Texas Voter ID Opinion

7/31/2019 Texas Voter ID Opinion

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\jmls ]lun{{ k|sslj} lilk}g`j k`ml) g*l*) qsl([C >=) njw ]lunj te` tg{el{ }` r`}l h|{}

bgil n sldg{}sn}g`j nqqigkn}g`j tg}e }el k`|j}w lilk}g`j{ sldg{}sns* ]en} nqqigkn}g`j h|{} gjki|ml

}el r`}ls{ jnhl) mn}l `b cgs}e) njm n {t`sj nbbgshn}g`j `b \*[* kg}gzlj{egq* ]lu* Lilk* K`ml

>;*113* Gb }el nqqigkn}g`j g{ nqqs`rlm) }el sldg{}sns mligrls{ n r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j kls}gbgkn}l }`

}el nqqigknj}) lg}els gj qls{`j `s rgn \*[* hngi* Gm* >;*>=3) >;*>==* ]eg{ kls}gbgkn}l

nk}|niiw n qnqls q`{}knsmen{ j` qe`}`dsnqe) c|} m`l{ gjki|ml n r`}ls{ jnhl) dljmls) wlns `b

cgs}e) njm n |jg~|l r`}ls GM j|hcls* Telj qsl{lj}lm n} }el q`ii{) n r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j kls}gbgkn}l

lj}g}il{ }el sldg{}snj} }` kn{} nj gj(qls{`j cnii`}*

Sldg{}lslm r`}ls{ te` bngi }` qsl{lj} n r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j kls}gbgkn}l hnw j`jl}elil{{ kn{}

nj gj(qls{`j cnii`} gb }elw %>' lulk|}l nj nbbgmnrg} {}n}gjd }en} }elw m` j`} enrl }elgs kls}gbgkn}l)

njm %3' qsl{lj} nj ni}lsjn}l nkklq}ncil b`sh `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j*Gm* 2;*115) 2;*1>1>* Gj

nmmg}g`j }` n r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j kls}gbgkn}l) ]lun{{ k|sslj} lilk}g`j k`ml slk`djgzl{ lgde} cs`nm

kn}ld`sgl{ `b m`k|hlj}{ n{ nkklq}ncil r`}ls GM* ]el{l gjki|ml cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l{) luqgslm njm

j`j(luqgslm msgrls{ igklj{l{) \*[* qn{{q`s}{) \*[* kg}gzlj{egq qnqls{) |}gig}w cgii{) `bbgkgni hngi

nmmsl{{lm }` }el qls{`j * * * bs`h n d`rlsjhlj}ni lj}g}w) njw b`sh `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j k`j}ngjgjd

}el qls{`j{ qe`}`dsnqe }en} l{}ncig{el{ }el qls{`j{ gmlj}g}w) njm njw `}els b`sh `b

gmlj}gbgkn}g`j qsl{ksgclm cw }el {lksl}nsw `b {}n}l*Gm* 2;*1>1>* Nii gj(qls{`j r`}ls{ nsl {|colk}

}` }el{l GM sl~|gslhlj}{ sldnsmil{{ `b ndl `s qew{gkni k`jmg}g`j* C|} kls}ngj r`}ls{gjki|mgjd

}e`{l te` nsl 2< `s `imls) mg{ncilm) `s luqlk} }` cl nc{lj} `s gj ongi `j Lilk}g`j Mnwhnw

ke``{l }` r`}l cw hngi tg}e`|} qsl{lj}gjd gmlj}gbgkn}g`j*Gm* 53*11>(11=*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl 3 `b


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[ljn}l Cgii >=) ljnk}lm gj 31>>) g{ h`sl {}sgjdlj} }enj lug{}gjd ]lun{ int* Gb

ghqilhlj}lm) [C >= tgii sl~|gsl gj(qls{`j r`}ls{ }` gmlj}gbw }elh{lirl{ n} }el qìi{ |{gjd `jl `b

bgrl b`sh{ `b d`rlsjhlj}(g{{|lm qe`}` gmlj}gbgkn}g`j) }t` {}n}l njm }esll blmlsni? %>' n msgrls{

igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM knsm g{{|lm cw }el ]lun{ Mlqns}hlj} `b Q|cigk [nbl}w %MQ['6 %3' n igklj{l

}` knssw n k`jklnilm enjmd|j) ni{` g{{|lm cw MQ[6 %;' n \*[* hgig}nsw GM knsm6 %=' n \*[*

kg}gzlj{egq kls}gbgkn}l tg}e qe`}`dsnqe6 `s %= sl~|gsl{ lrlsw b`sh `b nkklq}ncil GM }` gjki|ml n

qe`}`dsnqe `b }el r`}ls* Ni{` |jigfl }el k|sslj} k`ml) [C >= qsègcg}{ }el |{l `b GM{ }en} enrl

luqgslm h`sl }enj 21 mnw{ clb`sl }el mn}l `b qsl{lj}n}g`j n} }el qìi{*Gm* Bgjniiw) [C >= tgii

qsègcg} r`}ls{ bs`h gmlj}gbwgjd }elh{lirl{ |{gjd `jiw }el qgk}|slil{{ r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j

kls}gbgkn}l g{{|lm cw n k`|j}w sldg{}sns*

Qs`{qlk}grl r`}ls{ inkfgjd `jl `b }el b`sh{ `b qe`}` GM ig{}lm gj [C >= tgii cl ncil }`

`c}ngj n qe`}`dsnqegk lilk}g`j gmlj}gbgkn}g`j kls}gbgkn}l %LGK' b`s |{l n} }el qìi{* N q`kfl}(

{gzlm knsm {ghgins gj b`sh }` * * * n msgrls{ igklj{l) ]lu* ]snj{q* K`ml N*11>%l') nj LGK)

igfl n msgrls{ igklj{l) tgii cl mg{}sgc|}lm }es`|de }el MQ[) njm qs`{qlk}grl r`}ls{ tgii enrl }`

rg{g} n MQ[ `bbgkl }` dl} `jl*

Ni}e`|de [C >= qsègcg}{ MQ[ bs`h kìilk}VgjdX n bll b`s nj VLGKX) gm* N*11>%c')

LGK{ tgii j`} cl k`{}il{{* J`} `jiw tgii qs`{qlk}grl r`}ls{ enrl }` luqljm }ghl njm sl{`|skl{

}snrligjd }` n MQ[ `bbgkl) c|} `jkl }elsl }elw tgii enrl }` rlsgbw }elgs gmlj}g}w cw qs`rgmgjd

{n}g{bnk}`sw m`k|hlj}n}g`j }` MQ[ `bbgkgni{* [qlkgbgkniiw) qs`{qlk}grl r`}ls{ tgii jllm }`

qs`rgml %>' `jl qglkl `b qsghnsw gmlj}gbgkn}g`j) %3' }t` qglkl{ `b {lk`jmnsw gmlj}gbgkn}g`j) `s

%;' `jl qglkl `b {lk`jmnsw gmlj}gbgkn}g`j qi|{ }t` qglkl{ `b {|qq`s}gjd gmlj}gbgkn}g`j gj `smls

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl ; `b


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}` slklgrl nj LGK* ;4 ]lu* Nmhgj* K`ml >53* N qsghnsw gmlj}gbgkn}g`j g{ nj luqgslm

]lun{ msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni gmlj}gbgkn}g`j knsm }en} en{ cllj luqgslm b`s n} iln{} 21 mnw{

c|} j`} h`sl }enj }t` wlns{*Gm* >53%3'*N {lk`jmnsw gmlj}gbgkn}g`j g{ `jl `b }el

bìi`tgjd?

nj `sgdgjni `s kls}gbglm k`qw `b n cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l6 nj `sgdgjni `s kls}gbglm k`qw `b n k`|s} `smls gjmgkn}gjd nj `bbgkgni kenjdl `b jnhl njm/`s

dljmls6 `s

\*[* kg}gzlj{egq `s jn}|snigzn}g`j qnqls{ tg}e`|} nj gmlj}gbgncil qe`}`*Gm* >53%;'*N tgml nssnw `b m`k|hlj}{ ~|nigbw n{ {|qq`s}gjd gmlj}gbgkn}g`j) gjki|mgjd

{ke`ì slk`sm{) [`kgni [lk|sg}w knsm{) qgi`}{ igklj{l{) njm `|}(`b({}n}l msgrls{ igklj{l{*Gm*

>53%='*

Gj {|h) [C >= tgii sl~|gsl lrlsw LGK nqqigknj} }` qsl{lj} MQ[ `bbgkgni{ tg}e n} iln{} `jl

`b }el bìi`tgjd |jmlsiwgjd b`sh{ `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j?

nj luqgslm ]lun{ msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM knsm6 nj `sgdgjni `s kls}gbglm k`qw `b n cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l6 \*[* kg}gzlj{egq `s jn}|snigzn}g`j qnqls{6 `s n k`|s} `smls gjmgkn}gjd n kenjdl `b jnhl njm/`s dljmls*

Ghq`s}nj}iw) g} k`{}{ h`jlw }` `c}ngj njw `b }el{l m`k|hlj}{* ]eg{ hlnj{ }en} LGK

nqqigknj}{g*l*) t`|im(cl r`}ls{te` q`{{l{{ j`jl `b }el{l |jmlsiwgjd b`sh{ `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j

tgii enrl }` clns `|}(`b(q`kfl} k`{}{* B`s ]lun{(c`sj r`}ls{ te` enrl kenjdlm jlg}els }elgs

jnhl j`s dljmls) }el kelnql{} tnw }` `c}ngj }el sl~|gslm m`k|hlj}n}g`j tgii cl }` `smls n

kls}gbglm k`qw `b }elgs cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l bs`h }el ]lun{ C|sln| `b Rg}ni [}n}g{}gk{ n} n k`{} `b -33*

[ll Nmrg{`sw Sldnsmgjd Lilk}g`j Gmlj}gbgkn}g`j Kls}gbgkn}l{) LKB J`* ;15) n} 3* %N k`qw `b n

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl = `b


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qls qndl b`s }el k`|s} `smls* Nk}|niiw `c}ngjgjd n ildni kenjdl `b jnhl njm/`s dljmls k`{}{ bns

h`sln} iln{} ->= gj}` int `j Hnw 34) 31>>* ]el int) e`tlrls)

en{ wl} }` }nfl lbblk} clkn|{l) n{ n o|sg{mgk}g`j k`rlslm cw {lk}g`j < `b }el R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk} `b

>7274;k%n'* ]` `c}ngj qslkilnsnjkl) ]lun{ h|{} mlh`j{}sn}l

}en} [C >= jlg}els en{ }el q|sq`{l j`s tgii enrl }el lbblk} `b mljwgjd `s ncsgmdgjd }el sgde} }`

r`}l `j nkk`|j} `b snklV)X k`i`s) `s hlhclsV{egqX VgjX n injd|ndl hgj`sg}w ds`|q*Gm*

>74;k%n') >74;c%b'%3'*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl < `b


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]lun{ bgilm n qslkilnsnjkl nqqigkn}g`j tg}e }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni `j O|iw 3>* \jmls

}el R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk}) }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni en{ {gu}w mnw{ }` gj}lsq`{lVX nj `colk}g`j }` n

kenjdlm r`}gjd qs`klm|sl*Gm* >74;k%n'* C|} elsl }en} qs`kl{{ tn{ mlinwlm cw }el N}}`sjlw

Dljlsni{ sl~|l{}{ b`s nmmg}g`jni gjb`shn}g`j n{ }` %>' }el j|hcls `b r`}ls{ te` inkf n MQ[(

g{{|lm msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM knsm) njm %3' }el qlsklj}ndl `b }e`{l r`}ls{ te` nsl

hgj`sg}gl{* [ll 35 K*B*S* *;4%c') *;7%n'%>' %{}n}gjd }en} telj {|qqilhlj}ni {|chg{{g`j{

nsl qs`rgmlm }el 21(mnw qlsg`m b`s }el qljmgjd {|chg{{g`j tgii cl slknik|in}lm bs`h }el

N}}`sjlw Dljlsni{ slklgq} `b }el {|qqilhlj}nsw gjb`shn}g`j*'* Jlnsiw {gu h`j}e{ nb}ls bgigjd g}{

gjg}gni qslkilnsnjkl sl~|l{}) `j Onj|nsw >3) 31>3) ]lun{ {|chg}}lm }` }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni n

k`hq|}ls(dljlsn}lm ig{} `b 47 Lu* < n} >* [qlkgbgkniiw) ]lun{ luqingjlm }en} g}{ MQ[ mn}ncn{l

njm g}{ r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j ig{} tlsl j`} ml{gdjlm }` cl hlsdlm) njm }en} jnhl kenjdl{ VnjmX

gjk`j{g{}lj} |{l `b jgkfjnhl{ `s gjg}gni{ cl}tllj }el }t` ig{}{ k`|im kn|{l j|hls`|{ gjk`sslk}

j`(hn}ke sl{|i}{*Gm* n} 3* H`sl`rls) q`gj}gjd `|} }en} g} enm |{lm [qnjg{e {|sjnhl{ n{ n qs`uw

b`s Eg{qnjgk r`}ls{nj ghqslkg{l {|c{}g}|}l b`s nkk|sn}l snkgni mn}n]lun{ luqingjlm }en} g}{

j`(hn}ke ig{} k`j{}g}|}lm nj |jsligncil l{}ghn}l `b GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{ nh`jd Eg{qnjgk r`}ls{*

Gm*

@j Hnske >3) 31>3) }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni mljglm qslkilnsnjkl) k`jki|mgjd }en} ]lun{

enm bngilm }` {e`t }en} [C >= tgii j`} enrl }el lbblk} `b mljwgjd `s ncsgmdgjd }el sgde} }` r`}l

`j nkk`|j} `b snklg*l*) }en} g} tgii j`} enrl n sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}* Nh* K`hqi*) LKB J`* 3?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl 2 `b


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4

Lu* 4 n} >(3%kg}gjd Dl`sdgn r* \jg}lm [}n}l{) =>> \*[* 74;'6 35 K*B*S* *


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5

Bgjniiw) }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni mlkigjlm }` ml}lshgjl tel}els [C >= enm cllj ljnk}lm

tg}e n mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{lnj gjmlqljmlj} sln{`j b`s mljwgjd qslkilnsnjkl* Clkn|{l ]lun{

bngilm }` hll} g}{ c|smlj `b mlh`j{}sn}gjd }en} }el qs`q`{lm int tgii j`} enrl n sl}s`dsl{{grl

lbblk}) }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni luqingjlm) el enm j` jllm }` hnfl njw ml}lshgjn}g`j n{ }`

tel}els }el {}n}l en{ l{}ncig{elm }en} }el qs`q`{lm kenjdl{ tlsl nm`q}lm tg}e j` mg{ksghgjn}`sw

q|sq`{l*Gm* n} =) el mljglm

qslkilnsnjkl }` [`|}e Knsìgjn{ jlt r`}ls GM int* [e`s}iw }elslnb}ls) `jOnj|nsw 3=) ]lun{)

j`}gjd }el [`|}e Knsìgjn mljgni njm }el {llhgjd qs`cncgig}w `b nj lrlj}|ni slolk}g`j `b [ljn}l

Cgii >= cw M@O) bgilm }eg{ sl~|l{} b`s o|mgkgni qslkilnsnjkl* [ll K`hqi*) LKB* J`* > n} 5*

Ni}e`|de ]lun{{ gjg}gni k`hqingj} {`|de} `jiw n mlkinsn}`sw o|mdhlj} `b qslkilnsnjkl) }el {}n}l

in}ls nmmlm n kingh }en} {lk}g`j < `b }el R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk}) n{ sln|}e`sgzlm gj 3112) lukllm{ }el

lj|hlsn}lm q`tls{ `b K`jdsl{{ njm k`jbigk}{ tg}e Ns}gkil GR `b }el K`j{}g}|}g`j njm }el ]lj}e

