dean, one of Counsel John Dean, one of the burglars started to talkthe burglars started to talk

Washington Post reporters, Washington Post reporters, Carl BernsteinCarl Bernstein and and Bob Bob WoodwardWoodward began to expose began to expose cover-upcover-up

Nixon administration denied Nixon administration denied any knowledgeany knowledge

Burglars were convicted in Burglars were convicted in January 1973 and, despite January 1973 and, despite offers of $400K in hush offers of $400K in hush money from White House money from White House Counsel John Dean, one of Counsel John Dean, one of the burglars started to talkthe burglars started to talk

Washington Post reporters, Washington Post reporters, Carl BernsteinCarl Bernstein and and Bob Bob WoodwardWoodward began to expose began to expose cover-upcover-up

The Scandal UnfoldsThe Scandal UnfoldsThe Watergate TrialThe Watergate Trial

At the trial of the Watergate burglars in early 1973, all the At the trial of the Watergate burglars in early 1973, all the defendants either pleaded guilty or were found guilty.defendants either pleaded guilty or were found guilty.

Judge John J. Sirica, presiding over the trial, was not Judge John J. Sirica, presiding over the trial, was not convinced that the full story had been told. convinced that the full story had been told.

sentenced the burglars to long prison terms, suggesting sentenced the burglars to long prison terms, suggesting that their terms could be reduced if they cooperated with that their terms could be reduced if they cooperated with upcoming Senate hearings on Watergate.upcoming Senate hearings on Watergate.

Senate held Watergate hearings led by NC Senate held Watergate hearings led by NC Senator Sam Senator Sam ErvinErvin Jr. Jr.

WATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE Hearings In February 1973, the In February 1973, the

Senate voted to Senate voted to establish a select establish a select committee to investigate committee to investigate the scandalthe scandal

In April, 3 of Nixon’s top In April, 3 of Nixon’s top aides resigned after their aides resigned after their implication and Dean, implication and Dean, who was getting who was getting nervous, was fired while nervous, was fired while press secretary Ron press secretary Ron Zeigler declared all Zeigler declared all previous statements on previous statements on the subject “inoperativethe subject “inoperative””

WATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE HearingsWATERGATE Hearings In May, the Senate Watergate In May, the Senate Watergate

Committee chaired by Sam Committee chaired by Sam Ervin of North Carolina Ervin of North Carolina began nationally televised began nationally televised hearingshearings

On June 14, Jeb Magruder, On June 14, Jeb Magruder, former Asst. Sec of former Asst. Sec of Commerce, confessed his Commerce, confessed his guilt and implicated Attorney guilt and implicated Attorney General John Mitchell, John General John Mitchell, John Dean and othersDean and others

Dean then implicated Nixon Dean then implicated Nixon and an aide revealed that and an aide revealed that there was a secret taping there was a secret taping system in the White Housesystem in the White House

In May, the Senate Watergate In May, the Senate Watergate Committee chaired by Sam Committee chaired by Sam Ervin of North Carolina Ervin of North Carolina began nationally televised began nationally televised hearingshearings

On June 14, Jeb Magruder, On June 14, Jeb Magruder, former Asst. Sec of former Asst. Sec of Commerce, confessed his Commerce, confessed his guilt and implicated Attorney guilt and implicated Attorney General John Mitchell, John General John Mitchell, John Dean and othersDean and others

Dean then implicated Nixon Dean then implicated Nixon and an aide revealed that and an aide revealed that there was a secret taping there was a secret taping system in the White Housesystem in the White House

**The “Saturday Night **The “Saturday Night Massacre”Massacre”

May 1973 Nixon agreed to the appointment of a May 1973 Nixon agreed to the appointment of a special special prosecutorprosecutor for the Watergate affair. for the Watergate affair.

A A special prosecutorspecial prosecutor works for the Justice Department and works for the Justice Department and conducts an investigation into claims of wrongdoing by conducts an investigation into claims of wrongdoing by government officials.government officials.

The Watergate special prosecutor, The Watergate special prosecutor, Archibald CoxArchibald Cox, insisted , insisted that Nixon release the that Nixon release the White House tapesWhite House tapes. .

Nixon ordered Nixon ordered Attorney-General Elliot RichardsonAttorney-General Elliot Richardson to fire to fire Cox on Saturday, October 20, 1973, leading Richardson Cox on Saturday, October 20, 1973, leading Richardson and the asst. Attorney-General to resign. The third in line to and the asst. Attorney-General to resign. The third in line to the Attorney-General Robert Bork fired Cox.the Attorney-General Robert Bork fired Cox.

known as the known as the ““Saturday NightSaturday Night MassacreMassacre.” .”

