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Transcript of Thayer Vietnam: Civil-Military Relations, 1946-2009
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The Military in CommunistStates: Vietnam
Professor Carlyle A. Thayer
UNSW@ADFA
September 16, 2009
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1. Introduction2. The Political System3. The Military and Politics, 1946-19914. The Military and Politics, 1992-20095. Explaining Vietnamese civil-military
relations
Outline
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Introduction Communist system of political control
Political officer system Dual membership party and military
elites
Military as a tool of class warfareFall of socialism in Eastern Europe 1989Threat of peaceful evolution
External role of national defenceFinancing force modernisation
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The Political System Leninist one-party Mono-organisational socialism Dual role elites Economic renovation (doi moi) 1986 Market economy with socialist orientationsNew state constitution 1992
Armed forces have mandated political role Soft-authoritarian
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Vietnam Communist Party
The StateArmedForces
MassOrganisations
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THE STATE
Administrative Divisions
59 provinces
5 municipalities
Hanoi
Haiphong
Da Nang
Ho Chi Minh City
Can Tho
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Nguyen Phu Trong - Chair
500 deputies from 64administrative units
Bi-annual sessions Military represented
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From collective leadership to ministerial responsibility.
Minister of Defence is highest-ranking general.
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Peoples Armed Forces
Luc Long V Trang Nhn Dn
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Main Force (482,000)
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Border Guard
40,000
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Militia, Self-Defence
Force and Reserves5,000,000
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Roles of the Military
national defencesocialist constructiondefender of thesocialist regime
Owns commercial
enterprises and runseconomic-defence zones
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State
GovernmentNationalAssembly
Military
Army Police
FatherlandFront MassOrganisations
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CentralCommittee
160 members
Politburo14-15
members
SecretaryGeneral
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10th National Congress
April 2006
Nng c Mnh
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160 full and 21 alternate members, required to meet inplenary session twice a year. Military 10.6% in 2006.
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Party Control over Armed Forces
Party
Military
CentralMilitary
PartyCommittee
Secretary and
Deputy Secretary
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Military and Politics, 1946-1991 At war for 36 years From guerilla force to conventional army 1987 fifth largest military in world 1.26m State-building roles, 1954-65
Internal securityEconomic productionPolitical role
Vietnam War, 1965-75
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Vietnam Peoples Army 1946
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Four distinct groups:
1. Political generals communistrevolutionaries first
2. Ethnic minority leaders3. Prison generals - political
revolutionaries jailed by French
4. August 1945 generation
VPA Officer Corps
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State-Building Roles, 1975-1991
Internal SecurityRe-education campsSuppression of armed resistance
Socialist constructionPopulation resettlement in New Economic ZonesRepair war damage to infrastructureConstruction divisions created
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Sino-Vietnamese Border War 1979
China teaches Vietnam a lesson for
invading and occupying Cambodia
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Politburo Resolution 1987
DemobilisationFrom 1.2m to
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Military and Politics, 1992-2009 Political
Collapse of socialism in Europe (1989) and theSoviet Union (1991)
Threat of peaceful evolution 1992 new State Constitution
defence of the socialist regime 2nd wave of state-enterprise reform (1998) Law on Officers (1999)
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National Defence and
Security Council 1992
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Impact of Collapse of Socialism
General Le Duc Anh,former Minister of
National Defence,elected state
President, 1992-97
Former Commanderin Cambodia
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Financial and Domestic Crises of 1997
Unrest in Thai Binhprovince
Asian FinancialCrisis
Former head ofPolitical General
Department
Political CommissarGeneral Le Kha Phieu electedSecretary General, 1997-2001
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Economic-Defense Zones 1998
Military Regions givenresponsibility for 13 zones
