Tertiary basins of Spain

the stratigraphic record

of crustal kinematics Edited by PETER F. FRIEND AND CRISTINO J. DABRIO

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERS1TY PRESS

Tertiary basins of Spain

the strati graphic record of crus tal kinematics

EDITED BY

PETER F. FRIEND

Department of Earth Sciences, University af Cambridge

AND

CRISTlNO J. DABRIO

Departamento de Estratigrafia, Facultad de Ciencias Geo16gicas and Instituto de Geologia Economica, CSIC, Universidad Compiutense, Madrid, Spain

_CAMBRIDGE ::: UNIVERSITY PRESS

Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1 R P 4 0 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011--4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia

© Cambridge University Press 1996

First published 1996

Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data

Tertiary basins of Spain : the stratigraphic record of crusta] kinematics / edited by Peter F. Friend and Cristino J. Dabrio.

p. cm. - (World and regional geology series) Includes bibliographical references. SBN 0 521 461715 1. Geology, Stratigraphic - Tertiary. 2. Geology, Structural­Spain. 3. Basins ( Geology) -Spain. I. Friend, P.F. H. Dabrio, Cristino J. Ill. Series. QE69l .T465 1995 551.7'S'0946 - dc20 94-21724 CIP

ISBN 0 521 46 l 7 l 5 hardback

SE

Contents

List of contributors ix Preface P.F. FRIEND and c.]. DABRIO xiii Dedication 10 Professor Oria! Riba I Arderiu c. PUlGDEFABREGAS xv Memorial, Etienne Moissenet 1941-1994 P. ANAD6N, N. MOISSENET and O. RIBA

PARTGGENERAL

GI. Tertiary stages and ages, and some distinctive stratigraphic approaches P.F. FRiEND

G2. Cenozoic latitudes, positions and topography of the Iberian Peninsula

A.G. SMITH G3. Tertiary tectonic framework of the Iberian Peninsula

C.M. SA NZ DE GAlDEANO G4. Deep crusta I expression of Tertiary basins in Spain

E. BANDA GS. Oil and gas resources of the Tertiary basins of Spain

F. MELENDEZ-HEvIAand E. ALVAREZ DE BUERGO G6. Mineral resources of the Tertiary deposits of Spain

M.A. GARciA DEL CURA, C.l. DABRlO and S. ORD6NEZ

PART E EAST

El. Geological setting of the Tertiary basins of Northeast Spain P. ANA DON and E. ROCA

E2. The lithosphere of the Valencia Trough: a brief review M. TORNE

E3. 'Depositional sequences in the Gulf of Valencia Tertiary

E4.

ES.

E6.

E7.

basin w. MARTiNEZ DEL OLMO

Neogene basins in the Eastern Iberian Range P. ANAD6N and E. MOISSENET The Tertiary of the Iberian margin of me Ebro basin:

sequence stratigraphy 1. VllLENA, G. PARDO, A. ptREZ, A. MUNOZ and A. GONZALEZ

Tertiary of the Iberian margin of the Ebro basin: paleogeography and tectonic control J. VILLENA, G. PARDO, A. PEREZ, A. MUNOZ and A. GONZALEZ

Stratigraphy of Paleogene deposits in the SE margin of the Catalan basin (St. Feliu de Codines-St. L1oren� del Munt sector, NE Ebro basin)

1. CAPDEVILA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEU, E. REMACHA and J.

SERRA ROW

xvii

3

6

9

15

20

26

43

49

55

68

77

83

89

EB. Onshore Neogene record in NE Spain: Valles-Penedes and El Camp half-grabens (NW Mediterranean) L. CABRERA and F. CALVET

E9. The Paieogene basin of the Eastern Pyrenees ].M. COSTA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEuand CH. BETZLER

EIO. The Neogene Cerdanya and Seu d'UrgeU intramontane basins (Eastern Pyrenees)

E. ROCA Ell. Eocene-Oligocene thrusting and basin configuration in the

97

106

114

eastern and central Pyrenees (Spain) 120 J. VERGES and D. w. BURBANK

E12. The Late Eocene -Early Oligocene deposits of the NE Ebro basin, west of the Segre River 134 E. MAESTRO-MAlDEU and 1. SERRA ROIG

Eil. Chronology of Eocene foreland basin evolution along the weslern oblique margin of the South-Central Pyrenees 144 P. 8ENTHAMand D.W. BURBANK

E14. Evolution of the Jaca piggyback basin and emergence of the External Sierra, southern Pyrenees 153 P.l. HOGANand D.W. BUR BANK

