Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism
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Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys, Alouatta QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism. Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys, Alouatta. Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism. Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys, Alouatta. Hershkovitz’ theory of Metachromism Jacobs et al.’s test of Metachromism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism
Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys,
Alouatta
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Testing Hershkovitz’ Theory of Metachromism
Using phylogeny of the New World howler monkeys,
Alouatta
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Testing Metachromism
• Hershkovitz’ theory of Metachromism• Jacobs et al.’s test of Metachromism• Using Alouatta’s phylogeny & fur color to test
Metachromism
Metachromic Progression
Jacobs et al. 1995
Jacobs et al, 1995
• Tested metachromism with Saguinus - the Tamarin monkeys
• Compared mtDNA tree with tree based on fur colors
• Examined strength of phylogenetic signal in fur colors mapped onto mtDNA tree.
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Metachromic Progression
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Jacobs et al. 1995
The character states
The Character States
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection
Chromatogenic Regions
Chromatogenic Regions
1. Crown
2. Forehead
3. Cheeks
4. Mouth
5. Neck
6. Throat
7. Shoulders
8. Arms
9. Hands
10. Chest
11. Back
12. Belly
13. Rump
14. Thighs
15. Feet
16. Tail
17. Tail
18. Tail
Barnett & Ross
• Goal: extend Jacobs’ analysis to Cebidae
• Use composite phylogeny from Purvis 1995 for the tree
• Use Jacobs’ coding scheme & methods
• Data collected from Natural History Museum, London
• Females only; Species as composite OTUs
Shapley, ib200a
• “May I try?”
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Howler monkeys
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Purvis, 1995
• Composite phylogeny of Neotropical monkey taxa.
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Composite phylogeny of Alouatta
Matrix Representation with Parsimony of trees from:• L. Cortes-Ortiz et al, 2003: 3 mtDNA genes• Bonvicino et al, 2001: cytochrome b• Meireles et al, 1999: -globulin pseudogene• de Oliveira et al, 2002: FISH chromosome
painting
No semaphoront overlap between studiesNo consistent outgroup; postulated agouti outgroup
Composite phylogeny of Alouatta
• Single MPTA. fuscaguaribaA. belzebulA. sara A. seniculusA. caraya A. villosapigraA. palliata A. coibensisoutgroup
Composite phylogeny of Alouatta
• Semi-Strict consensus of 8 trees 1 step longer
A. belzebulA. fuscaguaribaA. caraya A. seniculusA. sara A. villosapigraA. coibensisA. palliata outgroup
Composite phylogeny of Alouatta
How accurate is the composite tree?• Coding of FISH Chromosome data (de Oliveira et
al) is fishy - characters aren’t independent• mtDNA networks compatible; Chromosome & fur
networks mostly compatible; not compatible with each other.
• Outgroup choice matters - different outgroups root the same stable network in many different places
Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny
• Trace states in color on each character
• Are MPR unordered character state changes consistent with Metachromism?
Answer: for 16 of 18 characters, they are NOT.
A. fuscaguaribaA. belzebulA. sara A. seniculusA. caraya A. villosapigraA. palliata A. coibensisoutgroup
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c13unordered
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equivocal
Metachromic Progression
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Jacobs et al. 1995
Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny
• How many steps does a Metachromic step matrix add to the MPR?
Answer: 1-4 steps for each of 16 characters
A. fuscaguaribaA. belzebulA. sara A. seniculusA. caraya A. villosapigraA. palliata A. coibensisoutgroup
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Treelength: 98 CI: 0.83* RI: 0.64*
Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny
• Are the unordered states already organized by metachromism? That is, are they already statistically different from random?
• What effect will using different trees have?
• How does this conclusion fit in with the biogeography?
Answer: ?.
A. fuscaguaribaA. belzebulA. sara A. seniculusA. caraya A. villosapigraA. palliata A. coibensisoutgroup
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Treelength: 98 CI: 0.83* RI: 0.64*
Thanks!
• Adrian Barnett & Caroline Ross
• Adam, Brent, and the ib200A course
• Eileen Lacey at the MVZ
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Composite phylogeny of Alouatta
Methods:• Resolve synonymies (Groves, 2001)• No semaphoront overlap - must rely on
species identifications and create composite OTUs
• Combine monophyletic branches on source trees to match OTUs of fur data
• Generic “outgroup”
Metachromic Progression
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Mapping fur colors onto Alouatta phylogeny
• Should Black to Red be allowed into the Metachromism theory?
Partial Answer: for 6 characters, allowing Black to Red into Metachromic theory means the unordered MPR is consistent.
A. fuscaguaribaA. belzebulA. sara A. seniculusA. caraya A. villosapigraA. palliata A. coibensisoutgroup
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