Nhljmhlj}* Nh* K`hqi*) LKB J`* 3< n} >(3*

]el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni `b }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ tn{ ig{}lm n{ }el jnhlm mlbljmnj}* %B`s }el

{nfl `b kinsg}w) tl elslgjnb}ls slbls }` }el qns}w(mlbljmnj} gj }eg{ kn{l n{ }el \jg}lm [}n}l{) njm

slbls }` }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni `jiw telj mg{k|{{gjd nmhgjg{}sn}grl qslkilnsnjkl mlkg{g`j{'* Gj

nmmg}g`j) tl in}ls dsnj}lm h`}g`j{ }` gj}lsrljl bgilm cw {lrlsni r`}gjd sgde}{ ds`|q{) n{ tlii n{ n

j|hcls `b `sdnjgzn}g`j{ slqsl{lj}gjd snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ gj ]lun{* [ll Hgj|}l @smls) 1=/>;/31>3*

]el{l gjki|mlm }el ]lun{ Ildg{in}grl Cinkf Kn|k|{) }el Ilnd|l `b T`hlj R`}ls{ `b ]lun{) }el

[`|}etl{} R`}ls Sldg{}sn}g`j Lm|kn}g`j Qsòlk}) njm }el Hlugknj Nhlsgknj Kn|k|{ `b }el ]lun{

E`|{l `b Slqsl{lj}n}grl{* Tl ni{` dsnj}lm h`}g`j{ }` gj}lsrljl bgilm cw {lrlsni gjmgrgm|ni



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7

]lun{ r`}ls{* Gj `smls }` slm|kl }el ig}gdn}g`j c|smlj `j ]lun{) tl mgslk}lm nii gj}lsrlj`s{ }`

k`j{ìgmn}l }elgs csglbgjd njm nsd|hlj}* [ll gm*

Bìi`tgjd }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni{ Hnske >3 mljgni `b qslkilnsnjkl) }eg{ ig}gdn}g`j }``f `j

`crg`|{ |sdljkw) n{ g} slqsl{lj}lm ]lun{{ `jiw kenjkl `b ghqilhlj}gjd [C >= clb`sl }el

J`rlhcls 31>3 lilk}g`j{* Ni}e`|de }el M*K* Kgsk|g} slklj}iw nbbgshlm }el bnkgni

k`j{}g}|}g`jnig}w `b {lk}g`j 3')tl

slhngj k`djgznj} `b }el [|qslhl K`|s}{ eìmgjd gjJ`s}etl{} N|{}gj H|jgkgqni \}gig}w Mg{}sgk}

J`* @jl r* Eìmls}en} {lk}g`j < ghq`{l{ {|c{}nj}gni blmlsnig{h k`{}{) }el mn}l `j tegke

]lun{ jllmlm n mlkg{g`j gj `smls }` ghqilhlj} [C >= gj }ghl b`s }el J`rlhcls lilk}g`j* [ll

@smls) LKB J`* >14 n} >* N{ tl luqingjlm) g} t`|im sng{l {lsg`|{ k`j{}g}|}g`jni ~|l{}g`j{ gb

]lun{ tlsl qslrlj}lm bs`h ghqilhlj}gjd [C >= hlsliw clkn|{l }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ tn{ }`` c|{w

}` qslqnsl b`s }sgni* [llJ`s}etl{} N|{}gj) %3115'* ]e|{) dgrlj `|s eg{}`sgk }snmg}g`j }en} nii }el

[}n}l{ ljo`w l~|ni {`rlslgdj}w)J`s}etl{} N|{}gj)


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>1

r`}ls GM int k`|im cl ghqilhlj}lm gj }ghl b`s }el J`rlhcls lilk}g`j{* Tg}e }el k`j{lj} `b }el

qns}gl{) tl mlblsslm k`j{gmlsn}g`j `b ]lun{{ k`j{}g}|}g`jni keniiljdl) luqingjgjd }en} }eg{ kingh

{enii j`} cl nmmsl{{lm |jil{{ }el K`|s} mljgl{ o|mgkgni qslkilnsnjkl `b V[C >=X* Gjg}gni

[kelm|igjd @smls) LKB J`* =;n} >* Tl }elj {l} nj nkklilsn}lm mg{k`rlsw njm csglbgjd {kelm|il*

Gm*

[ghgins blmlsnig{h k`jklsj{ gjbi|ljklm `|s sl{ì|}g`j `b {lrlsni mg{k`rlsw mg{q|}l{* B`s

lunhqil) {llfgjd }` {e`t }en} [C >= tn{ h`}grn}lm cw mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l) }el \jg}lm [}n}l{

h`rlm }` k`hqli }el qs`m|k}g`j `b }l{}gh`jw njm m`k|hlj}{ bs`h ]lun{ {}n}l ildg{in}`s{* [ll@smls) LKB J`* >24*]lun{ {`|de} }` tg}eeìm }eg{ lrgmljkl) nsd|gjd }en} g}{ qs`m|k}g`j t`|im

rgìn}l ildg{in}grl qsgrgildl* K`djgznj} }en} blmlsni gj}s|{g`j gj}` {lj{g}grl nsln{ `b {}n}l njm

i`kni qìgkwhnfgjd ghq`{l{ {|c{}nj}gni blmlsnig{h k`{}{)J`s}etl{} N|{}gj) 24 n} >>*Tl ni{`

nii`tlm ]lun{ }` tg}eeìm kls}ngj k`hh|jgkn}g`j{ cl}tllj ildg{in}`s{ njm lulk|}grl ndljkgl{*

Gm* n} 7* Bgjniiw) tl {eglimlm h`{}) }e`|de j`} nii) lrgmljkl gj }el q`{{l{{g`j `b ]lun{ Igl|}ljnj}

D`rlsj`s Mnrgm Mlte|s{}* [ll @smls)LKB J`* >


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>>

@|s lbb`s}{ }` nkklilsn}l }eg{ ig}gdn}g`j) e`tlrls) tlsl `b}lj |jmlshgjlm cw ]lun{{

bngi|sl }` nk} tg}e mgigdljkl `s n qs`qls {lj{l `b |sdljkw* N{ hlh`sgnigzlm gj `|s Hnw 4) 31>3

`smls) ]lun{ slqln}lmiw gdj`slm `s rg`in}lm mgslk}grl{ njm `smls{ `b }eg{ K`|s} }en} tlsl

ml{gdjlm }` luqlmg}l mg{k`rlsw* @smls) LKB J`* >14 n} 3*H`{} {gdjgbgknj}iw) ]lun{ bngilm }`

qs`m|kl g}{ r`}ls sldg{}sw) MQ[ GM) njm igklj{l(}`(knssw mn}ncn{l{ }` }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ |j}gi ;>7 n} 3*]el{l lss`s{ {lsg`|{iw egjmlslm Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ ncgig}w }` qslqnsl njm qs`bbls

luqls} }l{}gh`jw cn{lm `j }eg{ mn}n* [ll @smls) LKB J`* >;4 n} 3(=* Kg}gjd }el{l mlinw{) }el

\jg}lm [}n}l{ ndngj h`rlm }` q`{}q`jl }sgni* Tl mljglm }eg{ h`}g`j) luqingjgjd }en} VmXl{qg}l

}el bnk} }en} qn}gljkl njm l~|g}w m` j`} k`|j} gj ]lun{V{X bnr`s telj k`j{gmlsgjd mg{k`rlsw njm

{kelm|igjd g{{|l{) }el {}n}|}l sl~|gsl{ `|s cl{} lbb`s}{ b`s nj lnsiw }sgni mn}l*Gm* n} 3(;*Nb}ls nii)

tl lhqen{gzlm) V}Xel ~|l{}g`j{ |jmls }el R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk} qsl{lj}lm elsl nsl }`` ghq`s}nj} }`

il} lrlj ]lun{V{X hg{{lm mg{k`rlsw * * * b`skl n kenjdl }` }el O|iw 7 }sgni mn}l*Gm* n} 3 %kg}n}g`j

`hg}}lm'*

Ni}e`|de ]lun{ tn{ ncil }` hngj}ngj }el O|iw 7 }sgni mn}l) g}{ mgin}`sw nqqs`nke }`

mg{k`rlsw qslrlj}lm g} bs`h `c}ngjgjd `jl q`}lj}gniiw ks|kgni qglkl `b lrgmljkl* Jlnsiw n h`j}e

nb}ls mg{k`rlsw k`hhljklm) ]lun{ {lsrlm }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni tg}e n mg{k`rlsw sl~|l{} {llfgjd

mn}n sldnsmgjd }el }esll }wql{ `b blmlsni GM qlshg}}lm cw [C >=? \*[* qn{{q`s}{) hgig}nsw GM

knsm{) njm kg}gzlj{egq kls}gbgkn}l{* Hlh`* gj [|qq`s} `b H`}* }` K`hqli) LKB J`* >;1(> n} >(3*

]lun{ {`|de} nkkl{{ }` }eg{ blmlsni mn}n }` ml}lshgjl }el j|hcls `b ]lun{ r`}ls{ te` inkfnjw

b`sh `b [C >=(~|nigbwgjd GM* Gj sl{q`j{l) }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni gjb`shlm ]lun{ }en} clkn|{l

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >> `b


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>3

blmlsni gmlj}gbgkn}g`j mn}ncn{l{ nsl `|}{gml eg{ q`{{l{{g`j) k|{}`mw `s k`j}sì) el tn{ |jncil }`

qs`m|kl }elh* [ll @smls) LKB J`* >47 n} 3* El nmrg{lm ]lun{ }` {lsrl {|cq`ljn{ `j }el }esll

\*[* ndljkgl{ te` qew{gkniiw k`j}sì }el mn}ncn{l{}el Mlqns}hlj}{ `b [}n}l) E`hlinjm

[lk|sg}w) njm Mlblj{l* [llgm* n} 3(;*Gjluqigknciw) e`tlrls) ]lun{ jlrls {lsrlm }el{l

{|cq`ljn{* Gjmllm) b`s }egs}w mnw{ ]lun{ bngilm }` }nfl njw nk}g`j n} nii rg{((rg{ }el blmlsni

mn}ncn{l{* ]lun{ bgjniiw bgilm n h`}g`j }` k`hqli }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni{ qs`m|k}g`j `b }el

blmlsni mn}ncn{l{ `j Hnw 3>}el in{} q`{{gcil mnw }` bgil {|ke n h`}g`j* @smls) LKB J`* >;4 n}

=* Tl |i}ghn}liw mljglm }eg{ h`}g`j) luqingjgjd }en} ]lun{ enm bngilm }` l{}ncig{e }en} }el

N}}`sjlw Dljlsni hngj}ngj{ k`j}sì `rls }el mn}ncn{l{* @smls) LKB J`* >47 n} =*Njm clkn|{l

]lun{ enm hw{}lsg`|{iw bngilm }` {lsrl {|cq`ljn{ `j }el ndljkgl{ gj qew{gkni q`{{l{{g`j `b }el

mn}ncn{l{) tl k`jki|mlm }en} VnXjw qslo|mgkl }` ]lun{ bs`h }el bngi|sl }` `c}ngj }eg{

gjb`shn}g`j g{ n{{gdjncil {ìliw }` ]lun{*Gm* n} ' k`hhljkl }sgni `j O|iw 7) 31>3 tg}e`|} blmlsni mn}n)

`s %3' mlinw }sgni) q`}lj}gniiw `c}ngj nkkl{{ }` }el mn}ncn{l{) c|} sg{f nj gjncgig}w }` ghqilhlj} [C

>= b`s }el J`rlhcls 31>3 lilk}g`j{0 ]lun{ sl{q`jmlm kilnsiw njm |jl~|gr`kniiw? g} qslblsslm }`

d` nelnm tg}e }el O|iw 7 }sgni mn}l) lrlj tg}e`|} nkkl{{ }` }el blmlsni mn}ncn{l{*Gm* n} 2(4*

]lun{{ k`|j{li lrlj m`tjqinwlm }el ghq`s}njkl `b blmlsni mn}n) {}n}gjd? G m`j} tnj} }` dgrl

}el ghqsl{{g`j }en} gb tl knj} dl} Vgjb`shn}g`j `j blmlsni GM{X) tl m`j} }egjf tl knj qs`rl `|s

kn{l*Gm*

N{ ]lun{ sl~|l{}lm) }sgni k`hhljklm `j O|iw 7* @rls }el k`|s{l `b }el tllf(i`jd }sgni)

tl elnsm igrl }l{}gh`jw bs`h 31 tg}jl{{l{) gjki|mgjd lilk}g`j intwls{6 ]lun{ {}n}l ildg{in}`s{6

kgrgi sgde}{ ilnmls{6 njm luqls}{ gj eg{}`sw) qìg}gkni {kgljkl) njm {}n}g{}gk{* ]el qns}gl{ ni{`

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >3 `b


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{|chg}}lm }e`|{njm{ `b qndl{ `b mlq`{g}g`j }l{}gh`jw) luqls} slq`s}{) {keìnsiw ns}gkil{) njm

`}els qnqls lrgmljkl* ]el }sgni k`jki|mlm tg}e }esll(njm(n(enib e`|s{ `b ki`{gjd nsd|hlj}{*

Cn{lm `j }eg{ lu}lj{grl slk`sm) ]lun{ nsd|l{ }en} [C >= tn{ ljnk}lm }` qslrlj} r`}ls

bsn|m) njm mljgl{ }en} snkl tn{ n h`}grn}gjd bnk}`s* ]lun{ ni{` nsd|l{ }en} slk`sm lrgmljkl

nbbgshn}grliw qs`rl{ }en} [C >= tgii enrl j` mg{ksghgjn}`sw lbblk}* B`s }elgs qns}) }el \jg}lm

[}n}l{ njm Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ nsd|l }en} }el {qlk}ls `b gj(qls{`j r`}ls bsn|m g{ n keghlsn

hlnj} }` hn{f }el mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l clegjm [C >=* Nkk`smgjd }` }el{l qns}gl{) }el slk`sm

k`j}ngj{ rgs}|niiw j` lrgmljkl `b gj(qls{`j r`}ls bsn|m gj ]lun{ njm }eg{) k`hcgjlm tg}e kls}ngj

qs`klm|sni gssld|insg}gl{ }en} `kk|sslm m|sgjd }el qn{{ndl `b [C >=) }el {}n}l{ eg{}`sw `b snkgni

mg{ksghgjn}g`j) njm `}els lrgmljkl) qs`rl{ }en} }el cgii{ q|sq`{l tn{ }` mg{ljbsnjkeg{l

hgj`sg}gl{* H`sl`rls) }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ njm Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ nsd|l }en} [C >= tgii enrl n

mg{ksghgjn}`sw lbblk}}en} g{) g} tgii ilnm }` n sl}s`dsl{{g`j gj }el q`{g}g`j `b snkgni hgj`sg}gl{

tg}e sl{qlk} }` }elgs lbblk}grl lulskg{l `b }el lilk}`sni bsnjkeg{l*Clls) =3< \*[* n} >=>*

Gj sl{ìrgjd }el{l ildni g{{|l{) tl m` j`} slrglt }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni{ mljgni `b

qslkilnsnjkl) c|} ml}lshgjl b`s `|s{lirl{ tel}els [C >= en{ }el q|sq`{l `s lbblk} `b mljwgjd `s

ncsgmdgjd }el sgde} }` r`}l `j nkk`|j} `b snklV)X kì`s) `s hlhclsV{egqX VgjX n injd|ndl

hgj`sg}w ds`|q* =3 \*[*K* >74;k%n') >74;c%b'%3'6 {ll 35 K*B*S* *=7 %]el mlkg{g`j `b