EIS. Long-lived fluvial palaeovalleys sited on structural lineaments in the Tertiary of the Spanish Pyrenees 161 S.l. ViNCENT and T. ELLIOTT

E16. Evolution of the central part of the northern Ebro basin margin, as indicated by its Tertiary fluvial sedimentary infill P.F. FRIEND, M.J. LLOYD, R. MCELROV, J. TURNER, A. VAN GELDER and S.l. VINCENT

Et7. The Rioja Area (westernmost Ebro basin): a ramp valley with neighbouring piggybacks M.l. JURADO and o. RIBA

PART W WEST

W I. The Duero Basin: a general overview 1.1. SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIA VILLA, A. MART1N-SERRANO and C.l. DABRlO

166

173

183

. W2. Alpine tectonic framework of south-western Duero basin 1.1. SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIAvILLAand A. MARTiN­SERRANO

188

vii

W3. South-western Duero and Ciudad Rodrigo basins: infill and dissection of a Tertiary basin 1.1. SANTlSTEBAN, A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIAVILLA and c.J. DABRIO

W4. Teetono-sedimentary evolution of the Ajmazan basin, NE

Spain 1. BOND

196

203

Vlll

W5. Tertiary basins and Alpine tectonics in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) J.L. ALONSO, l.A. PULGAR, J.C. GARciA-RAMOS and P. BARBA

W6. Lacustrine Neogene systems of the Duero Basin: evolution and controls R. MEDIAVILLA, C.l. DABRlO, A. MARTIN-sERRANoand l.l. SANTISTEBAN

W7. North-western Cainozoic record: present knowledge and the correlation problem A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIA VILLA and J.I. SANTISTEBAN

W8. Onshore Cenozoic strike-slip basins in NW Spain L. CABRERA, B. FERRUS, A. SAEZ, P.F. SANTANACH and J. BACELAR

W9. Tertiary of Central System basins A. MARTiN-SERRANO, 1.1. SANTISTEBAN and R. MEDIA VILLA

PART C CENTRE

Cl. Structure and Tertiary evolution of the Madrid basin G. DE VICENTE, J. M. OONZALEZ-CASADO, A. MUNOZ­MARTiN, 1. GINER and M.A. RODRIGUEZ-PAscuA

C2. Neogene tectono-sedimentary review of the Madrid basin G. DE VICENTE, l.P. CALVO and A. MUNOZ-MARTIN

C3. Sedimentary evolution of lake systems through the Miocene of the Madrid Basin: paleoclimatic and paleohydrological constraints J.P. CALVO, A.M. ALONSO ZARZA, M.A. GARciA DEL CURA, S. ORDONEZ, l.P. RODRlouEz-ARANDA and M.E. SANZ-MONTERO

C4. Paleomorphologic features of an intra-Vallesian paleokarst, Tertiary Madrid Basin: significance of paleokarstic surfaces in continental basin analysis 1.C. CANAVERAS, 1.P. CALVO, M. Hoyosand S. ORD6NEZ

C5. Tectono-sedimentary analysis of the Loranca Basin (Upper Oligocene-Miocene, Central Spain): a 'non-sequenced' foreland basin 1.1. 06MEZ FERNANDEZ, M. DiAZ MOLINA and A. LENDiNEZ

C6. Paleoecology and paleoclimatology of micromammal faunas from Upper Oligocene - Lower Miocene sediments in the Loranca Basin, Province of Cuenca, Spain R. DAAMS, M.A. ALVAREZ SIERRA, A.J. VAN DER MEULEN

and P. PELAEZ-CAMPOMANES C7. Fluvial fans of the Loranca Basin, Late Oligocene - Early

Miocene, central Spain M. DiAZ-MoLINAand A. TORTOSA

Contents

C8. Saline deposits associated with fluvial fans. Late Oligocene -214 Early Miocene, LOTanca Basin, Central Spain

1. ARRIBAS and M. DIAZ-MOLINA e9. Shallow carbonate lacustrine depositional controls during

the Late Oligocene -Early Miocene in the Loranca Basin 228 (Cuenca Province, central Spain)

237

M.E. ARRIBAS, R. MAsand M. DiAZ-MOLlNA

PART S SOUTH

SI. The Betic Neogene basins: introduction

247 CH. MONTENAT

255

263

268

272

278

285

295

300

S2. Neogene palaeogeography of the Betic Cordillera: an attempt at reconstruction C.M. SANZ DE GALDEANO and 1. RODRiGUEZ­FERNANDEZ