Impeachment Hearings and Impeachment Hearings and Nixon’s ResignationNixon’s Resignation

After the Saturday Night Massacre, Congress began the process of After the Saturday Night Massacre, Congress began the process of determining if they should determining if they should iimpeachmpeach the President, or charge him with the President, or charge him with misconduct while in office.misconduct while in office.

Summer of 1974, Summer of 1974, the House Judiciary Committeethe House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach voted to impeach Nixon on numerous charges. Conviction, and removal from office, Nixon on numerous charges. Conviction, and removal from office, seemed likely. seemed likely.

**The US vs. Nixon**The US vs. Nixon (1973)- Court ordered Nixon to turn over Whitehouse (1973)- Court ordered Nixon to turn over Whitehouse tapes; President could not claim “executive privilege”.tapes; President could not claim “executive privilege”.

On August 5, 1974, Nixon released the White House tapes, with an 18 1/2 On August 5, 1974, Nixon released the White House tapes, with an 18 1/2 minute gap. Even with this gap, the tapes revealed his involvement in minute gap. Even with this gap, the tapes revealed his involvement in the Watergate cover-up. the Watergate cover-up.

On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first President ever to do so. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first President ever to do so. Gerald Ford was sworn in as the new President.Gerald Ford was sworn in as the new President.

RESIGNATIONRESIGNATIONRESIGNATIONRESIGNATION A delegation of the A delegation of the

most senior members most senior members of Congress, led by of Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, Barry Goldwater, informed the President informed the President that no more than 15 that no more than 15 Senators still supported Senators still supported himhim

On August 9, 1974, On August 9, 1974, Nixon resignedNixon resigned

Vice President Vice President Gerald Gerald FordFord became President became President

A delegation of the A delegation of the most senior members most senior members of Congress, led by of Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, Barry Goldwater, informed the President informed the President that no more than 15 that no more than 15 Senators still supported Senators still supported himhim

On August 9, 1974, On August 9, 1974, Nixon resignedNixon resigned

Vice President Vice President Gerald Gerald FordFord became President became President

Vietnam & Watergate Vietnam & Watergate AFTERMATHAFTERMATH

2626thth Amendment Amendment gave 18 year olds the right to vote. gave 18 year olds the right to vote. In middle of crisis, Congress, over Nixon’s veto had passed the In middle of crisis, Congress, over Nixon’s veto had passed the

****1973-1973-War Powers ActWar Powers Act- limited presidential commitment of - limited presidential commitment of troops overseas to 60 days, after that required to get troops overseas to 60 days, after that required to get

congressional approvalcongressional approval 19741974 strengthened strengthened Freedom of Information ActFreedom of Information Act gave citizens gave citizens

greater access to files that federal government agencies had on greater access to files that federal government agencies had on themthem

Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1974Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1974 limited campaign limited campaign contributions and provided for stricter accountability and public contributions and provided for stricter accountability and public

financing of presidential campaignsfinancing of presidential campaigns Independent Counsel Act of 1978Independent Counsel Act of 1978 required Attorney General, required Attorney General,

in cases of suspected criminal activity in the executive branch, in cases of suspected criminal activity in the executive branch, to call on three federal judges to appoint a special prosecutorto call on three federal judges to appoint a special prosecutor American distrust of its government, American distrust of its government, “credibility gap”“credibility gap”

Only non-elected VP and President. Only non-elected VP and President. Famous quote: Famous quote: “HEALING PROCESS “HEALING PROCESS

MUST BEGIN”MUST BEGIN” Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted

amnesty or pardonamnesty or pardon Did little domestically or in foreign affairs Did little domestically or in foreign affairs

because Congress was controlled by the because Congress was controlled by the Democrats.Democrats. Instituted campaign to Instituted campaign to

“Whip Inflation Now”“Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) (WIN) He was a RepublicanHe was a Republican

1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam 1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam and Vietnam was united under and Vietnam was united under Communism.Communism.

HELSINKI ACCORDSHELSINKI ACCORDS

Only non-elected VP and President. Only non-elected VP and President. Famous quote: Famous quote: “HEALING PROCESS “HEALING PROCESS

MUST BEGIN”MUST BEGIN” Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted

amnesty or pardonamnesty or pardon Did little domestically or in foreign affairs Did little domestically or in foreign affairs

because Congress was controlled by the because Congress was controlled by the Democrats.Democrats. Instituted campaign to Instituted campaign to

“Whip Inflation Now”“Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) (WIN) He was a RepublicanHe was a Republican

1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam 1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam and Vietnam was united under and Vietnam was united under Communism.Communism.

