Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2011) xxx, xxx–xxx

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

www.ksu.edu.sawww.sciencedirect.com

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Dye fixation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone

reactive dyes by using dicyanidiamide fixer in the

presence of ferric chloride

M. Javaid Mughala,*, Rehana Saeed

b, M. Naeem

a, M. Aleem Ahmed

a,

Arfa Yasmien a, Qasim Siddiqui c, Mansoor Iqbal a

a Applied Chemistry Research Centre (Textile Section) PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Karachi 75280,Pakistanb Chemistry Department of Karachi University, Off University Road, Karachi 75280, Pakistanc Textile Commisioner Organistion, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of Pakistan, Kandawala Building, Karachi 74400, Pakistan

Received 27 October 2010; accepted 21 February 2011

*

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13

El

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Pd

KEYWORDS

Dye fixation;

Vinylsulphone;

Dicyanidiamide;

Formaldehyde;

Coagulation

Corresponding author. Tel.

-mail addresses: javaidtextil

hoo.com (M.J. Mughal).

19-6103 ª 2011 King Saud

sevier B.V. All rights reserve

er review under responsibilit

i:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

Production and h

lease cite this article in pricyanidiamide fixer in the

: +92 33

e@hotma

Universit

d.

y of King

osting by E

ess as: Mpresenc

Abstract A synthetic polymer was synthesized and used for the improvement of dyeing properties

as well as decolorization of textile waste water. Two dyes were selected having anthraquinone based

Remazol Blue R and azo based Remazol Red RB. It was observed that the synthetic polymer can be

used as fixer for the fixation of dye by crosslinking between dye and fibre, which not only improves

the dyeing properties but also helpful to coagulate the colour after dyeing. By single point method the

concentrations of synthetic polymer were calculated in residual after dyeing. It was examined that the

residual synthetic polymer is helpful in colour removal efficiency by coagulation of polymer with dye

to form heavy molecules which settle down and decolorization occurred. Colour removal efficiency

was found dependents on pH, concentration of synthetic polymer and inorganic coagulant.ª 2011 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

33423197.

il.com, Javaid_textile_pcsir@

y. Production and hosting by

Saud University.

lsevier

ughal, M.J. et al., Dye fixatione of ferric chloride. Journal of

1. Introduction

Reactive dyes are the most important class of dyes used forcellulosic substrate because their high wet fastness, brilliance

and range of hues (Carvalho et al., 2002). The cotton fiberassumes a negative charge on its surface in aqueous solution(Chaiyapat Pisuntornsug et al., 2002). The most attractive

feature of the use of these dyes is the essential simplicity ofthe dyeing process. However, the use of these dyes causecertain problems, including the use of high electrolyte concen-trations and the low wet fastness properties of the dyed mate-

rials. Despite the use of high electrolyte concentrations, the

and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by usingSaudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

Table 1 Characterizations of Remazol reactive dyes.

Parameters Remazol Blue R Remazol Red RB

Color index name Reactive Blue 19 Reactive Red 198

Chromophore group Anthraquinone Azo

Reactive anchor systems VSa MCTb + VSa

2 M.J. Mughal et al.

exhaustion of the dyebath is still limited and the discharge of

coloured effluent leads to pollution problems.Notable improvements in the wet fastness properties of an-

ionic dyes can be brought about by pretreatment or after treat-ment of textile fibers. The use of pretreatments or after

treatments to improve the fastness properties of dyeing has along and prolific history. Various pretreatment and after treat-ments system have been developed but at the moment most

widely used are cationic fixing agents. These chemicals func-tion by forming a complex of high molecular weight and lowaqueous solubility and therefore high wet fastness, amines,

quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and tertiary sulphoni-um compounds and dicyanidiamide, formaldehyde can be usedas dye fixing agents to improve there wet fastness properties.