S3. Depositional model of the Guadalquivir - Gulf of Cadiz Tertiary basin c. RIAZA and w. MARTINEZ DEL OLMO

S4. Late Neogene depositional sequences in the foreland basin of GuadaJquivir (SW Spain) F.l. SIERRO, LA. GONZALEZ DELOADO, C.l. DABRIO, J.A. FLORES and J. CIYIS

SS. Miocene basins of the eastern Prebetic Zone: some tectono­sedimentary aspects CH. MONTENAT, P. OTT D'ESTEVOU and L. PIERSON

D' AUTREY S6. Stratigraphic architecture of the Neogene basins in the

central sector of the Betic Cordillera (Spain): tectonic control and base-level changes 1. FERNANDEZ, 1. SORIA and c. VISERAS

S7. Pliocene-Pleistocene continental infiUing of the Granada and Guadix basins (Betic Cordillera, Spain): the influence of allocyclic and autocyc1ic processes on the resultant

stratigraphic organization J. FERNANDEZ, C. VISERAS and 1. SORIA

S8. Late Neogene basins evolving in the Eastern Betic transcurrent fault zone: an illustrated review CH. MONTENAT and P. OTT D'ESTEVOU

S9. Tectonic signals in the Messinian stratigraphy of the Sorbas basin (Almeria, SE Spain) J.M. MARTIN and 1.C. BRAGA

StO. Basinwide interpretation of seismic data in the Albonin Sea c. DOCHERTY and E. BANDA

Index

308

313

321

323

330

339

346

353

366

372

387

392

399

W9 Tertiary of Central System basins

A. MA RTf N·SER RAND. J.1. SANTISTEIlAN AND R. M EO!/\. VI LL/\.

Al)slra('1

The rise of the CClllr .. l System due 10 reactivation of laiC

Hcrcynian fault lI),slcms during the Alpine Orogcny direclly affec­red the slrUClure and slraligraphic framework of the basins nearby Ihat were being filled al lhe same time. The sc.-dimcntary rI..-cord is the l."SSCntial key 10 understanding the tectonic and palaeo.morpho\ogi· cat hlslor), of the t:cntral Range. and vice-versa. Relating the filling of the basins with the definition oflhe mountain nmge. prc-arkosic. Ilrkasic Ilnd post-arkosic slagL"S have been proposed. However, il lS difficult to !\upporl the prevIOus idea Ih;!t the arkosic stage con­linued throughout the Lale Tertiary to finish in Middle Pliucem.: limes with thc dcposilion of thc·Pimlmos(limeslonc)'. The arkoscs of the Central Sy�tcm arc of Eoccne-Oligoct:ne age and the highcst alluv;:lI·fan deposits may be of Aragonian age. There is only a poor r�ord of the remaining Tertiary and QUllternary scdimenlS. bcellusc of act;,·c river incision during Ihis lime in the ha�ins, the ranges and elsewhere In the Spanish Mescta.

Intruductiun

The Central System is a complex in\'crsc horst grabcn system that developed during the Tcrliury. The Plascneill fuult �parates two morphoslruelural domains: a western domain with large mountam hlocks and basin� oblique to Ihe range. and an eastern one with large highs and minor basins parullello 1111': gCllerill structure (Fig. I).

Western basins

The wt."Slern Spanish Central Sy�tem is defined by two fault famihes: ENE-WSW 10 NE-SW and W-SE to WNW-ESE

(Moreno. 1990). The most important sediment accumulations lire pn:sc:rVt."d in its lowcrmost an:as: Ciudlld Rodrigo, Mnraleja (Cas. tclo "raneo). enria and Zal7.a de Granadilla.

The Chldad RodrigQ Sas;" is a half·grabcn bounded to the south by a eompkx NE SW-trending fault. Its infi]) is controlled by:

(a) asymmetry, with thkknesses up to 600 m S of Ciudad Rodrigo (Fernandez Amigot. 1981):

t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . , . ,

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . , . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . , . . . . · , , . . . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . . . ' #:'" .... · . . . . . .

· . . . . . . · . . . . .

· . . . . · . . . . . .

.111. I. Tfrll.r)' outCrtlp"" In "·e!lttm Central S}'�It'III, t. Pn:-Ttftl.fY substr.­turn: 2. Ttnluy d�posl" of Dutf(l and Taja ha�iIlS; 3. T"rtiMry Oe�ls or th� illlM:f bllsi�.

(b) 1,:ompartmcntall�lItion by transverse contemporaneous uphfts; and

(c) progressive a bandolllllenl of the scdimen tary rela lion�hip with the Ducro Basin, due 10 capture hy Ihe Ponuguesc fluvlIIl network.