HELSINKI ACCORDSHELSINKI ACCORDS

Gerald Ford Presidency(1974 to 1977)

Gerald Ford Presidency(1974 to 1977)

The Helsinki AccordsThe Helsinki Accords

1.1. *Helsinki Accords*Helsinki Accords – Ford & other – Ford & other leaders (34 nations) met in Finland; signed leaders (34 nations) met in Finland; signed treaty that settled Soviet dictated treaty that settled Soviet dictated boundaries for Poland & Eastern bloc boundaries for Poland & Eastern bloc countries = officially ended WWIIcountries = officially ended WWII

33RDRD set of agreements Soviets guaranteed set of agreements Soviets guaranteed liberal exchanges of people between East liberal exchanges of people between East & West & human rights & West & human rights

USSR was still spreading communism!! USSR was still spreading communism!!

VietnamVietnam 1973- Last US troops left Vietnam 1973- Last US troops left Vietnam 1975- North Vietnam invaded S. Vietnam– South Vietnam 1975- North Vietnam invaded S. Vietnam– South Vietnam

fell to the fell to the Communists= Communists= Vietnam became CommunistVietnam became Communist Capital - Saigon renamed Capital - Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City April 1975- Last remaining American citizens & 140,000 April 1975- Last remaining American citizens & 140,000

South Vietnamese rescued from VietnamSouth Vietnamese rescued from Vietnam Vietnamese refugees allowed to settle in the USVietnamese refugees allowed to settle in the US

Costs of VietnamCosts of Vietnam $118 Billion$118 Billion 56,000 dead56,000 dead 300,000 wounded300,000 wounded Lost face to foreigners, lost self-esteem, lost confidence, Lost face to foreigners, lost self-esteem, lost confidence,

reduced economic clout reduced economic clout

““22ndnd Wave” Feminism Wave” Feminism Betty Friedan- Betty Friedan- The Feminist MystiqueThe Feminist Mystique (1963) (1963) Co-Founder of Co-Founder of N.O.WN.O.W. (. (National Organization ofNational Organization of

WomenWomen)-1966– ()-1966– (Shirley ChisholmShirley Chisholm co-founder also) co-founder also) 1960’s- 1960’s- Robin MorganRobin Morgan -founded -founded W.I.T.C.H.W.I.T.C.H. (Women’s (Women’s

International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)- radical International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)- radical wing of feminism. wing of feminism.

Rape crisis centers & battered women’s shelters Rape crisis centers & battered women’s shelters appear 1960’sappear 1960’s

1972- 1972- **Title IX-Title IX- prohibits sex discrimination in any prohibits sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program= created federally assisted educational program= created opportunities for women’s athletics in schools & opportunities for women’s athletics in schools & colleges.colleges.

Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment (ERA)- pushed by feminists was (ERA)- pushed by feminists was

defeated in 1982 by opponentsdefeated in 1982 by opponents ( (Phyllis SchlaflyPhyllis Schlafly) )

Second Wave FeminismSecond Wave Feminism GainsGains: Affirmative action applied to women, Title IX, Shirley : Affirmative action applied to women, Title IX, Shirley

Chisholm (1Chisholm (1stst woman candidate for Pres. 1972 election- woman candidate for Pres. 1972 election-Democrat) Democrat)

1984- Geraldine Ferraro- ran for VP on Mondale ticket1984- Geraldine Ferraro- ran for VP on Mondale ticket 2008 - Hillary Clinton2008 - Hillary Clinton 1980- women are 51% of workforce, sexual harassment in 1980- women are 51% of workforce, sexual harassment in

workplace outlawed – make big gains in university admission workplace outlawed – make big gains in university admission & graduate school.& graduate school.

Conflict/DisappointmentsConflict/Disappointments:: Phyllis SchafleyPhyllis Schafley – among female opponents who stopped – among female opponents who stopped

ERA from being passed.ERA from being passed. Divorce rate= 82% in 1970’sDivorce rate= 82% in 1970’s Issues divide women as politics of resentment goes up- race, Issues divide women as politics of resentment goes up- race,

gender, abortion, sexual orientation gender, abortion, sexual orientation

Civil Rights in the 1970’sCivil Rights in the 1970’s

Civil Rights movement had fractured…butCivil Rights movement had fractured…but US v. Wheeler US v. Wheeler (1972) (1972) ruled that Native American ruled that Native American

tribes had a unique & limited sovereignty subject tribes had a unique & limited sovereignty subject to Congress but, not the STATES= tax free to Congress but, not the STATES= tax free reservations, casinos, gambling etc.reservations, casinos, gambling etc.