By far the most important type of cationic fixing agents usedin textile processing, have been applied to the fibres either aspretreatments or after treatments to improve the fastness prop-erties of anionic dye (Saima Sharif et al., 2007). Every textile

plant requires large volumes of water and produces high vol-umes of effluent wastewater. The typical textile dye wastewatercomposition is quite complex due to usage of various chemi-

cals such as wetting agents, dyes, surfactants, fixing agents,softeners and many other additives are used in wet processessuch as bleaching, dyeing and finishing processes (Rehana

Saeed et al., 2009).Typical dye wastewater treatment methods are coagulation,

adsorption and oxidation in combination with biological treat-ments. Combined treatment methods such as adsorption pro-

cesses by various adsorbents, advanced oxidation processes(using H2O2, Ozone, UV, etc) and biodegradation (aerobicand anaerobic) have been also proposed for the treatment of

reactive dye wastewater (Sojka- et al., 1998; Bonat et al.,1996). Coagulation and flocculation processes have beenwidely used as pretreatments to remove suspended particles

and coloring materials prior to biological treatment (AbdoMSE and Al-Ameeri, 1996; Ciardelli et al., 2001). The removalof color by coagulation is widely employed treatments process

(Duan and Gregory, 1996; Tan et al., 2000; Jiang and Graham,1996), Al(lll) and Fe(lll) coagulants are two principle inorganiccoagulants used in wastewater treatment. These hydrolysablecations are readily available as surface or chloride salts in bath

liquid and solid form. However, aluminum is suspected harm-ful to human and living organisms (Jiang et al., 1993). Thus,ferric ions are often the coagulants of choice to destabilize col-

loidal and suspend solids. The use of inorganic coagulants andorganic coagulants together was proved to be effective to treatwater and wastewater (Gabetich et al., 2004).

In this present study dicyandiamide fixer is synthesis, for en-hance the fixing property of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes. By theuse of this polymer the increasing coagulation efficiency was

also improved. It was noted that polymer was not only usedfor fixation of dye molecules on the fibre but it also may helpfulin decolorisation process of reactive dyes by reducing the costand protecting the environment from possible pollution effects.

Molar mass (g/mol) 524.50 984.22

Max Abs kmax (nm) 596 534

Molar extinction coefficients 3996.852 16092.51

Purity (%) �50 �63Water solubility at 293 K (g/l) 100 70

Company Dystar Dystar

a Vinyl sulphone.b Monochlorotriazine.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Materials

Scoured and bleached optical brightener free 100%, wovencotton fabric was used. Formaldehyde solution, acetic acid,

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye fixatiodicyanidiamide fixer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of

hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ferric

chloride were used as analytical grade, purchased from Merckchemicals Pakistan. Reactive Red RB, Reactive Blue R(Dystar, Karachi, Pakistan), were used for this study. Thecharacteristics of these Remazol dyes are given in Table 1.

Dicyandiamide, Wetting agent Sandopan DTC were usedcommercial grade are purchased from local market of Karachi.

OSO3Na

HNO

NH2

SO2CH2CH2OSO3Na

Reactive Blue R

NaO3SH2CH2CO3S N NOH N

NaO3S

N

N

N

N

Cl

SO3Na

SO3Na

Reactive Red RB

2.2. Equipments

Dyeing was carried out on IR dyeing machine of AHIBA.

Colour matching system of Data colour SF 650X was usedfor the evaluation of colorimetric data. Washing fastness(ISO-105-CO3) was carried out on IR dyeing machine ofAHIBA. Crocking fastness (ISO-105-X12) carried out on

crockmeter Atlas. Fastness rating was evaluated on colourmatching cabinet by comparing with grey-scale. UV-spectro-photometer (Nicolet evaluation 100, Thermo electron) was

used to measure the kmax of synthetic polymer as well as tocalculate the decolorization efficiency. The equation used tocalculate the colour removal efficiency was

%Colour removal ¼ Abs0 �AbstAbs0

�100 ð1Þ

Where Abs0 and Abst were the absorbance of the dye in solu-tion at the beginning of the experiment and at the time t,

n and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by usingSaudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

2.5

3

3.5

4

nce

Abs at 248nm Before

Dye fixation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes 3

respectively. The pH value was measured with Digital pH-me-

ter (Model Mettler Toledo seven Multi Switzerland). Coagula-tion process was carried on laboratory stirrer, having speed200 rpm.