}el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni j`} }` `colk} }` n {|chg}}lm kenjdl `s }` tg}emsnt nj `colk}g`j V|jmls

{lk}g`j ?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >; `b


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>=

GG*

Clb`sl lunhgjgjd }el lrgmljkl) tl {l} b`s}e }el ildni bsnhlt`sf }en} d`rlsj{ }eg{ kn{l*

N*

N{ }el [|qslhl K`|s} en{ `b}lj slg}lsn}lmV)X * * * r`}gjd g{ `b }el h`{} b|jmnhlj}ni

{gdjgbgknjkl |jmls `|s k`j{}g}|}g`jni {}s|k}|sl*Giigj`g{ [}n}l Cm* `b Lilk}g`j{ r* [`kgnig{}

T`sfls{ Qns}w) ==1 \*[* >4;) >5= %>747'* Gjmllm) }el sgde} }` r`}l bsll bs`h snkgni

mg{ksghgjn}g`j g{ luqsl{{iw qs`}lk}lm cw }el K`j{}g}|}g`j* ]el Bgb}llj}e Nhljmhlj} qs`rgml{

}en} V}Xel sgde} `b kg}gzlj{ `b }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ }` r`}l {enii j`} cl mljglm `s ncsgmdlm * * * `j

nkk`|j} `b snkl) kì`s) `s qslrg`|{ k`jmg}g`j `b {lsrg}|ml* \*[* K`j{}* nhljm* UR* H`sl`rls)

}el [|qslhl K`|s} en{ elim }en} }el B`|s}llj}e Nhljmhlj}) tegke qsègcg}{ {}n}l{ bs`h

mljwVgjdX }` njw qls{`j * * * }el l~|ni qs`}lk}g`j `b }el int{) \*[* K`j{}* nhljm* UGR) nqqigl{

}` r`}gjd* N{ }el K`|s} en{ luqingjlm) `jkl }el bsnjkeg{l g{ dsnj}lm }` }el lilk}`sn}l) igjl{ hnw

j`} cl msntj tegke nsl gjk`j{g{}lj} tg}e }el L~|ni Qs`}lk}g`j Kin|{l `b }el B`|s}llj}e

Nhljmhlj}*Ensqls r* Rgsdgjgn [}n}l Cm* `b Lilk}g`j{) ;5; \*[* 22;) 22< %>722'* Nm`q}lm gj

}el ghhlmgn}l nb}lshn}e `b }el Kgrgi Tns) }el{l }t` nhljmhlj}{ tlsl nghlm n} qs`}lk}gjd }el

sgde}{ njm igcls}gl{ `b bsllm {inrl{ gj }el b`shls K`jblmlsnkw*

Ml{qg}l }el{l K`j{}g}|}g`jni {nbld|nsm{) }el cigde} `b snkgni mg{ksghgjn}g`j gj r`}gjd * * *

gjblk}lm }el lilk}`sni qs`kl{{ gj qns}{ `b `|s k`|j}sw b`s jlnsiw n klj}|sw* [`|}e Knsìgjn r*

Fn}zljcnke) ;5; \*[* ;1>) ;15 %>722'* Bìi`tgjd Slk`j{}s|k}g`j) hnjw [`|}elsj {}n}l{ cldnj

ljnk}gjd cnii`} nkkl{{ hln{|sl{ tegke tlsl {qlkgbgkniiw ml{gdjlm }` qslrlj} Jlds`l{ bs`h

r`}gjd*Gm* n} ;>1* Nh`jd }el h`{} j`}`sg`|{ mlrgkl{ tlsl qìi }nul{) ig}lsnkw }l{}{)

dsnjmbn}els kin|{l{) njm qs`qls}w ~|nigbgkn}g`j{* [elicw Kj}w*) 247 B*;m n} 5?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >= `b


15/56

>> %j`}gjd }en} telj ig}lsnkw }l{}{ tlsl

ljnk}lm) h`sl }enj }t`(}egsm{ `b }el nm|i} Jlds`l{ tlsl giig}lsn}l tegil il{{ }enj `jl(~|ns}ls `b

}el nm|i} teg}l{ tlsl |jncil }` slnm `s tsg}l'6 gm* n} ;>> j*7 %~|`}gjd [`|}e Knsìgjn [ljn}`s

Clj ]giihnj n{ {}n}gjd) ]el `jiw }egjd tl knj m` n{ qn}sg`}{ njm n{ {}n}l{hlj g{ }` }nfl bs`h }el

gdj`snj} cinkf{ lrlsw cnii`} }en} tl knj |jmls }el int{ `b `|s jn}g`jni d`rlsjhlj}*'

%ni}lsn}g`j{ `hg}}lm'* ]el [|qslhl K`|s} |i}ghn}liw gjrnigmn}lm hnjw `b }el{l int{ `j }el

ds`|jm{ }en} }elw rgìn}lm }el Bgb}llj}e Nhljmhlj}*Gm* n} ;>>(>3 %kìilk}gjd kn{l{'*

Jlrls}elil{{) {}n}l{ tlsl ncil }` {}nw `jl {}lq nelnm `b }el k`|s}{ cw qn{{gjd jlt

mg{ksghgjn}`sw r`}gjd int{ n{ {``j n{ }el ìm `jl{ enm cllj {}s|kf m`tj* Clls) =3< \*[* n}

>=1 %~|`}gjd E*S* Slq* J`* 7=(>72) n} 74;k%n'* @jiw gb n k`rlslm o|sg{mgk}g`j knj mlh`j{}sn}l }en} n qs`q`{lm

kenjdl jlg}els en{ }el q|sq`{l j`s tgii enrl }el lbblk} `b mljwgjd `s ncsgmdgjd }el sgde} }` r`}l

`j nkk`|j} `b snkl `s kì`s tgii }en} kenjdl }nfl lbblk}*Gm* ]e|{) cw sl~|gsgjd n k`rlslm

o|sg{mgk}g`j }` qslkilns n kenjdl clb`sl ghqilhlj}gjd g}) {lk}g`j < {egb}VlmX }el nmrnj}ndl `b

}ghl njm gjls}gn bs`h }el qlsql}sn}`s{ `b }el lrgi }` g}{ rgk}gh{* Fn}zljcnke) ;5; \*[* n} ;35*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >< `b


16/56

>2

\jmls }el >72< Nk}) n o|sg{mgk}g`j tn{ k`rlslm cw {lk}g`j < gb g} hngj}ngjlm n r`}gjd

}l{} `s mlrgkl n{ `b J`rlhcls >) >72=) njm enm il{{ }enj 72= qsl{gmlj}gni lilk}g`j* R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk} `b >72>1) =%c') 47 [}n}* =;4)

=;5* Gj ksnb}gjd }eg{ b`sh|in) K`jdsl{{ ke`{l Vg}{X ksg}lsgn knslb|iiw* [elicw Kj}w*) 247 B*;m n}

574< %b`s {lrlj wlns{') gj >753 %b`s }tlj}w(bgrl wlns{')

njm gj 3112 %b`s }tlj}w(bgrl wlns{'* [gjkl g}{ ljnk}hlj}) }el slilrnj} q`s}g`j{ `b }el R`}gjd

Sgde}{ Nk} enrl insdliw slhngjlm }el {nhl) tg}e `jl luklq}g`j `b qns}gk|ins {gdjgbgknjkl }` }eg{

kn{l* Gj >747413 %k`mgbglm n} =3 \*[*K*

>74;c%b'%;''* G} tn{ }eg{ kenjdl }en} cs`|de} ]lun{ tg}egj }el {k`ql `b [lk}g`j ?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >2 `b


17/56

>4

qsnk}gkni hn}}ls g} g{ jlrls ln{w }` qs`rl n jldn}grl*Slj` r* C`{{gls Qnsg{e [ke* Cm* %C`{{gls

Qnsg{e G') ) =51 %>774' %~|`}gjd) gj qns})Lifgj{ r* \jg}lm [}n}l{) ;2= \*[* 312) 3>5

%>721''* Jlrls}elil{{) }el c|smlj `b qs``b gj {lk}g`j < kn{l{ g{ c`}e tlii l{}ncig{elm) Dl`sdgn)

=>> \*[* n}


18/56

>5

[}n}l Cm* `b Lilk}g`j{) ;7; \*[*


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>7

k`|s} mljglm ]lun{{ h`}g`j b`s {|hhnsw o|mdhlj} sl~|l{}gjd qslkilnsnjkl `b g}{ slmg{}sgk}gjd

qinj* Ni`jd }el tnw) }el k`|s} slolk}lm ]lun{{ k`j}lj}g`j }en} gb Eg{qnjgk r`}ls{ t`|im `jiw

ke``{l }` r`}l n} }el {nhl sn}l n{ teg}l{) n ildg{in}grl mg{}sgk} tg}e n , Eg{qnjgk kg}gzlj

r`}gjd(ndl q`q|in}g`j t`|im qs`rgml Eg{qnjgk{ }el ncgig}w }` lilk} }elgs qslblsslm knjmgmn}l{*Gm*

n} 323(22* ]el k`|s} j`}lm }en} lm|kn}g`jni njm lk`j`hgk k`jmg}g`j{ VnslX {|ke }en} hlsl

n}}ngjhlj} `b kg}gzlj r`}gjd(ndl {}n}|{ hgde} enrl j` slni lbblk} `j VEg{qnjgk{X ncgig}w }` lilk}

slqsl{lj}n}grl{ `b ke`gkl*Gm* n} 32=* ]el k`|s} }e|{ k`jki|mlm }en} g} tn{ sl~|gslm }` qlsb`sh n

h`sl k`hqigkn}lm sl}s`dsl{{g`j njniw{g{ }enj ]lun{ tnj}{ }eg{ k`|s} }` nqqs`rl*Gm*

K`hqnsncil i`dgk nqqigl{ elsl* O|{} n{ lm|kn}g`jni njm lk`j`hgk k`jmg}g`j{ hgde} nbblk}

tel}els hgj`sg}gl{ ke``{l }` r`}l) }e`{l k`jmg}g`j{ k`|im ni{` nbblk} tel}els hgj`sg}gl{

ke``{l }` `c}ngj qe`}` GM* Q``sls ql`qil) b`s lunhqil) hnw cl mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw |jncil }`

qnw }el k`{}{ n{{`kgn}lm tg}e `c}ngjgjd [C >=(~|nigbwgjd GM* ]e|{) k`djgznj} `b }el mlkg{g`j `b

`|s {g{}ls k`|s} njm b|iiw qls{|nmlm cw g}{ sln{`jgjd) tl mlkigjl ]lun{{ slkwkilm gjrg}n}g`j }`

kìinq{l }el lj}gsl sl}s`dsl{{g`j njniw{g{ gj}` n ~|l{}g`j `b r`}ls ke`gkl*

]lun{{ {lk`jm nsd|hlj} sl{}{ `j }el [|qslhl K`|s}{ mlkg{g`j gj Ksntb`sm r* Hnsg`j

K`|j}w Lilk}g`j C`nsm* ]elsl) }el K`|s} |qelim Gjmgnjn{ r`}ls GM int) eìmgjd }en} g} ghq`{l{

`jiw n ighg}lm c|smlj `j r`}ls{ sgde}{ |jmls }el Bgs{} njm B`|s}llj}e Nhljmhlj}{* 57>) >7=(72* Dgrlj }el{l {ghginsg}gl{) ]lun{ k`j}ljm{

}en} Ksntb`smk`j}sì{ }eg{ kn{l) l{qlkgniiw gj igde} `b }el [|qslhl K`|s}{ qs`j`|jklhlj} }en}

gjbsgjdlhlj} `j }el l~|ni {`rlslgdj}w `b {}n}l{ sng{l{ {lsg`|{ k`j{}g}|}g`jni ~|l{}g`j{*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl >7 `b


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31

J`s}etl{} N|{}gj) =

enrl mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l `s sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}0c|} tl b`k|{ `j }el ighg}lm {|c{l} `b

r`}ls{ te` nsl snkgni njm injd|ndl hgj`sg}gl{* Njm |jigfl Gjmgnjn gj Ksntb`sm) ]lun{ clns{ }el

c|smlj `b qs``b*

K`j}snsw }` }el q`{g}g`j }nflj cw }el \jg}lm [}n}l{) e`tlrls) Ksntb`smgjb`sh{ `|s

njniw{g{ `b [C >= gj }t` ghq`s}nj} tnw{* ]el bgs{} d`l{ }` q|sq`{l* G} g{ ks|kgni) tl }egjf) }en}

}el K`|s} elim gj Ksntb`sm}en} Gjmgnjn k`|im nk} }` qslrlj} gj(qls{`j r`}ls bsn|m ml{qg}l }el

bnk} }en} V}Xel slk`sm k`j}ngj{ j` lrgmljkl `b njw {|ke bsn|m nk}|niiw `kk|ssgjd gj Gjmgnjn n} njw

}ghl gj g}{ eg{}`sw*Gm* n} >7= %lhqen{g{ nmmlm'* Gjmllm) }el K`|s} lhqen}gkniiw elim }en}

V}Xelsl g{ j` ~|l{}g`j nc`|} }el ildg}ghnkw `s ghq`s}njkl `b }eg{ gj}lsl{}*Gm* n} 313(1;



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3>

%lhqen{g{ nmmlm'* Nb}ls nii) }el lilk}`sni {w{}lh knjj`} gj{qgsl q|cigk k`jbgmljkl gb j`

{nbld|nsm{ lug{} }` ml}ls `s ml}lk} bsn|m `s }` k`jbgsh }el gmlj}g}w `b r`}ls{* Gm* n} >74 %~|`}gjd

Oghhw Kns}ls njm Onhl{ N* Cnfls GGG)C|gimgjd K`jbgmljkl gj \*[* Lilk}g`j{ 3*


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33

@|s {lk`jm q`gj} slin}l{ }` {lk}g`j * Gj `}els t`sm{) nkk`smgjd }` Ksntb`sm)

}elsl nsl kls}ngj sl{q`j{gcgig}gl{ njm gjk`jrljgljkl{ }en} kg}gzlj{ h|{} clns gj `smls }` lulskg{l

}elgs sgde} }` r`}l) njm n `jl(}ghl }sgq }` }el msgrls{ igklj{l `bbgkl g{) gj h`{} {g}|n}g`j{) {ghqiw

`jl `b }e`{l sl{q`j{gcgig}gl{*

G} g{ ghq`s}nj} }` clns gj hgjm) e`tlrls) }en} Ksntb`smgjr`irlm n bnkgni keniiljdl }` }el

GM int{ lbblk}{ `j nii Gjmgnjn r`}ls{* Ksntb`sm)


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3;

nh`|j} `b h`jlw }` `c}ngj n qe`}` GM `s tng} gj igjl b`s e`|s{ }` dl} `jl* Gj {`hl kgsk|h{}njkl{

}el{l elnrw c|smlj{ k`|im tlii mg{k`|sndl kg}gzlj{ bs`h r`}gjd n} nii* Njm gb {|ke c|smlj{ bnii

mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw `j snkgni `s injd|ndl hgj`sg}gl{) }elw t`|im enrl sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk} tg}e

sl{qlk} }` }elgs lbblk}grl lulskg{l `b }el lilk}`sni bsnjkeg{l*Clls) =3< \*[* n} >=>*

]el |q{e`} `b nii `b }eg{ g{ }en} ]lun{ knj qs`rl }en} [C >= inkf{ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk} lrlj

gb n mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}l j|hcls `b hgj`sg}w r`}ls{ gj }el {}n}l k|sslj}iwinkf qe`}` GM* C|} }` m` {`)