Milliken v. BradleyMilliken v. Bradley (1974)- can’t require students (1974)- can’t require students move across school district lines in order to move across school district lines in order to desegregate= reinforced & encouraged “white desegregate= reinforced & encouraged “white flight”flight”

1978- 1978- **Bakke v. University of California at **Bakke v. University of California at DavisDavis (Berkeley)- court ruled that preference (Berkeley)- court ruled that preference could not be given solely on basis of race alone for could not be given solely on basis of race alone for admissions, but could be used in overall policy. admissions, but could be used in overall policy.

Election of 1976-Bicenteniel Election of 1976-Bicenteniel Republican Republican Gerald FordGerald Ford Democrat Democrat Jimmy Carter-Jimmy Carter- former Governor of former Governor of

Georgia, born again Christian, peanut famer (dark Georgia, born again Christian, peanut famer (dark horse candidate)horse candidate)

““I will never lie to the American people”.-CarterI will never lie to the American people”.-Carter

Jimmy Carter’s PresidencyJimmy Carter’s PresidencyJimmy Carter’s PresidencyJimmy Carter’s Presidency Americans were attracted to Carter Americans were attracted to Carter

““Washington outsider” Washington outsider” Unwilling to participate in consensus politics, alienates key Unwilling to participate in consensus politics, alienates key

DemocratsDemocrats Human Rights DiplomacyHuman Rights Diplomacy Panama CanalPanama Canal Camp David Accords (1978)Camp David Accords (1978) Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) Soviet Afghan Invasion (1980)Soviet Afghan Invasion (1980) InflationInflation Rising Interest RatesRising Interest Rates Gives ‘crisis of confidence’ Gives ‘crisis of confidence’

speech reflecting what voters see in himspeech reflecting what voters see in him Loses re-election campaign to ReaganLoses re-election campaign to Reagan

Carter Presidency- Foreign PolicyCarter Presidency- Foreign Policy Overriding element pushing his foreign policy Overriding element pushing his foreign policy

was “Human Rights”was “Human Rights”

1.1. UN Ambassador Andrew Young- spoke out on UN Ambassador Andrew Young- spoke out on behalf of Africans who were oppressedbehalf of Africans who were oppressed

2.2. * * Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords (1978)- peace (1978)- peace agreement between Egypt & Israel.agreement between Egypt & Israel.

3.3. 1979- Panama Canal to be turned over to 1979- Panama Canal to be turned over to Panamanians by year 2000.Panamanians by year 2000.

4.4. Full diplomatic relations with China (1Full diplomatic relations with China (1stst time in 33 time in 33 years). years).

*Camp David Accords*Camp David Accords

Carter brings Egyptian Carter brings Egyptian president Anwar Sadat president Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin Menachem Begin together for negotiationtogether for negotiation

Historic treaty gives Historic treaty gives Israel first recognition by Israel first recognition by Arab nationArab nation

Camp David Peace Camp David Peace Accords Accords signed signed in 1978 in 1978

Greatest feat of Greatest feat of Carter’s Carter’s presidencypresidency

Carter brings Egyptian Carter brings Egyptian president Anwar Sadat president Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin Menachem Begin together for negotiationtogether for negotiation

Historic treaty gives Historic treaty gives Israel first recognition by Israel first recognition by Arab nationArab nation

Camp David Peace Camp David Peace Accords Accords signed signed in 1978 in 1978

Greatest feat of Greatest feat of Carter’s Carter’s presidencypresidency

*Iranian Hostage Crisis*Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979-Fundamentalist 1979-Fundamentalist

Muslim movement Muslim movement overthrows overthrows Shah of IranShah of Iran for for Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini

US allows Shah in US allows Shah in country country for medical for medical treatment treatment

Iranians take 52 Iranians take 52 Americans in Americans in embassy hostage - hold embassy hostage - hold until Carter leaves office-until Carter leaves office-444 days444 days

****Iranian Hostage Crisis-Iranian Hostage Crisis-19791979 Dominated TV news daily – Ted Koppel Dominated TV news daily – Ted Koppel “Nightline” show began“Nightline” show began

Carter ok’ed a Carter ok’ed a rescue missionrescue mission by US Special by US Special forces = ends in disaster= 8 US service men forces = ends in disaster= 8 US service men deaddead

** Carter seen as weak for not being able to ** Carter seen as weak for not being able to rescue hostages– dominated his last year in rescue hostages– dominated his last year in office.office.