The oldest sedimentary rocks found in the western Duero nuin arc the Crelul.'CouS to P1tlat.'OCCnc .fidl'rolirhic Sl':nes (Jimcnez. 1970,

1977; llIanco 1'1 fll .. 1982: Molina 1'1 al .• 1989). which crop out only in the easternmost Ciudad ROOdgo Basin. ThI."SC St.-dimentl! are petrologically and minendogically mature (quam. and bolmite). SikTClc.'1 and fcrricrete� are abundanl (Corrochano. 1977: Bustillo & Manin-Semno, 1980; Blanco & Cantano, 1983).

The largest part of lhe St.-dimentary rct:ord is of Middle-Late PalaeoKcnc age lInd it elIn he divided inlO three units of arkosie compositIon:

The lower 01lC (Early Eoccnc?) crops oul tn the north of

255

256 A. Martil}·Scrrano. J.1. Santisleban and R. Mediavil1a

SALAMANCA ZAMORA ClUOAD RODR1GO BASIN

I , 1 • 5 , 7

PLlOCENE "'hre

M Up

p" I a. ...... 0 Tier .. de Campa. Soi_ C Middle Faci ... • - - c...n81"''''''"'t� N Cillonoclo """"" Miraz.amo .. .01 V"""ptet! , ,--, .01

COOII� Coa.a:lomenlel Facie. Sori_ Coll,gl""."at ... � � �

Molino del Pito Molmo del Nco Up,,, Bellver SandllOIIeJ ........... Conglomerates AI • ....!iU. UPI_

Dclritk '" S&DdIiIODM OLlOOCENli MolI"ri<lo Sondsl. AIdeIrrubi. 7 (Upper Arkoaic

Ullil

rL;p

)

Aldearrubla SIb,d.t. -- CUil� ""'- Unit

t.._. � Calnm_ S.,..)st. 0. .... ""_ Cimt.d RodrilO Ciudad Rodri,lO

GOCGNG Cl'Y�Y YellowSil", """ Fonnatioo """, ViIlaroayw Sands!. Saod.tOllCl Attosic

Unil (u.we. Group) T�jone .... Seri"" Unit

rz,Rl'O Alnw Sands!, Anpiles ConSlom,.

� �: PALEOCENE Salamanca SandsI, Pen. CdeUina

t-o'/ MudIt,

Amat� Sandst, TenMiil1or; Saodst, Monlalllll/U fKM. Mnntamarta Fad ... CRIiT ACEOUS

l...oII'er Congiollle,ate Pe .... de H;"rro Ikd FerrM!itic Cms! Fenuginou. Crust

I-lg. 2. VarloUll slnlll:uphl� SKoons f'rn(l(lSe(l for t .... P"h"'O¥l'IIl' dqlO�it� ... fS.lamanta and lamora prnl"intfS by prtl-illll� .. 'nrk"r� (nn!'r Santi$l!'ban .. / 0/., 1991.), I: Jim�rn:� (11170): 2: Aionso (iavilin (1981):.1: Cnrr(>('h,u>o (1977); 4: Milrtin·S:rnulO (1988); 5: Jimenel & Marlin-bard (1987); 6: Alonso GI,"ilan &: P(llu (1986 87) and Alonw Gi,-ltin &: Canlano (1987); 7: Cantaoo &: 1\'lnlina (1987).

Ciudad Rodri1jo (TcjoncfllsScrics: Jimcnc:r& Mllrlln­

Izarcl. 1987). resting unconfonnably upon the sit/ero­

N/hit" SCTtC5 of $alamanc:t (SanTisTcban l'l af .. 1991). h

eonst�ts of white arkoses wjth \'ariegated spot�: grain

.s.izc varies widely. This unit was deposit .. --d in proximal braided river systems,

The Middle Eoc,:\;nc (Jinu.in�:t:, 1977. 1982) intermedt;lIC unit crops out in many placC!'i with a lhtckne.�s of up to

lOO m both In Ctudad Rodrigo and 10 [he SW Oucro Basln5 (Figs. 2 and 3). I1 IS composed ofbeige'grecni$h

or reddi�h ::ITkmic 10 lithootrkosic snndstonc lint.! mud. forming a coarsening·upwards megasc4ucm:e. The muds :tre burrowed aucl hardened (ealcretcs and stl­eretes). They lire interpreted as deposits of brnH1ed 10

sinuous nu ... iul systems IlHlI flowed towards the east ami north·cast and had well·developed flood plains.