]lun{ h|{} qs`rl }en} }el{l t`|im(cl r`}ls{ k`|im ln{giw `c}ngj [C >=(~|nigbwgjd GM tg}e`|}

k`{} `s hno`s gjk`jrljgljkl*

GGG*

Tg}e }el{l qsgjkgqil{ gj hgjm) tl }|sj }` }el slk`sm* Clkn|{l k`|s}{ enrl j` jllm }`

bgjm mg{ksghgjn}`sw gj}lj} `jkl }elw bgjm Vsl}s`dsl{{grlX lbblk}) [elicw Kj}w*) 247 B*;m n} 527)

njm clkn|{l lrgmljkl }en} n int tegke clns{ h`sl elnrgiw `j `jl snkl }enj nj`}elsg*l*) en{

mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}l lbblk}g{ g}{lib }el ghq`s}nj} {}ns}gjd q`gj} b`s n{{l{{gjd mg{ksghgjn}`sw

gj}lj})C`{{gls Qnsg{e G)


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3=

}en} [C >= inkf{ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}* N{ tl {enii luqingj) e`tlrls) }eg{ kn{l m`l{ j`} egjdl

{ìliw `j }el c|smlj `b qs``b* \jmg{q|}lm slk`sm lrgmljkl mlh`j{}sn}l{ }en} snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ gj

]lun{ nsl mg{qs`q`s}g`jniiw igfliw }` igrl gj q`rls}w njm) clkn|{l [C >= tgii tlgde h`sl elnrgiw

`j }el q``s) }el int tgii igfliw enrl sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}*

N*

]lun{ cldgj{ tg}e n cs`nm nsd|hlj}? }en} {`kgni {kgljkl lrgmljkl mlh`j{}sn}l{ r`}ls

}|sj`|} g{ dljlsniiw |jnbblk}lm cw }el {}sgjdljkw `b n {}n}l{ r`}ls GM int{*Gj `}els t`sm{) ]lun{

k`j}ljm{ }en} r`}ls{ r`}l sldnsmil{{ `b }el gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sl~|gslhlj}{ ghq`{lm `j }elh n} }el

qìi{ njm }en} [C >= tgii }e|{ enrl j` {gdjgbgknj} lbblk} n} nii* ]lun{ Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{) LKB

J`* 313n} 7* Njm clkn|{l GM sl~|gslhlj}{ enrl j` clnsgjd `j tel}els r`}ls{hgj`sg}gl{ `s

`}elstg{l}|sj `|} `j Lilk}g`j Mnw) ]lun{ k`jki|ml{ }en} [C >= tgii enrl j` sl}s`dsl{{grl

lbblk}*

Tl nsl |jncil }` kslmg} }eg{ igjl `b nsd|hlj} clkn|{l }el lbblk} `b r`}ls GM int{ `j

}|sj`|} slhngj{ n hn}}ls `b mg{q|}l nh`jd {`kgni {kglj}g{}{* ]lun{ sligl{ elnrgiw `j n 3117 qnqls

cw Ms* [}lqelj Nj{ìnclelsl) n Ensrnsm qìg}gkni {kglj}g{} te` %n{ mg{k|{{lm gjbsn' enqqlj{ }`

cl `jl `b }el \jg}lm [}n}l{{ luqls} tg}jl{{l{ gj }eg{ kn{l* Gj eg{ qnqls) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl

k`jki|ml{) cn{lm `j n }lilqe`jl {|srlw `b ligdgcil r`}ls{ jn}g`jtgml) }en} nih`{} j` `jl * * *

{}nwV{X ntnw bs`h }el qìi{ b`s tnj} `b nqqs`qsgn}l gmlj}gbgkn}g`j* ]N >=4> qnqls cw Ms* Hgkenli Nirnslz `b }el Knigb`sjgn Gj{}g}|}l

`b ]lkejì`dw tegke slnkel{ qslkg{liw }el `qq`{g}l k`jki|{g`j* Nqqiwgjd n {}n}g{}gkni sldsl{{g`j

h`mli }` r`}gjd mn}n bs`h nii 3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl 3= `b


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31,*Gm*]lun{tegke clns{ }el c|smlj `b qs``ben{ bngilm }` qs`m|kl njw

lrgmljkl |jmlshgjgjd }el rnigmg}w `b }el Nirnslz {}|mw* Gj{}lnm) g} b`k|{l{ lj}gsliw `j Ms*

Nj{ìnclelsl{ 3117 qnqls* Wl} Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl egh{lib }l{}gbglm }en} `}els q|cig{elm

sl{lnske mg{ndsll{ tg}e hl) ]sgni ]s* 4/>3/31>3 %QH' ;;?2) {qlkgbgkniiw q`gj}gjd `|} }en} Ms*

Nirnslz{ {}|mw b`|jm }en} {`hl qe`}` GM int{ enrl ~|g}l n cgd lbblk} `j }|sj`|}*Gm* >13?>4(

>5* Tl }e|{ enrl j` cn{g{ b`s bgjmgjd }en} Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ 3117 qnqls slqsl{lj}{ njw {`s} `b

nknmlhgk k`j{lj{|{ nc`|} }el ghqnk} `b r`}ls GM int{*

]|sjgjd bs`h jn}g`jni {}|mgl{ }` {}n}l({qlkgbgk mn}n) ]lun{ jlu} b`k|{l{ `j }el

luqlsgljkl{ `b Gjmgnjn njm Dl`sdgn}t` {}n}l{ }en} slklj}iw ghqilhlj}lm qe`}` GM int{*

Sliwgjd `j luqls} }l{}gh`jw bs`h \jgrls{g}w `b ]lun{ qìg}gkni {kglj}g{} Mns`j [ent) ]lun{

nsd|l{ }en} g}{ q`q|in}g`j g{ mlh`dsnqegkniiw {ghgins }` Dl`sdgn{ njm Gjmgnjn{) njm }en} }el{l

{}n}l{ luqlsgljkl{ tg}e qe`}` GM sl~|gslhlj}{ {|ddl{} }en} [C >= tgii enrl j` {gdjgbgknj}

lbblk} n} nii `j }|sj`|} gj ]lun{* ]lun{ Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{) LKB J`* 313 n} 7*N} }sgni) Ms* [ent

}l{}gbglm }en} {|srlw mn}n bs`h }el 3115 Qsl{gmlj}gni qsghnsgl{ {e`tlm }en} rgs}|niiw j` Dl`sdgn

`s Gjmgnjn r`}ls{ slq`s}lm clgjd }|sjlm ntnw bs`h }el qìi{ clkn|{l `b n inkf `b qe`}` GM* ]sgni

]s* 4/>>/31>3 %NH' 3=?2(>7* H`sl`rls) }eg{ bgjmgjd slhngjlm k`j{}nj} nks`{{ snkgni igjl{? gj

Gjmgnjn 1 qlsklj} `b teg}l{) 1 qlsklj} `b cinkf{) 1 qlsklj} `b Eg{qnjgk{ slq`s} }en} }elw tlsl j`}

nii`tlm }` r`}l6 gj Dl`sdgn) 1 qlsklj} `b teg}l{) > qlsklj} `b cinkf{) 1 qlsklj} `b Eg{qnjgk{

{ngm }elw tlsl j`} nii`tlm }` r`}l clkn|{l }elw inkflm qe`}` GM*Gm* 3


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32

rlsw blt ql`qil bs`h r`}gjd6 %3' qe`}` GM int{ enrl j` mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}l lbblk} `j snkgni

hgj`sg}gl{6 njm %;' mg{qnsn}l GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{ enrl ig}}il lbblk} `j }|sj`|}* Tl slolk} }el{l

qs`q`{lm bgjmgjd{ clkn|{l }el kgsk|h{}njkl{ gj Dl`sdgn njm Gjmgnjn nsl {gdjgbgknj}iw mgbblslj}

bs`h }e`{l gj ]lun{*

Bgs{}) njm h`{} ghq`s}nj}) [C >= g{ bns {}sgk}ls }enj lg}els Gjmgnjn{ `s Dl`sdgn{ r`}ls GM

int{* Gjmgnjn nii`t{ r`}ls{ }` |{l njw qe`}` GM }en} en{ luqgslm nb}ls }el mn}l `b }el h`{} slklj}

dljlsni lilk}g`j* Gjm* K`ml Njj* ;(4%n'%>'6 {ll ni{` Dl`sdgn [lksl}nsw

`b [}n}l) Dl`sdgn R`}ls Gmlj}gbgkn}g`j Sl~|gslhlj}{) nrngincil `jigjl n}

e}}q?//{`{*dl`sdgn*d`r/Dnqe`}`gm/ %in{} rg{g}lm N|d|{} 35) 31>3' %ig{}gjd n{ nkklq}ncil r`}ls GM

VnX Dl`sdgn Msgrls{ Igklj{l) lrlj gb luqgslm'* Cw k`j}sn{}) [C >= qsègcg}{ }el |{l `b nj GM

tegke en{ luqgslm h`sl }enj 21 mnw{ clb`sl }el mn}l `b qsl{lj}n}g`j n} }el qìi{* ]lu* Lilk*

K`ml 2;*1>1> %Onj|nsw >) 31>3'*

H`sl`rls) }el c|smlj{ n{{`kgn}lm tg}e `c}ngjgjd n q|sq`s}lmiw bsll r`}ls GM knsm tgii

cl elnrgls |jmls [C >= }enj |jmls lg}els Gjmgnjn `s Dl`sdgn int* ]eg{ g{ }s|l b`s n} iln{} }t`

sln{`j{* ]el bgs{} slin}l{ }` `|}(`b(q`kfl} k`{}* \jmls [C >=) LGK nqqigknj}{ tgii enrl }` qsl{lj}

MQ[ `bbgkgni{ tg}e n d`rlsjhlj}(g{{|lm b`sh `b GM) }el kelnql{} `b tegke) n kls}gbglm k`qw `b n

cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l) k`{}{ -33* Cw k`j}sn{}) Dl`sdgn sl{gmlj}{ hnw qsl{lj} n tgml snjdl `b

m`k|hlj}{ }` `c}ngj n r`}ls GM knsm) gjki|mgjd n {}|mlj} GM) qnwkelkf {}|c) Hlmgknsl `s

Hlmgkngm {}n}lhlj}) `s kls}gbglm {ke`ì }snj{ksgq}* [ll Dn* Lilk* K`ml >5;(>(31(*1>* ]el

mgrls{l snjdl `b m`k|hlj}{ nkklq}lm cw Dl`sdgn %3= kn}ld`sgl{ gj nii' hlnj{ }en} blt r`}ls{ nsl

igfliw }` gjk|s `|}(`b(q`kfl} k`{}{ }` `c}ngj n r`}ls GM* Njm ni}e`|de Gjmgnjn int) igfl [C >=)

sl~|gsl{ r`}ls{ }` qsl{lj} n d`rlsjhlj}(g{{|lm m`k|hlj} %{|ke n{ n cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l' }` `c}ngj n



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34

bsll qe`}` GM) gj Gjmgnjn }el bll b`s `c}ngjgjd n k`qw `b `jl{ cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l g{

{gdjgbgknj}iw i`tls }enj gj ]lun{) snjdgjd bs`h -; }` ->3) mlqljmgjd `j }el k`|j}w* [ll

Ksntb`sm) 4*

]el {lk`jm k`{} [C >= tgii ghq`{l `j LGK nqqigknj}{ g{ }el c|smlj n{{`kgn}lm tg}e

}snrligjd }` n MQ[ `bbgkl* ]el \jg}lm [}n}l{ {|chg}}lm |jslc|}}lm lrgmljkl {e`tgjd }en} 5>

]lun{ k`|j}gl{ enrl j` VMQ[X `bbgkl) njm ;= nmmg}g`jni k`|j}gl{ enrl VMQ[X `bbgkl{ `qlj }t`

mnw{ qls tllf `s il{{* Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{ `b Bnk} cw Lsgk Eghq}`j E`imls) Os* %\*[* Qs`q`{lm

Bgjmgjd{' M`k* 33; n} 2) {ll ni{` Nh* K`hqi*) LKB J`* 3< Lu* 4 n} =* ]eg{ hlnj{ }en} gj n}

iln{} `jl(}egsm `b ]lun{{ k`|j}gl{) t`|im(cl r`}ls{ tgii enrl }` }snrli `|}(`b(k`|j}w hlsliw }`

nqqiw b`s nj LGK* Dl`sdgn njm Gjmgnjn r`}ls{ bnkl j` {|ke c|smlj{* Gjmllm) Dl`sdgn int sl~|gsl{

lnke k`|j}w }` qs`rgml n} iln{} `jl qinkl gj }el k`|j}w n} tegke g} {enii nkklq} nqqigkn}g`j{ b`s

njm g{{|l VbsllX Dl`sdgn r`}ls gmlj}gbgkn}g`j knsm{* Dn* K`ml Njj* 3>(3(=>4*>%n'* [ghginsiw)

lrlsw Gjmgnjn k`|j}w en{ n CHR `bbgkl }en} g{ sl~|gslm cw int }` mg{qls{l bsll qe`}` GM{* [ll

Gjmgnjn C|sln| `b H`}`s Rlegkil{) Csnjke I`kn}g`j{ njm E`|s{) nrngincil `jigjl n}

e}}q?//ttt*gj*d`r/chr/3;;4*e}h %in{} rg{g}lm N|d|{} 35) 31>3'*

Dgrlj nii }eg{) tl enrl ig}}il }s`|cil bgjmgjd }en} [C >= tgii cl bns h`sl c|smlj{`hl }enj

lg}els Gjmgnjn{ `s Dl`sdgn{ r`}ls GM int{* Njm clkn|{l }el int{ nsl {` mgbblslj}) tl qinkl rlsw

ig}}il {}`kf gj Ms* [ent{ k`hqnsg{`j{ nh`jd }el{l }esll {}n}l{*

Tl csglbiw j`}l }t` nmmg}g`jni) gjmlqljmlj} sln{`j{ }` slolk} Ms* [ent{ k`jki|{g`j{*

Bgs{}) Ms* [ent{ luqls} slq`s} k`jki|ml{ }en} Gjmgnjn njm Dl`sdgn qs`rgml * * * slilrnj}

k`hqnsg{`j{ }` ]lun{ clkn|{l c`}e {}n}l{) igfl ]lun{ enrl {|c{}nj}gni hgj`sg}w q`q|in}g`j{*

]N 7;>*C|} }el{l hgj`sg}w q`q|in}g`j{ nsl mgbblslj}* N{ Ms* [ent egh{lib j`}l{) ni}e`|de

Gjmgnjn njm Dl`sdgn c`}e enrl n {gzncil cinkf q`q|in}g`j) jlg}els {}n}l en{ Eg{qnjgk



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35

q`q|in}g`j{ `j }el `smls `b }e`{l gj ]lun{*Gm* n} j*;*@b k`|s{l) mgbblslj} hgj`sg}w ds`|q{ enrl

mgbblslj} k|i}|sni njm eg{}`sgkni luqlsgljkl{) njm hnw nkk`smgjdiw cl nbblk}lm mgbblslj}iw cw

{ghgins int{* Gjmllm) }el [|qslhl K`|s} en{ lhqen{gzlm }el |jg~|l q`{g}g`j `b ]lun{{ Eg{qnjgk

k`hh|jg}w) luqingjgjd }en} }el q`ig}gkni) {`kgni) njm lk`j`hgkildnkw `b qn{} mg{ksghgjn}g`j b`s

In}gj`{ gj ]lun{ hnw tlii egjmls }elgs ncgig}w }` qns}gkgqn}l lbblk}grliw gj }el q`ig}gkni qs`kl{{*

I\INK r* Qlssw) ?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl 35 `b


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37

]s* 4/>>/31>3 %NH' >14?>2* VBX`s gj{}njkl) Ms* [ent }l{}gbglm) gb {`hl`jl {nw{ G tn{j}

sldg{}lslm }` r`}l) njm }elj {nw{ Vn{ nj nmmg}g`jni sln{`jX) njm G inkflm qs`qls gmlj}gbgkn}g`j) g}{

j`} kilns }` hl e`t }` }sln} }e`{l n{ n k|h|in}grl l{}ghn}l `b }el lbblk} `b qe`}` GM*Gm* >14?>4(