2.3. Methods

Eleven fabrics samples were dyed with each dye i.e. Remazol

Red RB and Remazol Blue R in a laboratory dyeing machine(Ahiba, Datacolour International) at a liquor ratio of 30:1.The dye bath was prepared by adding dye 10 g/l, sodium chlo-

ride 60 g/l and sodium carbonate 10 g/l to distill water at roomtemperature. Dyeing was started for 5 min at room tempera-ture then it was raised to 60 �C at 1 �C/min. Dyeing was con-

tinued at 60 �C for 45 min. After dyeing the waste solutionswere separated and out of 11, 10 dyed fabric were introducedin fixer solution with different concentration (0.5–5 g/l), fixa-

tion was carried out at 60 �C for 20 min. The eleventh fabricwas considered as without treatment. After fixation the solu-tions were separated and fabrics were rinsed thoroughly inhot water and a soap solution of 1 g/l with non-ionic surfac-

tants. The absorbance of fixer solution was measured beforeand after fixation by using spectrophotometer. Both wastesolution of dye and fixer are mixed and after adding FeCl3as 1 g/l, the solution is further coagulated. All coagulationexperiments were conducted in 1.0 L Pyrex glass beakers usinga conventional Jar-test apparatus, the laboratory stirrer.

250 ml waste water was dosage with different concentrationof synthetic polymer with inorganic coagulant. The solutionswere stirred rapidly at 120 rpm for 5 min during inorganiccoagulation addition, and followed by slow stirring at

30 rpm for 15 min and sedimentation for 20 min. After sedi-mentation, supernatant samples were taken from a point of1 cm below the surface of the test water sample for analysis.

2.4. Measurement of dye fixation

The fixation of the dye in percentage was calculated first bydetermining the reflectance R of the dyed samples at the wave-length of minimum reflectance (maximum absorbance) on a

Data colour SF 650X spectrophotometer. The colour yield(K/S) value was then calculated by using the Kubelka–Munkequation (Eq. (2)) and the dye fixation (%) was evaluatedusing Eq. (3).

K=S ¼ ð1� RÞ2=2R ð2Þ

%Dye fixation ¼ K=Svalue of sample after soapingK=Svalue of sample before soaping

�100

ð3Þ

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

Abs

orba After residual Abs of Red

After residual Abs of Blue

Figure 1 Absorbance of variable concentration of synthetic

polymer before and after dyeing.

2.5. Synthesis of polymer

A polymer was synthesized in a 500 ml glass reactor equippedwith temperature controller; mechanical stirred having

150 rpm speed, with dropping funnel for formaldehyde solu-tion. Para formaldehyde was dissolved in HCl solutions (0.1–0.5 mol). The formaldehyde reacts with industrial grade dic-yandiamide, solution in HCl which was added drop wise

through a dropping funnel for 2–6 h at 60–80 �C. After thereaction was completed, aqueous polymer solution was diluted

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye fixationdicyanidiamide fixer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of

with deionized water to obtain 50% (wt%) of polymer content

(Duk Jong et al., 2007).