-The third, Ohgocene (Cant;!no & Molina. 1987, Polo t'l

af .. I �1I7). unit is composed of coarsc·grained urkose� with idiomorphic large-sized fddspurs, They are rich

in smCCliLic days and show a little ccmental1on. Thts

unit reacin;s morc thlln 200 m in thickne�� and IS

extensive.

Neogene sedilT)cnlS of presumed Early Middle Mior.:cm: age arc

rcprc�ente(\ in the eastern Ducru Basin, funning a gently dipping

piedmont that erodes and buries - the r"lacogel}e def'losits. The

age is based 011 detai!cd stratlgraphical correlation. Tbey are

polymir.:tir.:, hctcrometrie red conglomerates deposited in alluvial

r.:one� passing distally Into red 5:mds and muds with paludal nllcl

pcdogeOlc (edaphic) carbonates. The youngest dl:posits are Upper

M locene-P1iOCCl)e siliciclastic. ochre sedim':'/I\S deposited i n alluv·

ial plains of similar appearance 10 Ihose of rmia.l" rclau:d lO the

initiation orHuvial dissl:etion (Mediavilla & Marlin·Serr;!no. 19119).

Tfl(' Afflg/m lx/sins are morphostTuctural and stral igr;lphic copies of tlw Ciudad Rodrigo Ba�in. "'hickncss reaches 900 111 in the Coria

B:ism, For i nstance. the Moraleja-C<lSTeio Brar'lOO Basjll is n half­

grahen lowered towards the NW by the POlIsul Fault (Dias &

CahTal. 1989). Alllhese small basins are the rcmains of a single,

largl:r basin that underwent faulting and emSlnn (Fig. 4). As a l:unSl."qUl:nr.:e they ,,11 show the same lithof;lcie� ( llascones & Marlin

Herrcm, l1J1I23. b; lklsconcs ('I (/f.. 19823. b. 1984a, 1984b; Ugidos et lIl .. 11.}!:I5). The most prominent features are:

- The major part of their sedimentary fill eon�ISI� or

fluvlQ·]aeuMnne arko�es, subdivided into IWO litho·

W9 Tertiary of Central System basins 257

Fig. 3. Slrnli�rnllhk lif!("lion o(Paleogenl'. depo!;il� in Ihe M!Urh-wtSlern Uutro Bnsin (afler SamiSIp.han ", 0.1., 19'H). 0: Ah!Irolure af!e ("/Ar) sg 1\"13 (D1arn:o �I 0.1 •• 19112). I: Sanlol� and AI·tdillo (Zamora). 2: Te!iO de la l'1Kha (Salamancd and CornlH (Zamora). J: Mollno del I'ico and Sail i\lorales (Salamanca), 4: CamllKl Fuentcs and El i\lolilKl (Cludad Kodrigo Basin). 5: El Guljo (Salamanca). 6: Bena'·enle (Zamara).

OIl· m· Gil, Cl· 0. .".

N ---

fig.·t Sedimentary Inllll of Alag6n.l.:oriallnd Mur�lcjp bpsinS(Hd9�tffi from Ra!'oCnnt� tl al .• 191:12 b. 1�1:I4 a. b. cJ. 1.I¥n�uus .. ..,k,.: 2. schists: J. "lnarI7.it<"li 4 and 5. Ttrllary (4 lIuI·iu·laeustrilM' IIrkUSl.-s: S. COR(W gr9ioed sediment'; of lhe marginal rrlng��J; 6. rectot d,·posits rd>lt�d to fl",.ial o�.hmrk.

facies: I. whlle.grey and ochre gravely sands and

polymictic miero eonglol11e r<tfe� inrlurated hy carbo·

nates and days: this lithofacies dominates the sedi·

mentary fill; 2. grcy, grecn and brown muddy �nds,

burrowed snlectitie mild.'! :md .'lands in channel-form

bodics with carbonate concretions and fish bone�

(Clupcidae).

<,

tig. s. !lth!ps ofslrueforlllllnd Hoo"uer IIn.omlllks uf Ambit-.; KH�io (Gllrlon .'f al •• 1981). I: Terliwry �diments; 2: 1·t.·r9·lIiun i)lIs.:mcnt; .l: rllotl; 4: buril� rHntl.

-Along thc faults bounding the hasins there arc marginal

ribbons of red muds and reddened polymicfic

conglomcrat(.'s.