Hostages finally released the day Reagan Hostages finally released the day Reagan was inaugurated (1981)was inaugurated (1981)

The Iranian Hostage Crisis

Carter & the SovietsCarter & the Soviets USSR invaded Afghanistan (Dec. 1979) next to oil USSR invaded Afghanistan (Dec. 1979) next to oil

rich Iranrich Iran

Carter ordered embargo of grain & technology to Carter ordered embargo of grain & technology to the USSR & boycotted the Olympics.the USSR & boycotted the Olympics.

USSR was bogged down in Afghanistan for a USSR was bogged down in Afghanistan for a decade= “decade= “Russia's VietnamRussia's Vietnam””

Carter & Domestic IssuesCarter & Domestic Issues

Economy was still Economy was still stagnantstagnant (inflation continued)(inflation continued) Prime interest rate= 20% (1980)Prime interest rate= 20% (1980) Foreign trade was now higher % of GNP= US Foreign trade was now higher % of GNP= US

must take part in Global economymust take part in Global economy Federal budget deficit= $60 Billion (1980)Federal budget deficit= $60 Billion (1980) * Carter believed that US dependence on foreign * Carter believed that US dependence on foreign

oil was detrimentaloil was detrimental

1.1. Created-- *Created-- *Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy

2.2. Legislation to create better MPG for carsLegislation to create better MPG for cars

3.3. Cut taxes by $18 BillionCut taxes by $18 Billion

** Economic malaise continued ** Economic malaise continued

1970’s & the Energy Crisis1970’s & the Energy Crisis

Oct. 1967- Oct. 1967- The Six Day WarThe Six Day War – Israelis vs. – Israelis vs. Jordan, Syria, Egypt backed by most of the Arab Jordan, Syria, Egypt backed by most of the Arab countries.countries.

Israel took control-Sinai Peninsula, GazaIsrael took control-Sinai Peninsula, Gaza 1973- Syria & Egypt attacked Israel & US sent 1973- Syria & Egypt attacked Israel & US sent

airlift supplies (warned USSR)airlift supplies (warned USSR) OPEC- raised prices; embargo US in 1970’s OPEC- raised prices; embargo US in 1970’s 1.1. US builds US builds Alaska pipelineAlaska pipeline2.2. Sets Sets speed limit at 55speed limit at 553.3. Advocates DEMANDED Advocates DEMANDED more coal & nuclear more coal & nuclear

powerpower*1948 on…US IS A NET IM[PORTER OF OIL –*1948 on…US IS A NET IM[PORTER OF OIL –

MASKED BY HUGE 25 YEAR SUPPLY AFTER MASKED BY HUGE 25 YEAR SUPPLY AFTER WWII.WWII.

*The Love Canal Incident *The Love Canal Incident (1978)(1978) 1940’s 1940’s Hooker ChemicalHooker Chemical Co. given permission to Co. given permission to

dump chemical waste in canal.dump chemical waste in canal. Dumpsite operational until 1953—covered with soil & Dumpsite operational until 1953—covered with soil &

vegetation.vegetation. School Board coerced Hooker Chemical to sale the School Board coerced Hooker Chemical to sale the

site for new schools- $1site for new schools- $1 Over time-schools & communities were built near the Over time-schools & communities were built near the

site.site. 1976- water tests revealed chemicals in drinking 1976- water tests revealed chemicals in drinking

water; 1978- birth defects notedwater; 1978- birth defects noted Lois GibbsLois Gibbs –spent years getting company & –spent years getting company &

government to clean up & take care of communitygovernment to clean up & take care of community

*The Three Mile Island *The Three Mile Island AccidentAccident

March 28, 1979- a March 28, 1979- a core meltdowncore meltdown occurred at the occurred at the **Three Mile Island Nuclear FacilityThree Mile Island Nuclear Facility. .

Near Harrisburg, Penn.Near Harrisburg, Penn. Most significant in history of USA nuclear commercial Most significant in history of USA nuclear commercial

powerpower Released 13 million curies of radioactive gases & 20 Released 13 million curies of radioactive gases & 20

curies of iodine-131 (rated a 5 on a 7 scale)curies of iodine-131 (rated a 5 on a 7 scale) 140,000 people evacuated (voluntarily)140,000 people evacuated (voluntarily) Clean-up-1979-1993 ($1 Billion)Clean-up-1979-1993 ($1 Billion) Emboldened Anti-Nuke activistsEmboldened Anti-Nuke activists ****Since TMI-no authorization for new nuclear Since TMI-no authorization for new nuclear

power plants in US!!power plants in US!!