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Crosslinking between fabric and dye molecules

Fixer is used on textile to hold the unfixed dye molecules onfabric through polymerization between fabric and dyes. Thecrosslinking of Red RB and Blue R with the fabric can be

attributed in Fig. 1. The absorbance of synthetic polymer at240 nm has been recorded at concentration level 0.5–5 g/l. Ithas been observed that the absorbance gradually increased,

which shows to obey the Lambert Beer’s law. The absorbancewas again recorded, of the residual solution with double beamUV spectrophotometer. The trend in the observed values of

absorbance of dyed effluent containing polymer was same asthe absorbance of the pure polymer solutions. Infact, the resid-ual absorbance remarkably reduces from above 2.5 to less than1. This difference in absorbance is the evidence by the fact that

major part of synthetic polymer was used in crosslinking be-tween fabric and dye molecules, which not only improves thefixation but also improves the fastness result.

It has also been noticed from the residual concentrationvalues, that the polymer was slightly more consumed in thereactive Red RB dyed effluent as compared to the reactive Blue

R dyed effluent, may be due to the fact that the Red RB dyemolecules even having a bigger molecular size rather than BlueR dye molecules (Dizge et al., 2008). By apply single point

method, the concentration of synthetic polymer in residualwere calculated from the residual absorbance i.e., from 0.09to 1 g/l, which may helpful in the decolorization process ofresidual of bath dyes.

3.2. Effect of synthetic polymer on dyeing

3.2.1. FixationSynthetic polymer was used as a fixer for fixation of unfixed

dye by crosslinking agent. It was observed that, with out usingfixer the fixation percentage is 71% and 74% for Red RB andBlue R respectively. When fixer is using, the dyed fabric per-cent fixation is enhanced which increases to 86% and 87%

for Red RB and Blue R respectively in Table 2 show that

and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by usingSaudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

Table 2 Fixation, fastness and color coordinates of Remazol Red RB and Remazol Blue R.

Dye conc. Polymer conc. (g/l) % fix Washing

fastness

ISO-105-CO3

Crocking fastness ISO-150-X12 L a b C

Dry Wet

Remazol Red RB 10 g/l Without treatment 71% 2/3 4 3 49.22 53.88 �3.20 54.09

0.5 72% 3 4 3/4 48.47 53.18 �3.40 53.29

1 75 3 4 3/4 48.19 54.23 �3.83 52.42

1.5 75 3/4 4 3/4 48.22 54.07 �3.24 54.17

2 78 4 4/5 4 47.79 52.19 �3.66 52.27

2.5 78 4 4/5 4 47.78 52.12 �3.62 52.25

3 81 4 4/5 4/5 47.31 52.63 �3.74 52.79

3.5 82 4/5 4/5 4/5 47.28 52.63 �3.73 52.76

4 84 4/5 5 4/5 46.52 53.52 �2.98 53.57

4.5 84 4/5 5 5 46.50 53.50 �2.48 53.56

5 86 4/5 5 5 45.89 53.12 �2.36 53.47

Remazol Blue RB 10 g/l Without treatment 74 3 4 3 54.70 �3.36 �37.28 37.43

0.5 76 3 4 3/4 53.86 �3.45 �37.22 37.38

1 76 3/4 4 3/4 53.59 �3.41 �36.62 36.78

1.5 78 4 4 3/4 53.27 �3.14 �37.22 37.21

2 79 4 4 3/4 53.26 �3.94 �38.58 38.78

2.5 82 4 4/5 4/5 53.01 �4.03 �34.85 35.08

3 85 4/5 4/5 4/5 52.87 �3.51 �38.86 38.02

3.5 86 5 4/5 4/5 52.51 �3.82 �38.40 38.59

4 86 5 5 4/5 52.84 �3.50 39.04 39.20

4.5 87 5 5 5 51.75 �3.59 �38.52 38.69

5 87 5 5 5 51.21 �3.67 39.56 38.88

4 M.J. Mughal et al.

the polymer improves the dye fixation of both dyes. As the

concentration of polymer increases the fixation also increaseswhich was particularly true for the crosslinking of fixer be-tween fiber and dyes molecules.