The largest part of lhe .wdimcntuy fill of the Ciudad Rodrigo

Basin is attributed to ,10 Eoccne-Olrgocene age on Ihe basis of

d�tailed stratigraphic con dation with the area of Salamanca and

Zamor.1. coupled with palynological dating. Stratigraphie and

morphoslnlctural slm"arllie.� between the Ciudad Rodngo Hasin

and the basins pla(.'ed towards the south. support the eJltension of

this correhllion to their arko�ie $(.'<.iiments. Tertiary sedimcnts.

mainly ofPalaeogene age. should he prc$Cnt at hoth margins of the

Central mount"in range in the two tC"Ctonic:llIyconlrolled, �ubsid·

ing troughs filled with nuvial sedimerus.

Inlernal basins or the eastern 1Irt'3

Small. uiseominuuus basins occur in an ENE WSW

direction for more than ISO km in the Gredos-Guadarrama­

Somosierra massif. Such b:lsins arc .[!feclcd :lOd displaced hy E-W

ami NE-SW raults. The most important of these small basins are

the Ambles ami Cumpo Al�lvllro busins. where sl.:dimentution

reached thicknesses of 1000 :lnd 4()U m of sedimcnts respeciivcly

(Fig. 5).

EastwlIrd from Avila. basins contllin siticidaSlic and carbonate

scdiments of I .ate Creraceous age. Sit/emUrhir Jades sel1su stricto arc restricted 10 Campo Azt\lvaro. Ambles and Alto Albcrche

basins. Aow�vcr. the sedimentary infill of thes.:' basins began with

'" A. Marlin·Serra"o, J.1. Saolistcban and R. Mcdiavilla

Fig. 6. Tertiary depl>Sifs 1"l'11I1l'd lu the i.A)Wl'" Rh'-f. UII!>h�d,'tI, suiJl;lrMturn. 1.l\'Ie!I(lltllc dtposits of the C .. nlral System. 2, Terlinry deposits /.If \h" Madrid Duin. J. Ttrtl:ary dlprn;iH .",Iatrd 10 the \.nwya Rinor. 4, Jar/mm Ri.er's alhl\'lum. S. Main mountain dh-ideo;. 6, Re§I'rmirs.

arkolles concaln,ng Crel:1COOUS rock rr:tgmcnts in the lower parL Slr;'ligraphic correhllion and palaeontological dutll from Los Bar­(os (AmblCi Valley) (Garloll & LOp!:l. 1978) indicate It Middk­Laic Pll.lucogcnc age for these scdimcnts. This Ilrkosic unit forms a fining'llpw:lr(l� megascquencc composed of conglomerates with carbonate cement. arkosic sands and muds with culio.:hcs (carbon­

alc-paly!!orskitl'-liepioliIC) deposited in alluvial fan and hraided­nver envlronmen1�. The palacocurrent direction is opposite to the present regiolltll morpho-structurc (Mtlrtin-Serrano & del Olml), 1990b: del Olmo, 1990a; Martincz Salunuva & del 01mo. 1 990).

S(,.'t.Iimcnts of pmsihlc Neogene tlge are e(lar.<;c-grained tlrkoses forming twO megasequcnces with 3. restricted and incomplc-tc areal distribution. Those of Early-M iddlc Mioc.:IU.: !Lg.: are very coan;c­gruincd S(.xlimcnts (conglomerates wllh ooulders and Sands with hydromorphie and cdaphie features) with grain-size decreasing rapidly distally. Tbey form a fining-upwards III1:gasequcnct: com­posed of alluvial-fan braided river sequences In concordance With the present mnrpho_structure. They form the morphological topof the b:lSin inll11 (Martin-Serrano & del Olmo. 1990b: del Olmo, 199001. b. (991). Upper Neogene St't.limcnts arc siliciclastic. of fluvial origin. t1nd only represented in a few oUlernp� (M:lrIin·Scrrano &

del Otmo. 1�9Ub: de Olmo. 199Gb. 1991). tlpp.'lremly rel:lted to Ihe prt'5ent nuvial network (Fig. 6).

The generution of the basins is related to post.lntra-Oligocene movements of N lt1-3U· E and N60--IOO' E !':lull systems (f1x'riGII

5108('). tlnd their Palaeot;cne arkosic iutill (ulld locally also the Ncogcnc) is affected by reverse or strikt.--slip faulls N20--40" E Hnd N7S' E thllt define their borders (Ca pOle '/(If , II1IH, I !:ol9(J:l. b. C. d. 1 '-J'-J 1 : de V,cente, 19S8).

