Teresa Tung A01 Final Submission
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Transcript of Teresa Tung A01 Final Submission
ENVS10003 Constructing Environments
A01 LOGBOOK
Hung-‐Ju Teresa Tung
WEEK 01: Introduction to Construction
COMPRESSION ACTIVITY: Compression is a characteristic of mass construction, and compression & tension does not have to simultaneously occur in a structure. The block tower was built as high as possible with the blocks stacked on top of each other. As there was nothing holding the structure firmly together, the tower used compression to support the load (if tension was present, the tower would not be able to stand, because the load cannot be held).
Image 02: Sketch of the tower with one block taken out and the load path of the structure.
Melbourne’s Bluestone:
Throughout Melbourne, bluestone (also known as basalt) can be found in various places (eg. In the footings of the Cathedral on Flinders St). Bluestone is an igneous rock and a local building material that forms from volcanoes. On modern bluestones, lava flow can be seen, as bubbles that form from the lava are captured and left as little holes on the stone when cooled. The streets and laneways of Melbourne are shaped and coloured by the dark colouring of basalt-‐ this coincides with Dr. Margret Grose idea that ‘landscape is the fundamental background to the constructed city’. Melbourne is well known for its grey tone of environment.
Image 01: Sketch plan of the block tower. During the deconstruction process, the tower does not immediately fall apart, as the forces in the structure hold the loads in place. The load in the compression force will choose to reach the ground in the most direct route possible, and in the case of a missing block, the load will divert it’s route. Hence, as the main structure still exist, a few missing blocks does affect the standing of the tower.
Construction materials are significant in shaping the result of a structure. Taking into consideration of the potential load that the structure will hold, and the environment characteristics, the properties of strength, stiffness and shape of a material needs to be considered before utilized in the construction process. In general, steel (quite strong in both compression and tension) is stronger than timber, while brick/concrete are only strong in compression. Concrete is a stiff material, whereas carpet, rubber and nylon ropes are flexible and floppy. There are three different types of shape: mono-‐dimensional (linear), bi-‐dimensional (planar) and tri-‐dimensional (volumetric).
Although there are missing blocks, there are loads on the blocks above, which prevent the structure from collapsing.
FRAME ACTIVITY: For a load to be successfully transferred though an object, it needs to be evenly distributed, with minimal pressure and with a balanced centre. The formation of the balsa wood structure was built upon a large base, so that as the tower continues to grow, the centre will not shift, and the pressure can be reduced. Considering the lightweight of the balsa wood, a skeletal system was used to build the structure. This allows the loads to be transferred to the ground in an efficient way. As shown in Image 02, the tower was able to hold the load from the sticky tape, but it leans towards the right, because the centre is unbalanced.
Image 05: Path load of the balsa wood structure.
Image 06: Sketch of balsa tower.
Initially, the tower was to be built by gluing the joints together, however, waiting for the glue to dry was inefficient and caused the structure to collapse upon any load. The tower was completed using sticky tape instead. This resulted in the formation of fixed joint – as the sticky tape restricted horizontal, vertical and rotational movements. The tower was constructed with varying length of balsa strips -‐ the longer ones were placed vertically to create height and the shorter ones were constructed into triangles to support and keep the structure intact. Strips of balsa were later taped together to form a frame on the exterior. This longer strip aims to distribute the load more evenly, and provide strength to the whole tower.
Image 03: The main structure of the balsa tower under
construction.
Image 04: The balsa tower standing firm under the stress of the load.
As the tower tilts towards the right, tension is present in the left side of the structure, and compression is in the right side. Tension attempts to lift the tower off the ground on the left side, but as the load travels down to the ground, the structure is able to hold itself. Tension and load path are working in opposite directions.
WEEK 02: Structural Loads and Forces Diagonal bracing should have been added to structure so that it can bear more load.
WEEK 03: On Site (Take One) Stairs on west end of Union House
Balustrades are a requirement for health and safety reasons.
Tie rods are used for aesthetic purposes in the suspension structure. It forms a pin joint with the beams, but does not actually carry any dynamic load. The beams that are connected to the walls are also for aesthetic purposes, and do not contribute to the structural system.
The steel grip stairs can prevent people from slipping on wet days (another heath and safety precaution).
Due to the light wright of I beams, and the steel staircase, when walking on the stairs, there is a slight deflection.