31* Tl }nfl }eg{ q`gj}) c|} slg}lsn}l `jkl ndngj }en} ]lun{ en{ }el c|smlj `b qs``b) njm gb

Gjmgnjn{ r`}ls GM int hgde}enrl mg{k`|sndlm |q }` 4, `b ligdgcil j`j(r`}ls{ bs`h lrlj d`gjd

}` }el q`ii{) tl knjj`} nkklq} ]lun{{ qs`q`{lm bgjmgjd }en} dljlsniiw * * * qe`}` GM int{ m` j`}

mlksln{l r`}ls }|sj`|}* ]lun{ Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{) LKB J`* 313 n} 4*

C*

Tl }|sj jlu} }` ]lun{{ {lk`jm hno`s igjl `b lrgmljkl? GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{* Sliwgjd

insdliw `j }lilqe`jl {|srlw{ `b r`}ls{) ]lun{ k`j}ljm{ }en} Eg{qnjgk{) Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{) njm

teg}l{ gj ]lun{ nii q`{{l{{ qe`}` GM n} s`|deiw }el {nhl sn}l{ njm }en} [C >= tgii }e|{ ghq`{l

l~|ni c|smlj{ `j nii r`}ls{* Gj sl{q`j{l) }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ nsd|l{ }en} ]lun{{ {}|mgl{ nsl

mlblk}grl* G} b|s}els `bbls{ n {}|mw `b g}{ `tj) tegke g} kingh{ {e`t{ }en} Eg{qnjgk njm Nbsgknj

Nhlsgknj sldg{}lslm r`}ls{ nsl gj bnk} jlnsiw }tgkl n{ igfliw n{ teg}l sldg{}lslm r`}ls{ }` inkf

qe`}` GM*

]eg{ mg{k|{{g`j qs`kllm{ gj b`|s qns}{* Gj {|c{lk}g`j > tl ml{ksgcl ]lun{{ bgs{} {|srlw)

tegke niildlmiw {e`t{ j` snkgni mg{qnsg}w gj GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{* Gj {|c{lk}g`j 3 tl {|hhnsgzl

}el \jg}lm [}n}l{{ {}|mw `b GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{) j`} o|{} clkn|{l }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ `bbls{ g} n{

nbbgshn}grl lrgmljkl) c|} ni{` clkn|{l ]lun{ |{l{ }el {}|mw n{ n {}ns}gjd q`gj} b`s g}{ {lk`jm {l}

`b {|srlw{) tegke) gj }|sj) tl mg{k|{{ gj {|c{lk}g`j ;* Bgjniiw) gj {|c{lk}g`j = tl nmmsl{{ nj

njniw{g{ {|chg}}lm cw Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{* B`s sln{`j{ luqingjlm gj ml}ngi cli`t) tl bgjm

j`jl `b }el{l {}|mgl{ sligncil*



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;1

>*

]el bgs{} slilrnj} n}}lhq} }` ml}lshgjl }el j|hcls `b ]lun{ r`}ls{ te` inkf qe`}` GM

knhl gj Onj|nsw 31>3 telj ]lun{ {|chg}}lm }` }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsni n k`hq|}ls(dljlsn}lm ig{}

`b 47


31/56

;>

dljlsni {nhqil %>5 `b >72 r`}ls{' m` j`} enrl nj nkklq}ncil b`sh `b r`}ls GM n{ qls [C >=* ]N

7=>*[llfgjd }` hgjghgzl }el mg{qnsg}w cl}tllj teg}l njm Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{)

Ms* [ent j`}lm }en}V}Xlj `b }e`{l >5 nsl `rls 2< wlns{ `b ndl) e`tlrls) njm }e|{ ~|nigbw b`s nc{lj}ll cnii`}{*Njm nj`}els b`|s `b }el slhngjgjd lgde} {lib(gmlj}gbw n{ mg{ncilm) njm }e|{ ni{` ~|nigbwb`s nc{lj}ll cnii`}{* Gj {e`s}) b`|s `|} `b >72 Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{ V`s nqqs`ughn}liw 3,Xslq|}lmiw n} sg{f m|l }` ]lun{{ jlt r`}ls GM int k`|im q`}lj}gniiw cl nbblk}lm cw [C>=*

]N 7=>*Cn{lm gj qns} `j Ms* [ent{ {|srlw sl{|i}{) ]lun{ nsd|l{ }en} [C >={ qe`}`

gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sl~|gslhlj} tgii j`} enrl n mg{qnsn}l ghqnk} `j Eg{qnjgk `s Nbsgknj(Nhlsgknj

r`}ls{ gj ]lun{* ]lun{ Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{) LKB J`* 313 n} >;*

]el sligncgig}w `b Ms* [ent{ {}|mw) e`tlrls) g{ {lsg`|{iw |jmlshgjlm cw eg{ {|srlw{

lu}sn`smgjnsgiw i`t sl{q`j{l sn}l{* O|{} `rls 3, `b }el gjmgrgm|ni{ Ms* [ent n}}lhq}lm }` k`j}nk}

|i}ghn}liw sl{q`jmlm }` eg{ ~|l{}g`j{* ]N 724(25*N{ luqingjlm gj dsln}ls ml}ngi gj Qns} GGG*C*;)

gjbsn) |jk`j}l{}lm slk`sm lrgmljkl {|ddl{}{ }en} {|ke i`t sl{q`j{l sn}l{ sljmls }lilqe`jl

{|srlw{ {kglj}gbgkniiw gjrnigm* Tl }e|{ bgjm }en} Ms* [ent{ {|srlw `b }e`{l `j }el Onj|nsw j`(

hn}ke ig{} g{ hl}e`m`i`dgkniiw |j{`|jm njm }elslb`sl |jsligncil*

Ms* [ent{ {}|mw {|bbls{ bs`h n} iln{} `jl nmmg}g`jni mlblk}* N} bgs{} ci|{e) eg{ {|srlw

{|ddl{}{ }en} Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{ gj ]lun{ nsl mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw igfliw }` inkf qe`}` GM? `rls 7,

`b Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj sl{q`jmlj}{ slq`s}lm inkfgjd GM) k`hqnslm }` = ghq`{l{ `cigdn}g`j{ `j

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl ;> `b


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{|ke r`}ls{ te` ke``{l }` r`}l gj(qls{`j* [qlkgbgkniiw) r`}ls{ `rls }el ndl `b 2< te` tnj} }`

r`}l gj qls{`j tgii enrl }` qsl{lj} nkklq}ncil qe`}` GM* Njm mg{ncilm r`}ls{ te` tg{e }`

gmlj}gbw }elh{lirl{ |{gjd }elgs qgk}|slil{{ r`}ls GM kls}gbgkn}l tgii bgs{} enrl }` `c}ngj tsg}}lj

m`k|hlj}n}g`j `b mg{ncgig}w bs`h lg}els }el [`kgni [lk|sg}w Nmhgjg{}sn}g`j `s }el Mlqns}hlj} `b

Rl}lsnj{ Nbbngs{* ]lu* Lilk* K`ml >;*113%g'* H`sl`rls) ni}e`|de Ms* [ent slh`rlm }el{l

r`}ls{ bs`h }el q`ì `b Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj r`}ls{) el bngilm }` qlsb`sh njw {ghgins slm|k}g`j{ b`s

}el Eg{qnjgk `s dljlsni {nhqil{) }e|{ hnfgjd ks`{{(snkgni k`hqnsg{`j{ ghq`{{gcil* Ms* [ent{

{lilk}grl slm|k}g`j tn{ }elslb`sl c`}e gjnqqs`qsgn}l njm hl}e`mì`dgkniiw |j{`|jm*

3*

]el {lk`jm mn}n {l} n} g{{|l g{ n k`hq|}ls(dljlsn}lm j`(hn}ke ig{} k`hqgilm gj Hnw)

31>3 cw }el \jg}lm [}n}l{{ luqls}) Ensrnsm qìg}gkni {kglj}g{} [}lqelj Nj{ìnclelsl* H|ke igfl

]lun{{ Onj|nsw j`(hn}ke ig{}) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ ig{} n}}lhq}{ }` {e`t }el j|hcls `b ]lun{

r`}ls{ te` inkf {}n}l(g{{|lm qe`}` GM* Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl k`hqgilm eg{ ig{} cw ks`{{(slblsljkgjd

]lun{{ r`}ls sldg{}sw tg}e %>' }el MQ[ GM mn}ncn{l %tegke k`j}ngj{ c`}e {}n}l(g{{|lm msgrls{

igklj{l{ njm qls{`jni GM knsm{') njm %3' ]lun{{ igklj{l(}`(knssw mn}ncn{l*

Qsg`s }` ks`{{(slblsljkgjd }el{l mn}ncn{l{) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl kilnjlm }el msgrls{

igklj{l njm igklj{l(}`(knssw(mn}ncn{l{ }` slh`rl m|qigkn}grl njm ghhn}lsgni lj}sgl{* [qlkgbgkniiw)

Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl slh`rlm bs`h }el{l mn}ncn{l{ nii lj}sgl{ tg}e gmlj}gkni {`kgni {lk|sg}w

j|hcls{* El ni{` slh`rlm slk`sm{ b`s msgrls{ igklj{l{ }en} tlsl lg}els luqgslm `s cli`jdlm }`

{`hlc`mw hnsflm mlkln{lm* \*[* Lu* >(>;*N{ Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl luqingjlm?

VMsgrls{ igklj{lX slk`sm{ }en} k`ssl{q`jm }` mlkln{lm qls{`j{) luqgslm igklj{l{) njm `}elskn{l{ hnw rlsw tlii hn}ke }` gjmgrgm|ni{ `j }el Vr`}ls sldg{}swX* ]elw {e`|im j`} clk`j{gmlslm rnigm hn}kel{ n{ }elw nsl j`} rnigm r`}ls{ `s m` j`} enrl n rnigm {}n}l

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gmlj}gbgkn}g`j b`s q|sq`{l{ `b r`}ls gmlj}gbgkn}g`j* Fllqgjd }el{l kn{l{ gj }el hn}kegjdqs`kl{{ t`|im ksln}l bni{l q`{g}grl{ gj }el hn}ke njm ilnm }` }`` hnjw# hn}kel{*

Gm* n} >;*Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl ni{` qlsb`shlm n qnsniili kilnjgjd `b }el r`}ls sldg{}sw ig{} }`

slh`rl m|qigkn}l lj}sgl{) ni}e`|de %njm tl {enii {nw h`sl nc`|} }eg{ in}ls' el bngilm }` slh`rl

r`}ls{ te` enm cllj ml{gdjn}lm mlkln{lm*Gm* n} >>(>3*

Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl }elj cldnj k`j{}s|k}gjd eg{ j`(hn}ke ig{}* El mlbgjlm n hn}kelm

r`}lsg*l*) n r`}ls te` qsl{|hnciw q`{{l{{l{ {}n}l(g{{|lm GMn{ njw Vr`}lsX `j }el R`}ls

Sldg{}sn}g`j mn}ncn{l tg}e }el {nhl gmlj}gbwgjd gjb`shn}g`j * * * `j }el Msgrls{ Igklj{l `s

Igklj{l }` Knssw Mn}ncn{l*Gm* n} *7 hgiig`j r`}ls{ te` nqqnslj}iw inkflm ]lun{(g{{|lm qe`}` GM* Nih`{} 31, `b }el{l j`(

hn}kel{ tlsl hnsflm cw Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl n{ nhcgd|`|{* ]eg{ hlnj} `jl `b }t` }egjd{* Bgs{})

}el j`(hn}ke k`|im cl n r`}ls tg}e n rlsw k`hh`j jnhl te` enm cllj hn}kelm }` n {}n}l GM c|}

tg}e`|} egde qs`cncgig}gl{ `b kls}ngj}w*Gm* %]el [}n}l `b ]lun{) b`s lunhqil) k`|im tlii k`j}ngj

h|i}gqil ql`qil jnhlm Hgkenli O`jl{ c`sj `j Onj|nsw 2) >75>) {` g} t`|im cl |jkilns tel}els

n hn}ke t`|im cl b`s }el sgde} Hgkenli O`jl{'* [lk`jm) }el j`(hn}ke k`|im cl n r`}ls tg}e n

msgrls{ igklj{l hnsflm J`} Ligdgcil }` msgrl* N{ Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl j`}lm) g} g{ |jkilns e`t

}el J`} Ligdgcil j`}n}g`j nbblk}{ }el rnigmg}w `b }el gmlj}gbgkn}g`j b`s q|sq`{l{ `b r`}gjd

|jmls [C >=*Gm* n} >=*

Clkn|{l ]lun{ m`l{ j`} }snkf r`}ls{ cw snkl) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl ks`{{(slblsljklm eg{ j`(

hn}ke ig{} tg}e n mn}ncn{l qs`rgmlm cw Kn}nig{}) IIK* N qsgrn}l rljm`s {qlkgnigzgjd gj r`}ls

sldg{}sn}g`j mn}n) Kn}nig{} n}}lhq}{ }` ml}lshgjl r`}ls{ snkl cw nqqiwgjd n qslmgk}grl nid`sg}eh

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl ;; `b


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;=

}en} |{l{ jnhl mgk}g`jnsgl{ njm sl{gmlj}gni nsln gjb`shn}g`j*Gm* n} 2) 5* N{ Ms* Nj{`inclelsl

luqingj{ gj eg{ luqls} slq`s}?

N jnhl mgk}g`jnsw t`|im gmlj}gbw {`hl`jl jnhlm Dsld O`jl{ n{ 21, igfliw }` cl Teg}l

cn{lm `j }el bsl~|ljkw tg}e tegke }en} jnhl g{ |{lm gj }el q`q|in}g`j* [`hl`jl jnhlmDsld Clsjnsm O`jl{ te` igrl{ gj nj nsln }en} g{ ;>, Cinkf en{ nj 5;, qs`cncgig}w `bclgjd Cinkf* ]el k`hcgjn}g`j `b jnhl gjb`shn}g`j njm i`kni nsln gjb`shn}g`j) }elj){ensqlj{ }el nid`sg}eh b`s gmlj}gbwgjd snkl k`j{gmlsnciw*

Gm* n} 5*

Nb}ls ks`{{(slblsljkgjd eg{ j`(hn}ke ig{} tg}e Kn}nig{}{ mn}ncn{l) njm }e|{ n{{gdjgjd n

snkgni kin{{gbgkn}g`j }` lrlsw gjmgrgm|ni `j }el j`(hn}ke ig{}) Ms* Nj{`inclelsl slnkelm }t`

k`jki|{g`j{?