3.2.2. Colour measurement of dyed fabricMeasurement of colour yield (K/S) values of dyed fabric is a

measure of dye concentration on the fabrics. Fig. 2 showsthe relation between K/S and the concentration of polymer ap-plied after dyeing for each dyes. Both dyes show good colouryield with the increase in concentration of polymer. A sharp

build up properties were observed up to 3.0 g/l but then a char-acteristics change was occurred. In fact, by applying fixer theunfixed dye may also link to the fabric to enhance the dyeing

yield of the dyed fabric. Above 3.0 g/l of fixer, the crosslinking

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

K/S

Valu

es

K/S value of RedK/S value of Blue

Figure 2 K/S value of Remazol Red RB and Remazol Blue R

using different concentration of synthetic after dyeing.

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye fixatiodicyanidiamide fixer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of

was reduced may be due to over crowded of molecules to re-

strict the crosslinking.Colour coordinates CIE LAB L*, a*, b* and C* were deter-

mined to defined the properties of colour on dyed fabric. InTable 1 the value of L shows that as the fixation improves with

increase in polymer concentration. The depth of shade also in-creases from 49.22 to 48.47 and 54.70 to 51.21 for Red RB andBlue R respectively. On applying the polymer, the depth in-

stantly improves and after that it gradually and steadily im-proves. The value of a, b, c follows the Munsell equationand show the maintaining of colour.

3.2.3. Colour fastnessIn all cases the fabric treated with fixer have better fastness re-

sults in Table 2. It is explained that during dyeing, the unfixeddyes may also present on dyed fabric which results in low fast-ness results as during washing, the untreated fastness rating is

2/3, 3 and wet crocking fastness rating is 3, 3 for Red RB andBlue R, respectively. When fixer is used at 5 g/l the fastnessrating is improve to 4/5, 5 for washing and wet crocking fast-ness rating 5,5 for Red RB and Blue R respectively. Some of

these unfixed dyes can undergoes in crosslinking, so giving abetter fastness as well as less polluted effluents. As the cross-linking process also increases the fastness also improves. In

staining process of the fabric shows the same manner.

3.3. Effect of synthetic polymer on decolorization efficiency

3.3.1. Effect of pHThe wastewater from textile industries usually has a wide rangeof pH values. Generally, pH plays an important role in thecharacteristics of textile wastewater (Neppolian et al., 2002).In wastewater treatment using inorganic coagulant with

n and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by usingSaudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

10

30

50

70

90

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

Concentration of Ferric chloride (g/l)

Col

our r

emov

al%

Red RBBlue R

Figure 5 Decolorization of Remazol dyes with different con-

centration of inorganic coagulant (ferric chloride).

Dye fixation and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes 5

synthetic polymer coagulants, an optimum pH range in which

metal hydroxide precipitates occur, should be determined(Choi et al., 2001). The effect of pH on the vinyl sulphone reac-tive dyes removal was determined by using fixed amount of fer-ric chloride (0.7 g/l) and polymer (1 g/l) in this study. The

removal of Blue R decreases when pH increases, but in caseof Red RB, the color removal was highly dependent over thealkaline pH, which increases as pH increases in ferric/polymer

system which shows in Fig. 3. The optimum pH was observedfor both of dyes are near at pH 4.5. The results indicate thatpH should be properly controlled upon the characteristics of

inorganic coagulant and the target dyes for efficient treat-ments. An highly alkaline waste water, the ferric ions formcomplex with OH ions, which is more stable as far as synthetic

polymer bridging system that’s why the color removal effi-ciency decreases with increasing the pH range.

3.3.2. Effect of polymer concentrationThe effect of polymer dosage on the colour removal of realwaste water was investigated. Polymer dosage was increased0–1 g/l with a fixed concentration of ferric (0.7 g/l). The initial

pH of wastewater was adjusted to pH 4.5. The colour removalefficiency gradually increased by increasing the concentrationof polymer, about 90% of decolorization was observed in case

of Blue R when polymer dosage was above 0.5 g/l, but in case

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95

Concentration of Polymer (g/l)

Colo

ur re

mov

al %

Colour removal Red

Colour removal Blue

Figure 4 Decolorization of Remazol dyes with various concen-

tration of synthetic polymer.