A pin joint
Galvanised Steel I Beams are used because it does not rust in the outdoor environment. It is lightweight and bolts are used to connect the I beams together, forming a rigid joint.
A rigid joint
The stairs are bracing laterally, and not talking the load vertically.
Underground Car park
The columns were built in the 1950-‐1960s in a grid format, which is located under South Lawn. In the column, there may be a tree planted above (depending on the tree’s location on South Lawn – not every column has a tree above). There is also drainage in each column. The columns are completely made of concrete, with no beams on the inside. However, during the process of making the columns, bracing would have been utilized for it to set into shape. After the concrete has set, it carries its own weight
There are movement joints between the concrete columns, as well as on the ceiling. The joint form works allows movement overtime, and prevents cracking/ damage to the structure.
Concrete footing
Acting in compression Load path
Beaurepaire Centre Pool
Aluminium framed glass curtain walls.
Concrete flooring
Glass panes are tertiary structure. It is designed to carry its own weight and act as an enclosure system.
Downpipes that carries water off the roof to prevent ponding.
The building is constructed of steel portal frames. It is a primary structure that carries the load vertically from the top of the roof to the ground.
Bricks
A sealant to stop water from exiting the building.
The brickwork on the outside of the building is not load bearing. However, there are weep holes in the masonry construction to allow moisture on the inside to come out and evaporate.
North Court Union House
This structure is a membrane structure, which is efficient to cover the large area of North Court. The wing is suspended to the ground with tie rods, forming a pin joint. The wing resists heat, sun, and pigeon poop (highly toxic).
There is a drainage system on the ground, which allows water that enters through the hole in the wing to efficiently drain away without causing ponding.
Wing
When there is wind, the wing will be pushed up and the suspension structure will be in tension, while the steel structure will be in compression.
The load that is exerted on the wing is carried down by the suspension structure onto the ground.
Arts West Student Centre
This is a steel skeletal structure. The trusses are formed by welded steel.
The panels inserted between the trusses are for aesthetic purposes and does not bear any loads.
This structural beam is glulam (glue laminated wood). It is a modern technique that is efficient and stronger.
There is a structure inside to hold the panels and carry the load of the skeletal structure above.
Silicon finish
Precast concrete
New Melbourne School of Design The cantilever is only supported on one side of the building – as seen in the photo below, and overhangs significantly. A diagonal steel bracing that runs from the 1st to the 3rd level of the cantilever, structurally holds the cantilever together.
There are large spans on the base of the cantilever, which is diagonally braced.
Brackets on the side are bolted into the concrete, which forms a rigid joint. However, the outrigger itself is not fully rigid, hence, it is diagonally braced. There is metal mesh (screens) on top of the outrigger, which functions as a shade (to block the sun). It is much more efficient to block the sun before it enters the building, so that it does not transfer as much heat into the building. Rigid joint
Pre-‐cast concrete
Gravity and weight forces the cantilever to pull downwards, which causes the beam that connects the two sections of the building to sightly uplift.
Glass
Steel frames
WEEK 04: Construction Documentation Tour Scales are used for documenting because a 1:1 ratio cannot be fully documented on one piece of drawing. By using accurate scaling, the person who is looking at the documentation will be able to easily see the whole building, and have an overall understanding of the structures in the building. Finer details of specific structures can be drawn out to a scale larger than the plan, but smaller than the actual size. This allows people to have a closer understanding of specific parts of the building without being too literal. Scales use simple multiplication or division methods –depending on what the unknown value is. For example: The scale for this drawing is 1:10, and we need to find the actual length of a 4.85cm boxed gutter. Let X equal the actual length of the boxed gutter. Thus, the actual length of the boxed gutter is 48.5cm or 485mm. The preferred working unit for building projects is in millimetres. Below are some scales that are appropriate to use for construction documentations. Document A3 A1 Plans 1:200 1:100 Elevations 1:200 1:100 Sections 1:200 1:100 Details 1:10 1:5
There are numerous symbols to represent particular elements in a drawing, but the basic representation is:
• A heavier outline for a ‘cut’ in a section. • An arrow/line pointing towards the North direction.
Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings The Architectural and Structural Set differed greatly as the structural drawings were more complicated. The structural drawing was more specific in the types of material used, and indicated who was responsible for the particular work.