Morphostruclurat evolution :md !ledimentury inlill

The ri� of the Ceutra\ System is related to Alpine rcactivation of LaIC Hercynilln fault systems. The evolUllon of these

movementS directly affected the strudure and sedimentary infill of the basins. ami the S<.:dimentary record ;s the essential key to understanding the tectonic and palaeomorphological history of till.: Central Range (and vice H'rsa). Th� evolution of the Central System is deuu(,.'Cd from lhe scdimenlS found in nearby :lreas (pre­lIrkosie, arko�ic :lnn postarkosic stages: Garzoo 1'1 ul" 1982), becausc thc division links the filling of the basins with the definition of the mountain r.m!!e.

Unlil the Upper I'alaeogene (Midd1c-L1Ie Eocene in Sah,wanca; Eoceno--( )Iigoccnc in the Gredos Guadarrama) a mature relief was de\'eloped (lllperfld/;' fllJlig"'JicafillJdlll1lt'IJla/) with smooth re.�in,.al lillcaTJIents of Hercynian strike as In Pen:l de Fr:locia. Tam3mes _ . .

(Pcdraza. 111711: Gan:On. 1980; Martin-Serruno. 1988: Ferl1lilldel., 1988). The sidaolilhi,· or silit'/;'I!IIs �'(mdl'I/)III'S of bmoTa and Salamanca (JiIllClIe.l, 1970; Corrochano, 1977; IIUSlll1n & M,lT\in­Scrrano. 1980; Alonso GavII;\.n. 11181: M:lT\in·Serr:lno. 1988).

Lflln'r Tertiary Vllil (Garz6n. 1980; Garzoll /;'/ u/., 1981) or prl"

arkosic qde (Pcdrnztl. 1978: Gurl.on C/ (1/ .. 1982) nf Ihe AVlla basins. lire rdutt!d to the Cretaceous seclimenlS found west of the Campo A7jlvaro meridian (GtHzon 1'1 (/1 .. 1982: Mlll'tin-Scrrano &

delOlmo. 199Oa; MoJiml /;'1 ul .. 1989). which. in the ellsternmnS\ areas of thc range. ure interbedded with manne Cretaceous carbo­nates (Alonso. 1981).

All the Mesozoic silicklastic Iithofaci\.'S (VlrilluJ·. IV/'(/Id .. . ) include altcrite debris. The Jack of carbonate fragmenl� in lhe Palae<X.'Cne or prc.Luteuan and/or Cretaceous prc-arkosic 5l:'di­ment.� implies Cretl1ceous shelf presl;'f\,ution. IntcnScly weathered areas without Mesozoic sediments remaincd as snurce :lrca.�. Centr.tl Syst.;;tn uplift did nnt take place during: this episode (Martin-SCrrann & del Olmo. 1990b).

The dispersion. isolation and dcfonuation sulTer(,.'t.I by the out­crops of sidewlillJlc: rocks located close 10 mcebanieally cleformed basin borders and their Ilhsencc in the western basins support the previous l1rguments. Their sedimentation area is bounded by u line

obijque to the funge but parallel to the maximum extent nf marine Cretaceous scdlments (Fig. 7).

The uplift of the mountain ranges started from u Mesol.Oie

inheritance: a smooth rdier ueting as sour\.'c area nf the pre· Lutctian continental deposits.

Morpho�lrue1l1ral reorganisation of the area started with the Arkosic qcle. Its dcposits rest unconfurnmbly upon Crctu(,.'Cous sediments in tit.;; .;;ust�rn basins. The !owermost arkOS1C scdiments. n.;;ar the hollnm nf 1he basins, include abundant rock fragments derived from Mesozoic outcrops. The rapid tran�ition from thC$C scdimellts (rich in fragments of gmnite and cl1ronnate rocks) to those of exdu.�Ivcly arko�ic n<llure suggesls limited erosion of Cretaeeo\J�sedimentsand a slow areal uplift. The source urea must have been 1I non-altered substratum.

No Cretllc,;;ous sediment5 have been found In the western b.'lsins; however. it is nnl difficult to dedllct: the age of uplift of tllc mounlains. Near Salamanca. arkoses �'eIlJ'!lI(l1U fussilise.: an irregu­lar. faulted substratum of Pahteozoic and sidernfilhir rocks. Fault dir(,."Ctions arc N3t1. N 12U and E--W. As in the Ambles .lIld Campn A7.alvaro b:\sins. a rapid, conspicuous change of petrology and

W9 Teruary of Central System b..'\Sins 259

"' � 6: ... . . . . . . .

. . . . . , , , . . , , . . . , , -. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

.. . .

... ..

. . ....