Economy combined with defense Resettlement in remote areas Infrastructure development Socio-economic tasks
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State-Building Roles, 2001-2009
State-building roles Internal security
ethnic minority unrest in Central Highlands 2001-06Economic and commercial activities
Reform of State-Owned Enterprises/privatisationPolitical role
Military intelligence General Directorate 2 South China Sea
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Ethnic Minority Unrest in Central Highlands
Dega peoplesFULROseparatistsMontagnardFoundation
Mass demon-strations in 2001 and
subsequently
Army called in toprovide security
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Ninth Party Congress April 2001
Military IntelligenceGeneral Directorate 2implicated in wiretapping of Politburo
members Nepotism Allegedly conceded
too much territory toChina in land bordertreaty negotiations Le Kha Phieu is replaced by
Nong Duc Manh as Party
Secretary General
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Congress VPA Percent
6th 1986 9 of 124 7.3%
7th 1991 13 of 146 8.9%
8th 1996 17 of 170 10.0%
9th 2001 14 of 150 9.3%
10th 2006 17 of 160 10.6%average -- 9.2%
Military Representation on the
Central Committee
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Congress VPA Percent
6th 1986 2 of 13 15.4%
7th 1991 2 of 13 15.4%
8th 1996 2 of 19 10.5%
9th 2001 1 of 15 6.7%
10th 2006 1 of 14 7.1%
average -- 11%
Military Representation on the
Politburo
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Nguyen KhacNghien Chief
of theGeneral Staff
Phung QuangThanh
Minister ofNationalDefence
Le Van DungHead General
PoliticalDepartment
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Paracel (Xisha
or Hoang Sa)
and
Spratly (Nansha
or Truong Sa)
Archipelagoes
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Off Shore Oil Platforms
Bach Ho oil field
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Explaining Vietnamese CMR Marxist-Leninist ideology
Subjective political control Corporate interests
Families, veterans, commercial enterprisesLobby for increased budget
Increased professionalism Concordance
Agreement among party elite, senior officercorps and society
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Ethnicity and the Armed Forces:Vietnam
Professor Carl Thayer
UNSW@ADFA
August 21, 2009
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VietNam
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Background
193041 poliLcal/revoluLonary struggle 194145 preparaLon for armed insurrecLon 194654 Resistance War against France 195459 ParLLon regularisaLon of Army 196075 iberaLon War against U.S. 1976 Formal reunificaLon 197989 Cambodian Conflict & China BorderWar
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PreparaLon for Armed InsurrecLon
Importance of fronLer with China base areaTay and Nung ethnic minoriLes straddled
border September 1940 Bac Son Uprising Army for NaLonal SalvaLon founded (ANS)
February 1941)
Commander Chu Van Tan (Nung)Bac SonVu Nhai base area (N = 24400)
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Bac Son Vu
Nhai base area
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Vietnamese Military eaders
Vo Nguyen GiapChu Van Tan, Nung
ethnic minority
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PreparaLon for Armed InsurrecLon
May 1941 Partys 8th plenumViet Minh FrontOrders creaLon of mobile guerrilla force
under command of Vo Nguyen Giap
Vietnam Propaganda and iberaLonArmy founded (22 December 1944)
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Vietnam Propaganda and iberaLon Army
composed of 34 persons drawn from 500 miliLa
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Giaps Platoon merged with ANS in April1945 to form Vietnam iberaLon Army Chu Van Tan (1 of 5 commanders) Name changes: NaLonal Defence Army (9/45),
NaLonal Army (5/46) to Vietnam Peoples Army [VPAor PAVN] (2/51)
iberated Zone (six northern provincesViet Bac) HQ at Tan Trao
August 1945 RevoluLon and DeclaraLon ofIndependence (September 2, 1945)
Early Communisted Armed Forces
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AnLFrench Resistance War, 194654
Dec 1946 Frenchajack Hai Phong
and drive
communists from
HanoiFlight to Viet Bac1949 Chinesecommunists win
civil war aid flows
to VietnamMaoist 3stagewarProtracted Guerilla War
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Four disLnct groups:
1. PoliLcal generals communistrevoluLonaries first
2. Ethnic minority leaders3. Prison generals poliLcal
revoluLonaries ailed by French
4. August 1945 generaLon
VPA Officer Corps
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312th and 316th VPA Divisions were drawnmainly from ethnic minority groups
316th Highlander DivisionCommanded by e Quang Ba (Nung)PoliLcal Officer Chu Huy Man (Nung)
Ethnic minoriLes accounted for 20% of allregular communist forces
Fought at Dien Bien Phu
Vietnam Peoples Army
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Bajle of Dien Bien PhuMay 1954
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Members of the Party Central CommijeeT GEN Chu Van Tan (Nung) head Viet Bac Zone Party