Scale Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions
Source: Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings Architectural drawing of the basement
Source: Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings Structural drawing of the basement
Construction Documentation Tour Questionnaire
Yes, because if a detail is repeated over a certain area or only a specific detail is shown, break lines are used to depict that the other elements/ parts still exist, but are not shown in this particular detail.
WEEK 05: Structural Concepts
• Foam core – the outer walls • Plasterboard – base of the model • Balsa wood – separating walls
Oval Pavilion: Basement
• Masking tape • PVC glue
Structural systems Non-‐structural systems
Source: Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings
Source: Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings
Materials used:
Face blockwork All the structural walls in the basement are made of face blockwork. It carries the load from ground level to the ground of the basement. Blockwork is a medium-‐high material that is very durable. It is suitable to use in the basement, as it can last for a long time. Blockwork is also a sustainable type of material, which makes it ideal for use as the walling system of the basement.
Retaining wall
The load path of the structural wall made of face blockwork. Green arrows represent the load path for the retaining wall. Blue arrows represent the load path for the boundary wall of the basement. Red arrows represent the load path for the separating walls within the basement.
A sketch of the arrangements of blockwork walls
A structural beam extends out from the area of the basement, and carries the load from the ground floor.
Another door opening facing the east-‐west side of the basement.
The other groups each constructed half of a canopy and joined them together.
This section is a cantilever, as it is only supported on one side. The cantilever trusses distribute the load and are carried down through the columns and to the ground.
WEEK 06: Structural Concepts
WEEK 08: In Detail Section drawing for the Canopy Section – Roof & Soffit Detail
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View from the west side
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External timber batten screen External plywood cladding
External view from the east side
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External timber panels
There is a 90mm distance between the centres of each batten and the battens are held in place by metal clips.
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View from the south side (on the steps).
WEEK 09: Off Campus Owen Dixon Chambers
Outside the construction site, the bus lane is occupied by construction transportations. This contributes to the cost of the project, as a permit is needed from the council
The construction site is on the 19th level, and there are still operating offices in the lower levels. Thus, temporary scaffolds are placed so that there is access to the site (however, temporary lifts also need to be taken in order to be in the construction site).
Temporary overhead gantries are installed on the laneway to protect pedestrians.
The estimated cost is around 28 million to 30 million. The construction takes place on five stories on an already existing building. As the building underneath is still operating, the heating & cooling and power cannot be turned off during the weekdays. Some of the workers have to work on the weekends to use the services that cannot be turned off on the weekdays.
The structure is built on hebel/lightweight concrete/air raided concrete floors. There are bubbles in the flooring system. Traditionally, floors are made of concrete, however, the flooring for this building needs to be lightweight, because the existing building was not designed to carry extra loads on top. Underneath, there are lightweight steel beams.
This hole in the roof is the last to be filled, as the crane is still in operation. After the crane is taken down, the roof will be able to be fully covered. This shows that construction does not happen in a specific order, because timing, access to machinery and other factors contributes to the how a building is finished.
Down pipes are made of white PVC pipes, and runs down to connect with the pipes in the existing building. There needs to be a 3-‐meter distance between the scissor lifts, because the floor cannot withstand the load of closely placed scissor lifts. The steel structures are prefabricated and transported to site.
There is no room for a loading bay around the site, so there is a loading bay in the site. The loading bay is zoned with 3 sections (with 3 tonne on the very end). The load of the bay is spread out with a timber decking and columns in between.
The load at the tip of the plank will cause the other end to uplift, however the 3 posts along the plank will take the load with the ceiling.
There are fire-‐rated plaster wall/ceiling throughout the site (the pink coloured boards). Each floor is fire protected and fire sealed. This helps delay the melting rate, and fire will not spread from one floor to another.
Fire sprayed steel beams. The steel will not melt, but slowly weaken and collapse. There are little holes in the vermiculite that allows for good insulation.
A suspended ceiling system is used, so that the ceiling space can be used to connect services. This type of ceiling also allows for cleaning & maintenance access, and the tiles can be lifted/replaced when required.
At the time when the photo was taken, there were only metal stud walls installed. This is a floppy and unstable structure that can easily buckle under stress. However, plaster wall will be placed within the stud frames to create a rigid structure.
This is the mark of level 19, where the old rooftop used to be. The roof was cut, and stairs were added to add extra levels to the superstructure.
The black columns sit on top of the existing columns to spread/distribute the load out. The levels jump from 19 to 21, as there is no level 20. The ceiling is 2.5m high, and fire services run throughout it (the red rods on image below).