............. .. . ....

.... ..

.. .

Fig. 7. MlIln OUlcrops or sjdn-oljrhic bcies lInd ClrlKlnale nlllrinc �imtnl�or

Crelaewus age or Cenlral Syslem. Probable limit of stdlmen'9.lnn. I.

bll�mcnl: 2. Cretaceous marine sediments; 3. �dtrolilhir fade!!: 4, Tutlary CUfllirH,'nllll S4:dim�'nb: 5. mllrine sedimenllllion fdge: 6. Jidtrolirhh' sedlmen· Iyliun cdllc.

mlner:llogy betWeen the sider(Jlilltic facics (of mature composition:

quartz. quartzih.· and kaolinite) and the al'kosie unil (ridl ill

fddspar. neofonm:d sml'Clitcs and labile minentls Ilnd rock frag­menu derived frnm metamorphiC �olJrce areas) is easily observed.

N on·granite fragments characterise IhC' dC'posits of the western

basins made up of interbedded lIlore-or·kss arkosic lithofades.

The extent of the sedimentary basin during lhe Mlddle-Lale

Pal:teogene in the western sector was much wider th::'ll1 the area of

Ihe present basins. There arc several arguments:

- The lithofaeics of lhe Ciudad R<XIrigo liasin and the

AI;tgon b..1sins are very similar.

As most of the basin fills are fine gmined it cun be

assumed that environments were geographically

exten�i\'e and surrounded by topographlcally smooth

areas (plains).

All the basins exhibillhe sumc sequcnlial evolution.

Moreover. the p:lIO'leocLlrrent p:llterns do not confonn to the

present morphology of the basin$. All this supports the conclusion

that the arkosic stage did not n.:sult from Ihe morphological evolution of the Central System ioto nasins :md r;tnges (Gaflon N

al.. 1982). The lithologies of the Palaeogene sediments of the

Ciudad Rodrigo or Alagon basins (burruwl'U slI1eo.;tilic muds of fluvio·lacustrine origin wilh fish remains) point to slow �llhsidence

and open. Il:lt land�apes inSlead or r;tpid orogr:lphic reorganis.1 · lion. Such .\11 environmental cOlltext is vcry differenl fl'orn the­

prCSl:l1t; lhis is support�"<.l by the factthallcctofadcs n.:lulcd to ra ult� hounding the haslns are pre�nt only In the latest slages or basin

inlill. At lhal st:tge. there was concordance between Ihe .scdimenlllry

rC'C'Ord and its lIlorphostructural context. How was lho.; Ibt'rillll phuse(Oligoc\!nc-Early MiOl'Cne) recorded in the marglnal teetofa-

des'! Moreover, was il rclated 10 the coarscning-upwllrds trend of

the arkQsic unit S('/ISU /a/O ofthcsc western basins?TeelOfaelcs of the

Gredos. Guadarrama and Somosierra ar e allribmed 10 the Gllador·

rama stag� (I ntra·Aragonian). tt teclonic phttsc eonnecled 10 corn·

pression of the Belie Cordilleru thut r.:aused the present pattern of

the Central Sy�tClTI and deposition of relll\1\'ely thick allll\'ial·fttn

sediments hy l�rSe alluvllll conesal lhe top of mOsl of lhe basin fills.

Thr-se may Ix- of the same ttge as Ille red ulluvial-fan dcposllS of easlem Ciudad Rodrigo Busin, hUI their rel:Hionship with Ihc coarser lithofades topping the .scdimenl�ry inlll1 of the i\lttgon

basins is unclear. Both tcc\of:lcics lTItty be eocllul (synchronous) but

they may ttlso be two wdl·difTr.:rcntillted stages recorded along the

whole Cenlrlll System.

1\ IS d ifficu lt to m:.intaill th:llthc urkosie stage eOlllinu�-d through

the Late TC'rtiury 10 end in Middle PliOl"Clle times with the depoSI­

tion of the ·p.iramos (limestone), unil a� �uggestcd by Garzon ,'I (1/ •

(19X2). The arkoscs of the Central System are of Eoc('nc Oligoccne

age and the h ighesl a lluvial·fan deposits TIIUY be of Arugoniun agc

(Mttrtin·Scrrauo & del Olmo, J99{lh; dcl Olmo. 199{)a, b. 1441).

Therc is only a [mm rttord oflhe remaining Tertiaryand QU;ttC'fll'

ary sediments because of the aetive river incision at thut lime in the

b.uins. the ranges und c1S1:whcrc in Ihr.: Spanish Meseta (Marlin­

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