>' Gb nhcgd|`|{ kn{l{ nsl }sln}lm n{ j`(hn}kel{) 31*4>, `b sldg{}lslm Nbsgknj Nhlsgknjr`}ls{) >4*=7, `b sldg{}lslm Eg{qnjgk r`}ls{) njm >1*5


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;1> %Onj|nsw >) 31>3'* Wl} Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl ighg}lm eg{ {}|mw }` }el }t` {}n}l b`sh{

`b GM* ]eg{ ighg}n}g`j g{ {gdjgbgknj} clkn|{l }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ sligl{ `j Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ {}|mw

}` {|qq`s} g}{ cs`nm k`jki|{g`j }en} }elsl lug{}{ n {|c{}nj}gni snkgni mg{qnsg}w gj }el q`{{l{{g`j `b

gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sl~|gslm cw [C >=* \*[* Qs`q`{lm Bgjmgjd{) LKB J`* 33; n} >> %lhqen{g{ nmmlm)

{`hl knqg}nigzn}g`j ni}lslm'*C|} b`s }eg{ }` cl }s|l) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ {}|mw t`|im enrl }` enrl

k`j{gmlslm nii b`sh{ `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sl~|gslm cw [C >=) j`} o|{} }el }t` {}n}l(g{{|lm

~|nigbwgjd b`sh{* Wl} ml{qg}l }el bnk} }en} Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl tn{ sl}ngjlm cw }el \jg}lm [}n}l{

njm luqsl{{iw n{flm b`s nkkl{{ }` }el mn}ncn{l{ sldnsmgjd }el }esll b`sh{ `b blmlsni GM) ]sgni ]s*

4/>3/31>3 %NH' 75?>;(3>) eg{ luqls} slq`s} {}n}l{ }en} VjX` blmlsni ig{}{ tlsl qs`rgmlm }` hl b`s

}el {nfl `b }eg{ njniw{g{) \*[* Lu* 1* \jil{{ }el \jg}lm [}n}l{ g{ ncil }` qsl{lj} n b|ii

qgk}|sl `b qslkg{liw te` inkf{ njw b`sh `b [C >=(nqqs`rlm GM) g} en{ j` cn{g{ b`s n{fgjd |{ }`

nbbgshn}grliw bgjm }en} [C >= tgii mg{ksghgjn}l ndngj{} njw`jln} iln{} j`} `j }el cn{g{ `b

mg{qnsn}l GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{*

]el bngi|sl }` njniwzl blmlsni mn}n g{ j`} }el `jiw qs`cilh tg}e Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ {}|mw*

G} g{ ni{` qind|lm cw {lrlsni hl}e`mì`dgkni bint{ }en} hnfl g} ghq`{{gcil }` sliw `j g} lrlj b`s

}el h`sl ighg}lm qs`q`{g}g`j }en} }elsl lug{}{ n snkgni mg{qnsg}w gj }el q`{{l{{g`j `b{}n}l(g{{|lm

GM* Bgs{}) k`jklsjlm }en} eg{ nid`sg}eh hgde} sl{|i} gj }`` hnjw hn}kel{) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl

kilnjlm }el MQ[ mn}ncn{l cw slh`rgjd 447)7>5 mlkln{lm msgrls{ qsg`s }` ksln}gjd eg{ j`(

hn}ke ig{}* \*[* Lu* ;* C|}Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl bngilm }` slh`rl jlnsiw 7=5 [ljn}l snkl j`}tg}e{}njmgjd) }el mlnm knjj`} r`}l gj ]lun{* [ll

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl ;< `b


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;2

S`cls} Kns`) Hlnj{ }` nj N{klj} ;37 %Bgs{} Rgj}ndl C``f{ >77>'* ]s|l) j`}egjd gj }el slk`sm

{|ddl{}{ }en} }el mlnm r`}ls{ `j Ms* Nj{`inclelsl{ j`(hn}ke ig{} tlsl mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw

hgj`sg}gl{* C|} eg{ bngi|sl }` slh`rl }elh hlnj{) n} }el rlsw iln{}) }en} eg{ j`(hn}ke ig{}

`rls{}n}l{ [C >={ lbblk}*

[lk`jm) tl enrl {lsg`|{ m`|c}{ n{ }` tel}els Kn}nig{}{ nid`sg}eh nkk|sn}liw gmlj}gbglm

}el snkgni k`hq`{g}g`j `b r`}ls{ gj }eg{ kn{l* Ni}e`|de Ms* Nj{`inclelsl{ luqls} slq`s} {}n}l{

}en} Kn}nig{} g{ nj gjm|{}sw ilnmls gj gmlj}gbwgjd snkl{ cn{lm `j jnhl{ njm Klj{|{ mn}n) qinklm

{lk`jm gj n H|i}g(K|i}|sni Jnhl Hn}kegjd Keniiljdl) njm en{ cllj |{lm gj {lrlsni nknmlhgk

{}|mgl{) \*[* Lu* 3/31>3 %QH' (5


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;4

Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ nid`sg}eh) n C`c ]e`hn{ `j }el r`}ls sldg{}sw knjj`} cl hn}kelm tg}e nj

GM b`s S`cls} ]e`hn{* J`s knj O|nj D`jznilzcl hn}kelm tg}e O|nj D`jznil{* Njm njw

t`hnj te` kenjdl{ els in{} jnhl n} hnssgndl g{ n j`(hn}ke gb els r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j slhngj{ gj

els hngmlj jnhl* Ghq`s}nj}iw) e`tlrls) [C >= tgii qlshg} r`}ls{ }` kn{} n cnii`} gb }el jnhl `j

}el m`k|hlj}n}g`j g{ {|c{}nj}gniiw {ghgins }` * * * }el jnhl `j }el ig{}* ]lu* Lilk* K`ml 2;*11>

%Onj|nsw >) 31>3' %lhqen{g{ nmmlm'* Dgrlj }eg{) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ bngi|sl }` hn}ke r`}ls{ }`

{}n}l(g{{|lm GM{ tg}e {|c{}nj}gniiw {ghgins jnhl{ |jmlshgjl{ eg{ k`jki|{g`j{* ]eg{ g{

l{qlkgniiw }s|l dgrlj }en} Ljdig{e {qliigjd{ `b [qnjg{e jnhl{ `b}lj rnsw {igde}iw %D`jznilz r{*

D`jznil{6 Mlinks|z r{* Ml in Ks|z'tegke) gj }eg{ k`j}lu}) t`|im ilnm }` n mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}l

j|hcls `b j`(hn}kel{ b`s Eg{qnjgk{* Njm j`}nciw) {`hl `b }el{l bni{l j`(hn}kel{ k`|im

qs`cnciw enrl cllj lighgjn}lm* Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl }l{}gbglm }en} g} g{ q`{{gcil }` lhqi`w n b|zzw

hn}kegjd {|cs`|}gjl) telsl w`| }nfl n ig{} `b q`}lj}gni jgkfjnhl{ njm {` b`s}e njm }sw }`

hn}ke `j }el cn{g{ `b }e`{l) `s gjg}gni{ njm }egjd{ igfl }en}* ]sgni ]s* 4/>3/31>3 %QH' 5(3>*

]` {|h |q) Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ {}|mw luki|ml{ blmlsni b`sh{ `b GM njm |{l{ nj |jkls}ngj

snkgni kin{{gbgkn}g`j nid`sg}eh* H`sl`rls) eg{ j`(hn}ke ig{} g{ gjbin}lm? g} gjki|ml{ c`}e mlkln{lm

r`}ls{ njm r`}ls{ te` hnw enrl GM |jmls n {|c{}nj}gniiw {ghgins jnhl* Tl }elslb`sl bgjm Ms*

Nj{ìnclelsl{ {}|mw |jsligncil*

;*

]lun{{ bgjni {}|mw `b GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{ sl{}{ `j wl} nj`}els {l} `b }lilqe`jl {|srlw{

|jmls}nflj cw Ms* [ent* Bìi`tgjd }el {|chg{{g`j `b Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ luqls} slq`s}) ]lun{

sl}ngjlm Ms* [ent }` qlsb`sh n {lk`jm {l} `b {|srlw{}eg{ }ghl `b }el gjmgrgm|ni{ `j Ms*

Nj{ìnclelsl{ j`(hn}ke ig{}* Ms* [ent k`jm|k}lm }esll {|srlw{? %>' n dljlsni {nhqil `b >)111



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gjmgrgm|ni{ bs`h }el j`(hn}ke ig{}6 %3' n {nhqil `b 211 gjmgrgm|ni{ Kn}nig{} gmlj}gbglm n{ Nbsgknj

Nhlsgknj6 njm %;' n {nhqil `b 211 gjmgrgm|ni{ Kn}nig{} gmlj}gbglm n{ Eg{qnjgk* ]N 74;*N{ gj Ms*

[ent{ bgs{} {|srlw) sl{q`jmlj}{ tlsl n{flm tel}els }elw q`{{l{{lm njw b`sh `b GM sl~|gslm cw

[C >=c`}e {}n}l njmblmlsnin{ tlii n{ ~|l{}g`j{ nc`|} }elgs snkl) r`}gjd encg}{) mg{ncgig}w

{}n}|{) njm `qgjg`j{ `j r`}ls GM int{* ]N 745(53*

Ni}e`|de Ms* [ent{ {lk`jm s`|jm `b {|srlw{ sl{lhcilm eg{ bgs{}) }t` hl}e`m`i`dgkni

bln}|sl{ nsl t`s}e egdeigde}gjd* Bgs{}) n{ hlj}g`jlm nc`rl) Ms* [ent k`jki|mlm }en} Kn}nig{}{

snkgni gmlj}gbgkn}g`j nid`sg}eh tn{ insdliw gjnkk|sn}l* ]N 74;*N{ n sl{|i}) Ms* [ent kn}ld`sgzlm

sl{q`jmlj}{ cn{lm `j }elgs {lib(gmlj}gbglm snklg*l*) e`t }elw nj{tlslm }el ~|l{}g`j VtXen}

t`|im w`| {nw g{ w`|s hngj snkl0sn}els }enj e`t }elw tlsl kin{{gbglm cw Kn}nig{}*Gm*6{ll

ni{` ]N 75>*[lk`jm) |jigfl gj eg{ bgs{} {}|mw) Ms* [ent mgm j`} slq`s} tlgde}lm {|srlw sl{|i}{

}` }el k`|s}) ni}e`|de el }l{}gbglm }en} el VenmX gj bnk}) tlgde}lm eg{ sl{|i}{ `j eg{ `tj* ]sgni

]s* 4/>>/31>3 %NH' 5>?>7(33*

Cn{lm `j }eg{ {lk`jm s`|jm `b {|srlw{) Ms* [ent k`jki|mlm }en} }elsl g{ j` {}n}g{}gkniiw

{gdjgbgknj} mgbblsljkl gj GM q`{{l{{g`j sn}l{ nh`jd{} teg}l{) cinkf{) njm Eg{qnjgk{ telj }el

nqqs`qsgn}l |jgrls{l `b GM }wql{ g{ nkk`|j}lm b`s* ]N 742(44*[qlkgbgkniiw) Ms* [ent slq`s}lm

}en} gj eg{ dljlsni {nhqil) 7*;5, `b teg}l{ inkflm njw`b }el b`sh{ `b GM ig{}lm gj [C >=)

k`hqnslm tg}e 7*;1, `b Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{) njm 2*>5, `b Eg{qnjgk{* ]N 742*N{fgjd nc`|}

blmlsni b`sh{ `b GM nqqnslj}iw hnml n mgbblsljkl? Ms* [ent slq`s}lm }en} nh`jd{} Eg{qnjgk{)

q`{{l{{g`j `b n rnigm qn{{q`s} `s kg}gzlj{egq kls}gbgkn}l g{ egdels }enj }en} b`s }el Njdi`

q`q|in}g`j* ]N 74>/31>3 %NH' ;3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl ;5 `b


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;7

Eg{qnjgk njm cinkf {|srlw{ %sl{qlk}grliw') 2*43, `b Eg{qnjgk{ njm 4*2=, `b cinkf{ m` j`}

q`{{l{{ `jl `s h`sl `b }el qe`}` GM{ gmlj}gbglm gj [C >=* ]N 742*C`}e `b }el{l sn}l{ nsl i`tls

}enj }el qlsklj}ndl `b teg}l{ te` slq`s}lm inkfgjd GM gj }el dljlsni {nhqil*Gm*

Ndngj) e`tlrls) Ms* [ent{ {|srlw{ tlsl qind|lm cw i`t sl{q`j{l sn}l{* Eg{ {|srlw `b

}el dljlsni {nhqil bs`h Ms* Nj{`inclelsl{ ig{} enm n sl{q`j{l sn}l `b `jiw 3*1,) hlnjgjd }en}

o|{} `jl `|} `b lrlsw /31>3 %NH' 4>?3>(3() njm 3*3' n} 5(>1) nrngincil `jigjl n}

e}}q?//ttt*ql`qil(qsl{{*`sd/bgil{/ildnkw(qmb/N{{l{{gjd,31}el,31Slqsl{lj}n}grljl{{,31`b,



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=1

31Q|cigk,31@qgjg`j,31[|srlw{*qmb %Qlt [}|mw' %in{} rg{g}lm N|d|{} 35) 31>3'* C|} n 7,

sl{q`j{l sn}l) tegil i`t) g{ bns egdels }enj }el sl{q`j{l sn}l{ `c}ngjlm cw Ms* [ent=*< }ghl{

}el sn}l{ el nkeglrlm b`s }el dljlsni {nhqil* H`sl`rls) }el Qlt {}|mw) }el rnigmg}w `b tegke g{

|j~|l{}g`jlm cw ]lun{) {l}{ }el gjm|{}sw bi``s? jlg}els Ms* [ent j`s njw `}els tg}jl{{ kg}lm n

{gjdil {}|mw }en} {|ddl{}{ }en} n sl{q`j{l sn}l njw i`tls}enj 7, g{ {n}g{bnk}`sw* ]` }el k`j}snsw)

Ms* Mnrgm Hnsfls) n {}n}g{}gkgnj te` qlsb`sh{ {|srlw{ b`s }el blmlsni d`rlsjhlj}) }l{}gbglm }en} n

3, sl{q`j{l sn}l g{ lukllmgjdiw i`t) njm `|} `b c`|jm{ tg}e }el {|srlw{ }en} nsl sl~|l{}lm

njm |{lm cw }el d`rlsjhlj}*]sgni ]s* 4/>>/31>3 %QH' >15?2(5*Ms* Hnsfls b|s}els }l{}gbglm }en}

G m`j} cliglrl n }t` qlsklj} {|srlw knj qs`rgml {}n}g{}gkniiw rnigm l{}ghn}l{) gm* >>2?15?3>(3;* ]el sl{|i}{ `b {|srlw{ tg}e {|ke i`t sl{q`j{l

sn}l{) Ms* Hnsfls ci|j}iw k`jki|mlm) nsl slniiw gsslilrnj}*Gm* >15?31(3>* ]e|{) }nfgjd `|s k|l{

bs`h }el q`iigjd gjm|{}sw g}{lib) tl enrl ig}}il }s`|cil bgjmgjd }en} Ms* [ent{ sl{q`j{l sn}l{ bnii

tlii {e`s} `b nkklq}ncil*

Gj njw lrlj}) lrlj enm Ms* [ent `c}ngjlm nj nml~|n}l sl{q`j{l sn}l) eg{ {|srlw t`|im

{}gii inkf kls}ngj eniihnsf{ `b sligncgig}w* ]el 31>3 Qlt {}|mw) b`s lunhqil) k`jki|mlm }en}

}lilqe`jl {|srlw{ }en} V>X gjki|ml injmigjl{ njmklii qe`jl{ njm V3X nsl tlgde}lm }` hn}ke }el

mlh`dsnqegk k`hq`{g}g`j `b }el q`q|in}g`j * * * qs`rgml nkk|sn}l mn}n* Qlt [}|mw n} >

%lhqen{g{ nmmlm'6 {ll ni{` ]sgni ]s* 4/>>/31>3 %QH' >>;?3>(33 %Ms* Hnsfls }l{}gbwgjd n{ }` }el

bnk} }en} }el Qlt {}|mw |{l{ klii qe`jl{ njm injm igjl{'* Ms* [ent egh{lib }l{}gbglm }en} }el{l

nsl qs`}`k`i{ }en} Qlt n{{|hl{ njm }en} jllm }` cl gj qinkl gj `smls }` dl} }en} {`s} `b ~|nig}w*

]sgni ]s* 4/>>/31>3 %NH' >34?>1(>> %lhqen{g{ nmmlm'* Ml{qg}l }eg{) Ms* [ent bngilm }` gjki|ml

njw klii qe`jl j|hcls{6 gj{}lnm) el k`j}nk}lm `jiw gjmgrgm|ni{ tg}e injmigjl qe`jl{*Gm* >34?>3(