There are 75 workers on site Façade: 9 workers Plasterers: 12 workers Electricians: 6-‐8 workers Plumbers: 4-‐5 workers
Sub-‐contracted
• Overall, 40%-‐50% of the costs for the building are for servicing/instillation/delivery etc…
• The site access is tight, thus careful considerations are needed for access, loading, material placement, as well as the safety of workers and pedestrians.
WEEK 10: Detailing Volume
Flashing is used as a waterproofing element. It prevents water on the roof from entering the gap between the roof sheets and the gutter. The metal clips are efficient use of materials, as the timber battens just needs to be pushed into the clips to be secured. The fly screen and the battens may seem clean and a good idea a first, but after a while, it will start to collect dust/rubbish, which would be hard to clean & requires more maintenance.
Construction Workshop: Task: to construct a structure more than 1000mm in length and less than 400mm in height. Material used: • 1200 X 3.2 X 90 mm Plywood X2 • 1200 X 42 X 18 mm Pinewood X2 • Nails Tools used: • Hammer • Saw
The idea was to position and nail the pieces of wood parallel to the grain, as it is stronger and stiffer than if it were to be placed perpendicular to the grain. However, there was a need to use all the materials, and under time constraints, alterations were made. Instead, some pieces of wood were placed perpendicular to the grain. The pinewood at the bottom was placed parallel to the grain. This allowed the grain of the pinewood to act in tension, which will give way to a large amount of load.
Plywood
Pinewood The reason the structure gave way was because we had accidently put the knot on the bottom (the tension side). The knot should be placed on the compressive side, so that does not stretch under pressure. The maximum load that the structure took before failing was 270kg with a deflection of 95mm. Acting in compression Acting in tension
Wood: 1200 X 3.2 X 90 mm Plywood X2 1200 X 35 X 35 mm Pinewood X 2 500kg break and a deflection of 65mm
Wood: 1200 X 3.2 X 90 mm Plywood X1 1200 X 35 X 35 mm Pinewood X 3
400kg break and a deflection of 37mm
Wood: 1200 X 3.2 X 90 mm Plywood X1 1200 X 42 X 18 mm Pinewood X 3 600kg break and a deflection of 53mm
Comparison with other groups:
GLOSSARY Alloy: A combination of two or more metals. Anisotropic: Anisotropic are materials that exhibit different characteristics in different directions within the material. Axial load: Are loads that run parallel to the axis of the subject. Battens: A long flat strip of metal or wood fastened onto structure to hold a material in place. Beams: As Ching describes: ‘Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse (across the element) loads across space to supporting elements’. Buckling: When long columns are unstable and fail/collapse sideways. Cantilever: A structural element that is supported only at one end or overhangs significantly. Cantilevers can be horizontal, vertical or angled. Column: Columns are structural members designed to hold loads that are placed at either side of its ends (‘axial’ loads). Composite beam: A beam and a slab (commonly steel beam and concrete slab) are placed on top of one another to improve the structure.
Concrete plank: Long planks that are made from concrete. They may be hollowed, which allows reinforcements to be added into the structure. Cornice: A moulding that runs between the edge of the wall and the ceiling. Corrosion: When a metal element begins to oxidise and loses its properties. Dead load: Static loads that is permanent, ‘comprising the self-‐weight of the structure and the weight of building elements, fixtures and equipment’ (Ching pp2.08). Deflection: The perpendicular distance between the spanning member and the true course under transverse loading. Down pipe: A pipe that carries rainwater down from the roof/gutter to the ground/gutter. Drip: A strategy to prevent water from entering a building. It breaks the surface tension and capillary action of the water. Eave: The part of the roof that overhangs the walls of a building. Flashing: An impervious material that prevents water from entering a building via a joint. Frame: A frame is a rigid structure that holds the shape or supports the load of an external force.
Girder: A large metal beam that is used in the construction of bridges or the framework of large buildings. IEQ: Stands for ‘indoor environment quality’. It is part of the heath factor for making material selection. Insulation: To prevent or reduce heat/sound/electricity to the surrounding. Isotropic: Materials that display similar characteristics and properties regardless of the direction the force are applied. Joist: A length of timer/steel that supports the substructure of a building. It is usually found in the support of floors & ceilings. Life cycle: The extent to which a material can be used, changed and reused. Lintel: The horizontal support on top of the door or window frame. Live load: Any load that is not part of the permanent structure/applied permanently on a structure. For example, snow, humans, furniture, water etc.. Load path: A path that a load follows through a structure to move towards the ground in the most direct route available. Masonry: Stone, concrete block or brick work by a mason.