80

85

90

95

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

pH

Colo

ur re

mov

al

Red RB

Blue R

Figure 3 Decolorization of Remazol dyes at various pH.

Please cite this article in press as: Mughal, M.J. et al., Dye fixationdicyanidiamide fixer in the presence of ferric chloride. Journal of

Red RB required additional amount of polymer dosage which

shows in Fig. 4.The coagulation of suspended particles and colloids result

by various mechanisms, including electrostatics attraction,

sorption and bridging related to the high molecular weightof the polymer (Roussy et al., 2005). Therefore, the interactionbetween dye molecules and synthetic polymer is basically the

combined effect of the charges on the dye molecules and thesurface of the polymer-ferric system.

3.3.3. Effect of inorganic coagulant dosageThe influence of ferric chloride dosage on the vinyl sulphonereactive dyes colour removal efficiency was measured. In this

experiment the variable amount of ferric chloride is (0.3 g–1 g/l), the colour removal efficiency was not significantly chan-ged which shows in Fig. 5. The test result shows that the re-duced in inorganic coagulant dose with small amount of

polymer coagulant gives good performance as compared tothe use of inorganic coagulant only (Lee et al., 1998), whilereactive dyes, which are characterized by azo bands (N‚N)

and have –SO3�, –COO�, –OH groups have high solubility,

they are not prone to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)x particles(Al-Degs et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004). The colour removal

efficiency of both of the dyes is 98.5% and 99.8% for RedRB and Blue R, respectively. In case of colour removal effi-ciency of FeCl3 without with synthetic polymer, such no colourremoval efficiency was observed at any iron dose examined in

the coagulation test, although the formation of small amountof floc was observed (Surina J. Ergas et al., 2006). The appro-priate amount of synthetic polymer and inorganic coagulant

resulted in reduction of sludge production by reducing the doseof inorganic coagulants.

4. Conclusion

In the present research works, we have synthesized dicyandia-

mide/formaldehyde based polymer, and their application onthe cotton substrate for the fixation of vinyl sulphone reactivedyes as well as on the treatment of dyes waste water. By the

above investigation the following conclusions have beendrawn.

Dye fixation significantly by the application of syntheticpolymer. The % fixation efficiency without the treatment of

and decolourization of vinyl sulphone reactive dyes by usingSaudi Chemical Society (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.017

6 M.J. Mughal et al.

synthetic polymer was found 71% for Red RB and 74% for

Blue R, but after polymer application it increases upto 86–87% for both the dyes at a polymer concentration of 5 g/l. Ithas also been observed, after polymer application the washingand crocking fastness remarkably enhanced, especially we ob-

served an increase in the fastness properties of Red RB dyes,which are normally in moderate range in conventional dyeingprocess. The optimum value of K/S was found 4.2 at a polymer

concentration of 4 g/l for both dyes.After the fixation process the polymer was found in waste

water at the range of concentration 0.05–0.95 g/l, which is use-

ful in the coagulation of reactive dyes in further process. Incolour removal efficiency the optimum pH was observed forthe both the dyes at 4.5 in case of coagulation in the presence

of 0.7 g/l ferric chloride and at a polymer concentration of 1 g/l. The colour removal efficiency gradually increased by increas-ing the concentration of polymer, about 90% of decolorizationwas observed in case of Blue R at a polymer concentration of

0.5 g/l. The Red RB dyes required an additional amount ofsynthetic polymer. It is also evident that the reduced inorganiccoagulant (ferric chloride) dose with small amount of polymer

gives good performance results as compared to the use of inor-ganic coagulant alone. Dicyandiamide-formaldehyde polymeris use full in terms of dye fixation and decolorization of dyeing

waste water by reducing the cost of textile industry.

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