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl =1 `b


41/56

=>

>4* J`s mgm Ms* [ent qs`m|kl njw tlgde}lm sl{|i}{ `b }el {|srlw }` }el K`|s}*Gm* >34?3=(3?3>(3< %lhqen{g{ nmmlm'*

N} }sgni) Ms* [ent {`|de} }` n{{|sl |{ }en} eg{ tlgde}lm {|srlw{) enm }elw cllj {|chg}}lm

n{ lrgmljkl) t`|im i``fVX h|ke }el {nhl n{ }el j`j(tlgde}lm {|srlw{*Gm* >;1?31* Ms* [ent

}l{}gbglm }en} eg{ {|srlw b`|jm }en} ds`|q{ }en} nsl ensmls }` k`j}nk}w`|jdls ds`|q{ * * * ql`qil

tg}e i`tls gjk`hl) l} kl}lsn}ljm }` q`{{l{{ GM n} }el {nhl sn}l n{ ln{gls(}`(k`j}nk} ds`|q{*

Gm* =1?31(=>?>* ]e|{) Ms* [ent }l{}gbglm) tlgde}gjd b`s ndl `s {`kg`lk`j`hgk {}n}|{ {ghqiw

t`|im enrl slqinklm n ds`|q tg}e 71 qlsklj} gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sn}l{ tg}e nj`}els ds`|q tg}e 71

qlsklj} gmlj}gbgkn}g`j sn}l{*Gm* =1?3;(3;1?3>(>;>?>/31>3 %QH' >>3?33(>>;?>*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl => `b


42/56

=3

]` }nfl c|} `jl lunhqil `b }eg{ q`gj}) Ms* [ent {|srlwlm `jiw ql`qil tg}e injmigjl

qe`jl{* Njm }e`|de g} hnw cl }s|l }en} >5(}`(37(wlns(`im injmigjl |{ls{ enrl qe`}` GM n} }el

{nhl sn}l{ n{ `}els injmigjl |{ls{) g} hnw ni{` cl }s|l }en} >5(}`(37(wlns(`im{ te` |{l `jiw klii

qe`jl{ nsl mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw igfliw }` inkf qe`}` GM* B`s }en} hn}}ls) g} hnw cl }en} 2>/31>3 %NH' >>>?>5(>7*

]s|l) nii `b }eg{ g{ {qlk|in}grl njm |jkls}ngj* C|} }en} g{ qslkg{liw }el q`gj}* Tl knjj`}

}lii bs`h Ms* [ent{ {|srlw{ qslkg{liw te` el k`j}nk}lm) gb }elw tlsl slqsl{lj}n}grl `b }el }nsdl}

q`q|in}g`j) njm tel}els }elgs nj{tls{ tlsl {fltlm* N{ Ms* [ent egh{lib }l{}gbglm) }eg{ g{ }el

gjelslj} mnjdls gj i`t sl{q`j{l sn}l{* [ll gm* ==?>(?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl =3 `b


43/56

=;

hgjghniiw nkklq}ncil sl{q`j{l sn}l njm }` nqqiw }el qìigjd gjm|{}sw{ {}njmnsm qsnk}gkl{) tl

bgjm eg{ {}|mw |jsligncil*

=*

Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ q`gj} `|} }en}) lbblk}grl Onj|nsw >) 311=) ]lun{{ r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j

b`sh gjki|ml{ n bglim telsl r`}ls{ nsl n{flm }` tsg}l m`tj }elgs msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM

j|hcls* ]lun{ Lilk* K`ml >;*113%k'%5'%N'* VGXb }el nqqigknj} en{ j`} cllj g{{|lm V{|keX n

j|hcls) }el nqqigknj} gj{}lnm h|{} qs`rgml }el in{} b`|s mgdg}{ `b }el nqqigknj}{ {`kgni {lk|sg}w

j|hcls*Gm* >;*113%k'%5'%C'* Gb }el nqqigknj} inkf{ n msgrls{ igklj{l j|hcls) qls{`jni GM

j|hcls) njm n {`kgni {lk|sg}w j|hcls) }el nqqigknj} }elj h|{} gjki|ml n {}n}lhlj} * * * }en} }el

nqqigknj} en{ j`} cllj g{{|lm Vnjw {|keX j|hcls*Gm* n} >;*113%k'%5'%K'* Nkk`smgjd }` }el

slk`sm) ) 311=) njm }e`{l sldg{}lslm

r`}ls{ tlsl }e|{ sl~|gslm }` |{l }eg{ r`}ls sldg{}sn}g`j b`sh*]sgni ]s* 4/>;/31>3 >12?31(>14?>(;*

N{ Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ q`gj} `|}) 7*4, `b }e`{l r`}ls{ tg}e [qnjg{e {|sjnhl{ bngilm }`

qs`rgml n msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM j|hcls `j }elgs sldg{}sn}g`j b`sh) k`hqnslm tg}e 4*14?3>(>15?>* Sliwgjd `j }eg{ rlsw {|c{}nj}gni bnkgni mgbblsljkl)

Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ nsd|l }en} Eg{qnjgk r`}ls{ gj ]lun{ mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw inkf qe`}` GM*Gm*

>15?>* Tl knjj`} gjbls bs`h }eg{ mn}n njw}egjd `b }el {`s}*

]el bgs{} qs`cilh g{ }el {nhl `jl }en} qind|lm Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ j`(hn}ke ig{}? r`}ls{

te` inkf n msgrls{ igklj{l `s qls{`jni GM knsm hnw j`jl}elil{{ q`{{l{{ `jl `b }el }esll blmlsni

b`sh{ `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j nkklq}ncil |jmls [C >=* Gjmllm) Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ mn}n{l} g{ lrlj

h`sl ighg}lm }enj Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{* B`s nii g}{ qs`cilh{) n} iln{} Ms* Nj{ìnclelsl{ j`(hn}ke

ig{} q|sq`s}lm }` k`rls }el lj}gslr`}ls sldg{}sw* Cw k`j}sn{}) Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ mn}n k`rls{

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl =; `b


44/56

==

o|{} = nqqs`rlm b`sh `b GM*

K*

Tl qn|{l }` {|hhnsgzl }el lrgmlj}gnsw bgjmgjd{ tl enrl hnml {` bns* K`j}snsw }`

]lun{{ k`j}lj}g`j{) j`}egjd gj lug{}gjd {`kgni {kgljkl ig}lsn}|sl {qlnf{ k`jki|{grliw }` }el lbblk}

`b qe`}` GM sl~|gslhlj}{ `j r`}ls }|sj`|}* H`sl`rls) {knj} il{{`j{) gb njw) knj cl msntj bs`h

Gjmgnjn njm Dl`sdgn) insdliw clkn|{l [C >= g{ h`sl sl{}sgk}grl }enj }el qe`}` GM int{ nm`q}lm

cw lg}els `b }e`{l {}n}l{* Bgjniiw) j` qns}w en{ {|chg}}lm sligncil lrgmljkl n{ }` }el j|hcls `b

]lun{ r`}ls{ te` inkf qe`}` GM) h|ke il{{ }el sn}l `b GM q`{{l{{g`j nh`jd mgbblslj} snkgni

ds`|q{*

Dgrlj }eg{) tl k`|im ljm `|s gj~|gsw elsl* ]lun{ clns{ }el c|smlj `b qs`rgjd }en} j`}egjd

gj [C >= t`|im ilnm }` n sl}s`dsl{{g`j gj }el q`{g}g`j `b snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ tg}e sl{qlk} }` }elgs

lbblk}grl lulskg{l `b }el lilk}`sni bsnjkeg{l*Clls) =3< \*[* n} >=>* Clkn|{l nii `b ]lun{{

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl == `b


45/56

==>*

]el bgs{} `b }el{l bnk}{}en} }elsl lug{}{ n {|cds`|q `b sldg{}lslm r`}ls{) gjki|mgjd

hgj`sg}gl{) te` inkf [C >=(nqqs`rlm qe`}` GMg{ |jmg{q|}lm cw ]lun{ njm bgjm{ {|qq`s} gj g}{

`tj luqls}{ {}|mw* Ni}e`|de tl nsl |jncil }` k`jki|ml }en} }el gjmgrgm|ni{ Ms* [ent {|srlwlm

tlsl slqsl{lj}n}grl `b }el }nsdl} q`q|in}g`j) el mgm bgjmnjm }eg{ bgjmgjd g{ |jnbblk}lm cw }el

bint{ gj eg{ {}|mwn {|c{l} `b ]lun{ r`}ls{ te` enrl j`jl `b }el [C >=(~|nigbwgjd GM{) jlg}els

{}n}l j`s blmlsni* H`sl`rls) n{ Ms* [ent }l{}gbglm) eg{ {|srlw{ slrlnilm }en} }el snkl(cn{lm

mgbblsljkl cl}tllj }el{l sn}l{ `b VGMX q`{{l{{g`j g{ {}n}g{}gkniiw gj{gdjgbgknj}* ]sgni ]s*

4/>>/31>3 %NH' ;


46/56

=2

{gdjgbgknj} qlsklj}ndl `b * * * hgj`sg}gl{ njm Njdi`{ te` m`j} enrl [C >= ~|nigbwgjd GM{* [ll

]sgni ]s* 4/>;/31>3 %NH' 3=?;(2) 3


47/56

=4

%NH' >>7?3;(311 }` >3< hgilVX `jl tnw }sgq ntnw* ]sgni ]s*

4/>3/31>3 %NH' 4?>2(5?>* Njm bns bs`h mg{q|}gjd }el i`jd }snrli }ghl{ ghq`{lm cw }el mlns}e `b

MQ[ `bbgkl{) ]lun{{ k`|j{li }`im |{ }en} G m`j} }egjf }en} }el bnk}{ `b }el dl`dsnqegk mg{}njkl{

Vcl}tllj MQ[ `bbgkl{X nsl jlkl{{nsgiw k`j}l{}lm* ]sgni ]s* 4/>;/31>3


48/56

=5

MQ[ `bbgkl{ nsl `qlj `j tllfljm{ `s qn{} 2?11 QH) lighgjn}gjd b`s hnjw t`sfgjd ql`qil }el

`q}g`j `b `c}ngjgjd nj LGK `j }elgs `tj }ghl* [ll \*[* Lu* ;2>* N int }en} b`skl{ q``sls kg}gzlj{

}` ke``{l cl}tllj }elgs tndl{ njm }elgs bsnjkeg{l |j~|l{}g`jnciw mljgl{ `s ncsgmdl{ }elgs sgde}

}` r`}l* ]el {nhl g{ }s|l telj n int ghq`{l{ nj ghqigkg} bll b`s }el qsgrgildl `b kn{}gjd n cnii`})

igfl }el -33 hnjw t`|im(cl r`}ls{ te` inkf }el sl~|gslm |jmlsiwgjd m`k|hlj}n}g`j tgii enrl }`

qnw }` `c}ngj nj LGK* VTXlni}e `s bll qnwgjd en{ * * * j` slin}g`j }` r`}gjd ~|nigbgkn}g`j{6 }el

sgde} }` r`}l g{ }`` qslkg`|{) }`` b|jmnhlj}ni }` cl {` c|smljlm `s k`jmg}g`jlm*Ensqls) ;5;

\*[* n} 241*

]` cl {|sl) n {lk}g`j < kn{l knjj`} }|sj `j tlni}e ni`jl* Gj ]lun{) e`tlrls) }el q``s nsl

mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw snkgni hgj`sg}gl{* Nkk`smgjd }` |jmg{q|}lm \*[* Klj{|{ mn}n) }el q`rls}w sn}l

gj ]lun{ g{ 37 Lu* = n} 4) >2* ]eg{ hlnj{ }en}

}el c|smlj{ `b `c}ngjgjd nj LGK tgii nih`{} kls}ngjiw bnii h`sl elnrgiw `j hgj`sg}gl{) n k`jklsj

tlii slk`djgzlm cw }e`{l te` t`sf gj hgj`sg}w k`hh|jg}gl{* Iwmgn Knhnsgii`) n ]lun{ r`}ls

lm|kn}g`j {qlkgnig{} te` en{ t`sflm b`s `rls ;< wlns{ gj }el Eg{qnjgk k`hh|jg}w) }l{}gbglm }en}

clkn|{l In}gj`{ nsl `b}lj nh`jd }el t`sfgjd q``sV)X * * * In}gj`{ {}s|ddigjd }` nbb`sm ds`klsgl{)

slj}) njm kegim knsl hnw j`} cl ncil }` nbb`sm * * * n k`qw `b n cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l gj `smls }` dl} n

r`}ls GM* Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{ Lu* 7 n} 33=* H`sl`rls) Knhnsgii` }l{}gbglm) VbX`s t`sfgjd

kin{{ In}gj`{) }el sl~|gslhlj} `b }snrliigjd }` }el MQ[ m|sgjd sld|ins c|{gjl{{ e`|s{ hnw

qslrlj} }elh bs`h `c}ngjgjd GM clkn|{l }elgs t`sf e`|s{ nsl j`} bilugcil*Gm*

Ndngj) }eg{ g{ j`} nii* \jmg{q|}lm klj{|{ mn}n {e`t{ }en} gj ]lun{) >;*>, `b Nbsgknj

Nhlsgknj{ njm 4*;, `b Eg{qnjgk{ igrl gj e`|{le`im{ tg}e`|} nkkl{{ }` n h`}`s rlegkil)

k`hqnslm tg}e `jiw ;*5, `b teg}l{* H`}* }` }nfl O|mgkgni J`}gkl `b Klj{|{ Mn}n) LKB J`* 3>7



49/56

=7

Lu* = n} 5) >4*Gb }snrligjd `rls 311 hgil{ k`j{}g}|}l{ n {|c{}nj}gni c|smlj `j ql`qil tg}e`|}

msgrls{ igklj{l{ te` knj j`jl}elil{{ bgjm n sgml }` n MQ[ `bbgkl) {|qsn n}=4(=5) ghndgjl }el

c|smlj b`s }el qslm`hgjnj}iw hgj`sg}w q`q|in}g`j te`{l e`|{le`im{ inkf nkkl{{ }` njw kns n} nii*

Gj bnk}) gj {`hl qinkl{ g} hnw cl ghq`{{gcil }` dl} }` n MQ[ `bbgkl tg}e`|} n kns* [}n}l [ljn}`s

S`mjlw Liig{ }l{}gbglm }en} gj eg{ gjjls kg}w mg{}sgk} gj E`|{}`j) MQ[ `bbgkl{ nsl j`} ln{giw

nkkl{{gcil cw q|cigk }snj{q`s}n}g`j* ]sgni ]s* 4/>>/31>3 %QH' ;=?5(>3* Gb MQ[ `bbgkl{ nsl

gjnkkl{{gcil cw q|cigk }snj{q`s}n}g`j gj E`|{}`j) ]lun{{ insdl{} kg}w) tl {lsg`|{iw m`|c} }elgs

nkkl{{gcgig}w gj s|sni nsln{tegke) qsl{|hnciw) nsl il{{ igfliw }` enrl q|cigk }snj{q`s}n}g`j

gjbsn{}s|k}|sl* \jb`s}|jn}liw) tl nsl ilb} }` t`jmls* ]lun{) tegke clns{ }el c|smlj `b qs``b)

{|chg}}lm nc{`i|}liw j`}egjd }` k`|j}ls }eg{ }l{}gh`jw `s }` {e`t tel}els g}{ MQ[ `bbgkl{ nsl

slnkencil rgn q|cigk }snj{q`s}n}g`j*

J`jl `b }el c|smlj{ n{{`kgn}lm tg}e `c}ngjgjd nj LGK en{ lrls clb`sl cllj ghq`{lm `j

]lun{ r`}ls{* Cn{lm `j }el slk`sm lrgmljkl clb`sl |{) g} g{ rgs}|niiw kls}ngj }en} }el{l c|smlj{

tgii mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw nbblk} snkgni hgj`sg}gl{* [ghqiw q|}) hnjw Eg{qnjgk{ njm Nbsgknj