Commijee
MAG GEN a Quang Ba (Nung) CO Viet Bac Military
RegionMAG GEN e Hien Mai (Nung)
Other leaders
Bang Giang CO Viet Bac Military Region
uong Huu Chi (Tay) died in prisonHoang Van Thu (Tay) party secretary northern region
Ethnic Minority Military eaders
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Purging of Ethnic Minority Generals
197778 border tensions with neighbours Generals Chu Van Tan and e Quang Ba
placed under house arrest
Tan founder of the VPABa head of NaLonaliLes Council
Dec 1978 Vietnam invades Cambodia 1979 SinoVietnamese Border War(FebruaryMarch)
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SinoVietnamese Border War 1979
Officer Corps ethnically kinh (Vietnamese), minoriLes
subect to conscripLon but lower terms of service
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The Military and Business:
Vietnam
Professor Carl ThayerUNSW@ADFA
September 18, 2009
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Vietnam: Background
194145 resistance war against the Japanese 194654 resistance war against the French
Selfsufficiency in food and weapons Chinese aid from 1949
195464 Socialist construcRon in North Vietnam Economic construcRon and producRon (state farms) Chinese and Soviet aid
196575 esistance War against the United States
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Economic AcRviRes Before Doi Moi
eunificaRon (197576)Infrastructure repairNew Economic Zones
General Directorate for EconomicDevelopment created 1976
Agriculture (including forestry and fishing)Industry (oil and gas)CommunicaRons and transportCapital construcRon
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Economic AcRviRes A`er Doi Moi
Sixth NaRonal Party Congress (Dec 1986)Adopted doi moirenovaRon/reformCentral planning ended move to market economy
Strategic readjustment of militaryBudgetary support promised
Central Military Party Commi^e Withdrawal from Cambodia (Sept 1989)
Wholesale demobilisaRon from 1.26 m (1987) to
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From ConstrucRon to Commerce
apid involvement of military in economy Economic General Department reorganised 4 Rmes 16 Economic ConstrucRon Divisions created
Military enterprises placed on equal legal fooRngwith stateowned enterprises (March 1989) Independent economic accounRng system NaRonal Defence Industry and Economic General
Department established
Nine major legal militaryrun general corporaRonsformed
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First Wave of eform
apid expansion in number of legal militaryruncorporaRons shi` to consumer goods1993 300 enterprises employing 70,000 or 12%
main force involved (of which 49 joint ventures)
1999 100,000 or 20%25% of main force
First wave of reform 199596estructure, greater efficiency results mixed335 enterprises reduced to 193 (1996) and 164
(1997)
ClassificaRon (1997)
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4 Key General CorporaRons
Truong Son ConstrucRon General CorporaRon (12thCorps) Major infrastructure projects
Service Flight CorporaRon Oil and gas, tourism, medical evacuaRon
Tay Nguyen CorporaRon (15th Corps) ubber, coffee, Rmber in Central Highlands
Thanh An ConstrucRon and Assembly CorporaRon(11th Corps)
Minerals, coal, construcRon, training
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TCQPTD 9/2006
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Second Wave of eform
CMPC iniRates Second wave May 1998estructuring to improve business efficiency and
ability to take on major projects
Loss making companies to be dissolvedOperaRonal units prohibited from commercial
involvement
EconomicDefence Zones (late 1998) Economics Division upgraded to independent
Department responsible to Min Def (1999)
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Second Wave of eform
Military defends its corporate interests 2001 VPA operated 200 companies Vietel (Military TelecommunicaRons Company)
enters internet and mobile phone market
Joint ventures increase from 40 (2001) to 67(2003)
evenue increases from US $230 m (2001) toUS $654 m to US $2 b (2006)
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Vietnam Seeks Global IntegraRon
Membership in World Trade OrganisaRon Party Central Commi^ee esoluRon (1/2007)
Business enterprises to be placed under statemanagement
Vietel and Military Commercial Joint Stock Bank VPA to retain businesses directly related to
naRonal security and defenee
Impact of high inflaRon (2007) and globalfinancial crisis (2008) slows divesRture
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Summary
Funds remi^ed to central budget Central budget shoralls to VPA alleviated Commercial and entrepreneurial skills
acquired Commercial acRvity has provided jobs for
those demobilized and for militarydependents
Capital raised has improved living and workingcondiRons
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Summary
Dualuse technology transfer CorrupRon not as serious as China/Indonesia Some diversion of military resources and
manpower
Inefficiency, mismanagement, wastageprevalent in smaller sized militaryownedenterprises
Issue of military professionalism growing insalience