Moment of inertia: As Ching describes: Moment of inertia is ‘the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation’. Nogging: A horizontal piece of material (metal/wood) that is placed in-‐between studs to prevent it from buckling. Oscillate: The moving of a structure back and forth at a constant speed due to the application of external forces (eg. the wind). Pad footing: Isolated footings that are used to vertically transfer building loads to the ground. Parapet: A barrier at the roof, terrace balcony etc… or any other structure that extends beyond the edge of a building. Point load: A load that is situated at a particular point or position on a structure. Purlin: A horizontal that rests on the main rafter and supports the common rafters/boards. Rafters: A structural element in the construction system that holds roof battens in place. Retaining wall: Walls that hold back the Earth from the rest of the building.
Sandwich panel: ‘A composite structure in which two stiff outer skins are bonded to a relatively thick but lightweight core. Sandwich panels are preferred in applications requiring a structure that is both highly resistant to bending and extremely lightweight.’ (Toolingu) Sealant: Materials that are used to seal/keep something in or out (airtight or watertight). A common type of sealant is silicon. Shear force: Forces that push one part of the structure in one direction, and the other part in another direction. Shear wall: A structural system that resists the lateral loads on a structure. It is like a cantilever in that it acts in compression and in tension. Skirting: A moulding that runs between the wall and the floor. It prevents quick damage to the plasterboard and covers any gaps between the walls and the floor. Soffit: The underside of an architectural system (eg. an arch, overhanging eave etc…). Span: Is the distance measured between two structural supports. In vertical supports, it is measured between horizontal members, and in horizontal supports, it is measured between vertical members. Stud: A vertical support in the wall of a building that can transfer loads to the ground.
Substructure: A supporting structure that is underneath the superstructure (eg. foundation). Top chord: The top beams in a trust and usually acts in compression. Vapour barrier: Materials used to prevent moisture from entering the building – plastic/foil sheets.
REFERENCES Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Site Analysis’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.1.07. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘The Building’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.02. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Building Systems’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.03. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Building Systems’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.04. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Loads on Buildings’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.08. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Wind Loads’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.09. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Earthquake Loads’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.10. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Structural Forces’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.11. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Columns’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.13. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Beams’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.14. Ching FD.K 2008, ‘Joints & Connections’, in F Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., Canada, pp.2.30. ESD and Selecting Materials 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. Framework for Analysing Form 2014, ENVS10003, Australia. By Dr. Alex Selenitsch.
Gehry's Own Home 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Hannah Lewi. GLASS SKINS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By John Sadar. Melbourne's Bluestone 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Dr. Margaret Grose. Newton, C Basic Structural Forces (I), viewed 17 March 2014, < https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf> Newton, C Beams & Cantilevers, viewed 13 May 2014, <https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf> Newton, C Short & Long Columns, viewed 13 May 2014, <https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2005/SHORT%20AND%20LONG%20COLUMNS.pdf> Newton, C Spanning & Spacing, viewed 13 May 2014, <https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf> Newton, C Structural Concepts geometry & equilibrium, viewed 12 May 2014, <https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf> Spanning Spaces 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Miles Lewis. The Pantheon 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Andrew Hutson. W01 c1 Construction Overview 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W01 m1 Introduction to Materials 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton.
W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W02 c1 Construction Systems 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W02 s2 Structural Joints 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W02 s1 Structural Systems 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_m3 BRICKS2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_m4 STONE 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W04_m1 CONCRETE 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton.
W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W05_m1 From Wood to Timber 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W05_m2 Timber Properties and Considerations 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W06_m2 Ferrous Metals 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W06_m1 Introduction to Metals 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W06_c1 Roof Systems 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W07_m3 Paints 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W07_m2 Plastics 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W07_m1 Rubber 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W08_m1 GLASS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton.
W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W09_m1 Composite Materials 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W09_c1 Construction Detailing 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton. W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Rebecca Cameron. W10_c1 Collapses and Failures 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Peter Ashford. W10_m1 Heroes and culprits 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Dominique Hes. W10 s1 Lateral Supports 2014, video recording, ENVS10003, Australia. By Clare Newton.