Nhlsgknj{ te` r`}lm gj }el in{} lilk}g`j tgii) clkn|{l `b }el c|smlj{ ghq`{lm cw [C >=) igfliw

cl |jncil }` r`}l gj }el jlu} lilk}g`j* ]eg{ g{ sl}s`dsl{{g`j* [ll C`{{gls Qnsg{e GG) ={ ghqnk}) k`j}ljmgjd) gj l{{ljkl) }en} }el int{

sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk} tgii j`} cl qns}gk|insiw {lrlsl* Gj nmmg}g`j) ]lun{ gj{g{}{ }en} k`|s}{ hnw j`}



50/56

= nsl il{{ `jls`|{ }enj }elw

hnw {llh) ]lun{ k`j}ljm{ }en} clkn|{l mg{ncilm r`}ls{ njm }e`{l `rls }el ndl `b 2< tgii cl ncil

}` r`}l nc{lj}ll) }elw nsl V|jXnbblk}lm cw [C >={ qe`}` GM sl~|gslhlj}* ]lun{ Qs`q`{lm

Bgjmgjd{) LKB J`* 313 n} >5*]lun{ ni{` q`gj}{ `|} }en} }el -33 bll b`s n cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l tgii

`jiw nbblk} r`}ls{ te` inkf }el |jmlsiwgjd m`k|hlj}n}g`j jllmlm b`s nj LGK* Njm) }el {}n}l

n{{|sl{ |{) ]lunj{ tgii j`} slniiw hgjm }snrligjd i`jd mg{}njkl{ }` `c}ngj nj LGK* B`s }el ql`qil

te` ke``{l }` igrl gj }en} qns} `b ]lun{) ]lun{{ k`|j{li {}n}lm m|sgjd ki`{gjd nsd|hlj}{) g}{

o|{} n slnig}w `b igbl }en} }elw enrl }` msgrl i`jd mg{}njkl{* ]sgni ]s* 4/>;/31>3 2(>5*

]el{l nsd|hlj}{ inkf hlsg}* ]` cldgj tg}e) r`}ls{ ligdgcil b`s nc{lj}ll cnii`}{ tgii j`} cl

lulhq} bs`h [C >=* [ll {|qsn n} qns} GGG*C*>* [`hl r`}ls{ `rls ndl 2< tgii |jm`|c}lmiw qslbls

}` kn{} }elgs cnii`}{ n} }el qìi{qlsenq{ `|} `b encg}) n {lj{l `b kgrgk qsgml) `s {ghqiw clkn|{l

}elw tg{e }` bìi`t }el jlt{ nii }el tnw |q }` Lilk}g`j Mnw clb`sl {lilk}gjd n knjmgmn}l*

Slrlsljm Ql}ls Oèj{`j) nj Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj kilsdwhnj njm n ilnmls gj ]lun{{ kgrgi sgde}{

k`hh|jg}w }l{}gbglm?

G enrl n ds`|q `b Nbsgknj(Nhlsgknj {ljg`s kg}gzlj t`hlj) }elw tnj} }` d` }` }el r`}gjdqìi{ njm {}njm gj igjl njm r`}l n} }el r`}gjd qìi{* ]elsl{ n kls}ngj mldsll `b mgdjg}w b`s}elh }` m` }eg{ * * * * Clkn|{l }el{l ql`qil nqqslkgn}l }eg{ {nkslm sgde} }` r`}l) njm }elwslj`} d`gjd }` r`}l nc{lj}ll*

]sgni ]s* 4/>>/31>3 %QH' 2?>(7* Gb }el{l {ljg`s kg}gzlj t`hlj`s njw `}els r`}ls{ `rls 2=(~|nigbwgjd qe`}` GM*

Gj njw lrlj}) lrlj gb) n{ ]lun{ n{{ls}{) }eg{ {`(kniilm nii`tnjkl b`s limlsiw r`}ls{)

}`dl}els tg}e [C >={ {qlkgni qs`klm|sl{ b`s mg{ncilm r`}ls{) tlsl }` slm|kl }el `rlsnii j|hcls

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl


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`b ql`qil nbblk}lm cw }el int) tl enrl j` sln{`j }` cliglrl }en} }elw t`|im hg}gdn}l [C >={

mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}l lbblk} `j snkgni hgj`sg}gl{* ]` }el k`j}snsw) n} iln{} tg}e sl{qlk} }` r`}ls{ `rls

27*=, `b }el teg}l r`}gjd ndl q`q|in}g`j gj ]lun{ g{ `rls 21*2, `b Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{ njm 5*4, `b Eg{qnjgk{* Mlbljmnj}(Gj}lsrlj`s{

Lu* >>5* ]eg{ {|ddl{}{ }en} bns h`sl teg}l r`}ls{ }enj hgj`sg}gl{ tgii cl ligdgcil }` kn{} nc{lj}ll

cnii`}{* ]lun{ `bbls{ j`}egjd }` k`|j}ls }eg{ lrgmljkl) h|ke il{{ qs`rgml{ njw sln{`j }` cliglrl

}en} [C >={ nc{lj}ll qs`rg{g`j{ tgii hg}gdn}l g}{ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk} `j hgj`sg}gl{*

]lun{{ bngi|sl }` {|qq`s} g}{ bnk}|ni n{{ls}g`j{ m``h{ g}{ `}els kingh{ n{ tlii* Gb }el {}n}l

cliglrl{ }en} `jiw n blt ]lunj{ inkf kls}gbglm k`qgl{ `b }elgs cgs}e kls}gbgkn}l) g} {e`|im enrl

qs`m|klm lrgmljkl }` }en} lbblk}* ]el {nhl g{ }s|l tg}e sl{qlk} }` g}{ kingh }en} ]lunj{ nsl

qsl}lsjn}|sniiw |jqls}|sclm cw }el qs`{qlk} `b }snrligjd 311 }` 3={ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk} `jhgj`sg}w r`}ls{* Clkn|{l ]lun{ en{

`bblslm j` slk`sm lrgmljkl b`s lg}els }el }s|}e `b g}{ k`j}lj}g`j{ `s }elgs lbblk} `j snkgni

hgj`sg}gl{) tl dgrl j` kslmljkl }` }eg{ igjl `b nsd|hlj}*

]eg{ csgjd{ |{ }` ]lun{{ {lk`jmnjm qsghnswnsd|hlj}* Sliwgjd `j }el ig}lsni

injd|ndl `b {lk}g`j 74;k%n') >74;c%b'%3' %lhqen{g{ nmmlm') ]lun{ nsd|l{?

]el lbblk}{ qs`jd `b {lk}g`j < m`l{ j`} lu}ljm }` int{ }en} hlsliw enrl n mg{qnsn}l ghqnk}`j }el snkl{* G} nii`t{ k`|s}{ }` mljw qslkilnsnjkl `jiw gb }el lbblk} `b [C >= g{ }` mljw `sncsgmdl }el sgde} }` r`}l `j nkk`|j} `b snkl `s k`i`s) `s clkn|{l `b `jl{ hlhcls{egq gjn injd|ndl hgj`sg}w ds`|q*

Kn{l >?>3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl `b


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= mljgl{ `s ncsgmdl{

}el sgde} }` r`}l n} nii) g} m`l{ {` `j nkk`|j} `b bnk}`s{ igfl q`rls}w `s inkf `b rlegk|ins nkkl{{*

]` cl {|sl) }el{l bnk}`s{ hnw k`sslin}ltg}e snkgni hgj`sg}w {}n}|{) c|} clkn|{l

mg{ljbsnjkeg{lhlj} g{ qs`ughn}liw kn|{lm cw {`hl}egjd `}els }enj snkl) ]lun{ k`j}ljm{) }eg{

k`|s} hnw j`} mljw qslkilnsnjkl |jmls {lk}g`j


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3 ;1?>;4 %3114' %~|`}gjdI`|g{rgiil " Jn{ergiil S* K`* r*

H`}}ilw) 3>7 \*[* =24) =4< %>7>>''* Gj}lsqsl}gjd q|sq`{l njm lbblk} n{ {wj`jwh`|{ t`|im

s|j nb`|i `b }eg{ qsgjkgqil* ]el [|qslhl K`|s} en{ {ngm n{ h|ke) lhqen{gzgjd }en} K`jdsl{{

qingjiw gj}ljmlm }en} n r`}gjd qsnk}gkl j`} cl qslkilnslm |jil{{ c`}e mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l njm

lbblk} nsl nc{lj}* Kg}w `b S`hlr* \jg}lm [}n}l{) ==2 \*[* >43 %>751' %bgs{} lhqen{g{

nmmlm'*

Bgjniiwnjm |j{|sqsg{gjdiw dgrlj c`}e }el q|sq`{l `b }el R`}gjd Sgde}{ Nk} njm {lk}g`j

3(kr(11>35(SHK(M[](SIT M`k|hlj} ;=1 Bgilm 15/;1/>3 Qndl


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=>* Jlrls en{ n k`|s} luk|{lm sl}s`dsl{{g`j gj }el

q`{g}g`j `b snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ clkn|{l }en} sl}s`dsl{{g`j tn{ qsùghn}liw kn|{lm cw {`hl}egjd

`}els }enj snkl*

N{ tl enrl gjmgkn}lm }es`|de`|} }eg{ `qgjg`j) tl nsl {lj{g}grl }` }el k`jklsj{ sng{lm gj

J`s}etl{} N|{}gj* [ll {|qsn Qns} G n} 7(>>) Qns} GG n} >7(3;*C|} }` eìm) n{ ]lun{ |sdl{) }en}

{lk}g`j < nqqigl{ `jiw }` r`}gjd kenjdl{ }en} }elh{lirl{ rgìn}l }el Bgb}llj}e Nhljmhlj} t`|im

sl~|gsl |{ }` gdj`sl {lk}g`j =>* ]lun{)

{llfgjd }` ghqilhlj} g}{ r`}ls GM int) clns{ }el c|smlj `b qs``b njm h|{} }elslb`sl {e`t }en}

[C >= inkf{ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}* Dl`sdgn) =>> \*[* n} =(

~|nigbwgjd GM tgii bnii h`{} elnrgiw `j }el q``s njm }en} n mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw egde qlsklj}ndl `b

Nbsgknj Nhlsgknj{ njm Eg{qnjgk{ gj ]lun{ igrl gj q`rls}w* Tl }elslb`sl k`jki|ml }en} [C >= g{

igfliw }` ilnm }` sl}s`dsl{{g`j gj }el q`{g}g`j `b snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ tg}e sl{qlk} }` }elgs lbblk}grl



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=>* Dgrlj }eg{) njm dgrlj }en} ]lun{ h|{}

{e`t }en} [C >= inkf{ c`}e mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l njm lbblk}) tl enrl j` jllm }` lunhgjl

tel}els }el int tn{ ljnk}lm tg}e mg{ksghgjn}`sw q|sq`{l* Nkk`smgjdiw) tl {enii mljw ]lun{{

sl~|l{} b`s mlkinsn}`sw sliglb*

Gj slnkegjd }eg{ k`jki|{g`j) tl lhqen{gzl }el jnss`tjl{{ `b }eg{ `qgjg`j* [qlkgbgkniiw)

tl enrl mlkgmlm j`}egjd h`sl }enj }en}) gj }eg{ qns}gk|ins ig}gdn}g`j njm `j }eg{ qns}gk|ins slk`sm)

]lun{ en{ bngilm }` mlh`j{}sn}l }en} g}{ qns}gk|ins r`}ls GM int inkf{ sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}*

J`}egjd gj }eg{ `qgjg`j slh`}liw {|ddl{}{ }en} {lk}g`j < cns{ nii k`rlslm o|sg{mgk}g`j{ bs`h

ghqilhlj}gjd qe`}` GM int{* ]` }el k`j}snsw) |jmls `|s sln{`jgjd }`mnw) {|ke int{ hgde} tlii

cl qslkilnslm gb }elw lj{|sl %>' }en} nii qs`{qlk}grl r`}ls{ knj ln{giw `c}ngj bsll qe`}` GM) njm %3'

}en} njw |jmlsiwgjd m`k|hlj}{ sl~|gslm }` `c}ngj }en} GM nsl }s|iw bsll `b kensdl* Gjmllm)

Dl`sdgn{ r`}ls GM int tn{ qslkilnslm cw }el N}}`sjlw Dljlsninjm qs`cnciw b`s d``m sln{`j*

\jigfl [C >=) }el Dl`sdgn int sl~|gsl{ lnke k`|j}w }` qs`rgml bsll lilk}g`j GM{) njm b|s}els

nii`t{ r`}ls{ }` qsl{lj} n tgml snjdl `b m`k|hlj}{ }` `c}ngj }e`{l GM{* Dn* K`ml Njj* 3>(3(

=>4*>%n'6 Dn* Lilk* K`ml >5;(>(31(*1>* ]el k`j}sn{} tg}e [ljn}l Cgii >= k`|im ensmiw cl h`sl

{}nsf*

Bgjniiw) m|sgjd ki`{gjd nsd|hlj}{) ]lun{{ k`|j{li k`hqingjlm }en} }elw enm cllj

{e`|imlslm tg}e nj ghq`{{gcil c|smlj gj }eg{ ig}gdn}g`j* ]sgni ]s* 4/>;/31>3 34?>=* ]eg{ hnw

tlii cl k`sslk}) c|} ]lun{{ intwls{ enrl `jiw }elgs kiglj} }` cinhl* ]el [}n}l `b ]lun{ ljnk}lm n

r`}ls GM int }en}n} iln{} }` `|s fj`tilmdlg{ }el h`{} {}sgjdlj} gj }el k`|j}sw* ]en} int tgii

nih`{} kls}ngjiw enrl sl}s`dsl{{grl lbblk}? g} ghq`{l{ {}sgk}) |jb`sdgrgjd c|smlj{ `j }el q``s) njm

snkgni hgj`sg}gl{ gj ]lun{ nsl mg{qs`q`s}g`jn}liw igfliw }` igrl gj q`rls}w* Njm ks|kgniiw) }el

]lun{ ildg{in}|sl mlbln}lm {lrlsni nhljmhlj}{ }en} k`|im enrl hnml }eg{ n bns ki`{ls kn{l*



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Gdj`sgjd tnsjgjd{ }en} [C >=) n{ tsg}}lj) t`|im mg{ljbsnjkeg{l hgj`sg}gl{ njm }el q``s) {ll) l*d*)

ON >;11(1;6 >;37) }el ildg{in}|sl }ncilm `s mlbln}lm nhljmhlj}{ }en} t`|im enrl?

tngrlm nii bll{ b`s gjmgdlj} qls{`j{ te` jllmlm }el |jmlsiwgjd m`k|hlj}{ }``c}ngj nj LGK) ]sgni ]s* 4/>3/31>3 %NH' ;1?>4(;>?4) ;;?3;(3=6

slghc|s{lm ghq`rlsg{elm ]lunj{ b`s LGK(slin}lm }snrli k`{}{) ON 3>;7(=36 luqnjmlm }el snjdl `b gmlj}gbgkn}g`j{ nkklq}ncil |jmls [C >= cw nii`tgjd r`}ls{

}` qsl{lj} {}|mlj} `s Hlmgknsl GM knsm{ n} }el q`ii{) ]sgni ]s* 4/>3/31>3 %NH'

;=?3>(3=6 ON >3=2(=46

sl~|gslm MQ[ `bbgkl{ }` slhngj `qlj gj }el lrljgjd njm `j tllfljm{) ON >;;46njm

nii`tlm gjmgdlj} qls{`j{ }` kn{} qs`rg{g`jni cnii`}{ tg}e`|} qe`}` GM* ]sgni ]s*4/>3/31>3 %NH' ;

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