Tentacle - University of Hawaii SystemF.B. Vincent Florens, D. Daby & R. Jones A review of the...

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EDITORIALThe Tokyo Metropolitan Government has shelved itsplan to build an airport on the Ogasawaran island ofAnijima (see the article by Kiyonori Tomiyama andTakahiro Asami later in this issue of Tentacle). This is amajor conservation success story, and is especiallyimportant for the endemic land snail fauna of the island.The international pressure brought to bear on the TokyoGovernment came about only as a result of the publicis-ing of the issue through the internet and in newslettersand other vehicles, like Tentacle (see issues 6 and 7). Thecommitted people who instigated this publicity cam-paign should be proud of their success. But as Drs.Tomiyama and Asami note, vigilance remains necessary,as the final decision on the location of the new airporthas not been decided.

In the USAthe Endangered Species Act remains underthreat from the bill introduced to the senate byRepublican senator Dick Kempthorne. The EndangeredSpecies Coalition (of which the American MalacologicalUnion is a member) continues its pressure against thisbill and in support of the alternative bill introduced tothe House by Democratic representative George Miller.The Kempthorne bill may have been brought to the floorof the senate before this number of Tentacle appears, butthe issue almost certainly will not have been closed.Further details can be obtained from the EndangeredSpecies Coalition (1101 14th St., NW, suite 1400,Washington, DC 20005, USA; tel 202 682 9400, fax 202 6821331).

The case brought against the British BroadcastingCorporation (BBC) by Dr. Muniappan regarding com-ments made about him in its TV program on the demiseof Partula on Moorea continues (see Tentacle 7). Dr.Muniappan was criticised for his support of the intro-duction of Euglandina rosea as a putative biological con-trol agent for the Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica. TheBBC served its defence on 24 March 1997 andMuniappan served his reply on 12 September. The twosides are now in the process of disclosing to the other allrelevant documents. That process should be completebefore the end of April 1998. However, it is unlikely thatthe trial will begin before very late in 1998 and it is farmore likely to be next year (from Roy Baker at the BBC).

I reiterate that the content of Tentacle depends largely onwhat is submitted to me - not very much this time. Therecontinue to be many conservation problems for molluscsand I consider Tentacle as a means to publicise theseproblems. To this end I make every effort to distribute

Tentacle as widely as possible, given our limitedresources. I would therefore encourage anyone with aconcern about molluscs to send me an article, howevershort. It doesn’t take long to pen a paragraph or two.Don’t wait until I put out a request for new material; Ireally don’t wish to have to beg and plead! Send mesomething now, and it will be included in the next issue.Again, to reiterate (see editorial in Tentacle 7), I wouldlike to see articles from all over the world, and in partic-ular I would like to see more on “Marine Matters”. Don’tbe shy! I make only very minor editorial changes to arti-cles submitted to me and I accept almost everything sub-mitted to me. Statements made in Tentacle thereforeremain the authors’ responsibilities and the balance ofeach issue reflects whatever I receive.

Printing of this issue was supported by the Conchological Society ofGreat Britain and Ireland, for which the Mollusc Specialist Group is mostgrateful.

______________________________________________ROBERT H. COWIE,Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-0916, USATel 1 808 848 4118, fax 1 808 841 8968E-mail [email protected]

IN THIS ISSUE:IUCN and Mollusc Specialist Group NewsInternet resourcesMeetings 1998/1999Freshwater bivalves in North AmericaSnails of one sixth of the world’s dry land (the former USSR)Hawaiian lymnaeid proposed for listing as endangeredThe Corsican snail Helix ceratina: on the verge of extinction

or on the way to recovery?Kanab ambersnail, an endangered succineid snail in

southwestern USAMolluscan biodiversity work in AfricaNews from the UKNews from AustraliaPacific island land snail page:

Ogasawaran airport, New Zealand Paryphanta,French Polynesian and Samoan Partulidae, Hawaiian Achatinellinae

Marine mattersRecent publications relevant to mollusc conservationMembers of the Mollusc Specialist GroupAppendix: 1996 IUCN Red List - Bivalvia

TentacleNewsletter of the IUCN Species Survival CommissionMollusc Specialist GroupISSN 0958-5079

No. 8 July 1998

IUCN & MOLLUSC SPECIALIST GROUP NEWS

Red List criteria reviewThe SSC were mandated at the last Congress to reviewthe IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria followingpublication of the first list using the quantative basis forevaluation of taxa. The SSC steering committee has nowestablished this process, and the review will continue forthe next year. Last year, members of the SSC (includingthe Mollusc Specialist Group) were invited to commenton the last exercise, and as the result of comments sent tome, I compiled a document detailing some of the prob-lems that we encountered applying the new criteria tomolluscs. This has been placed on the long list of com-ments about the applicability of the new criteria, and youmay expect that we may be asked to provide furtherexamples and/or comments as the review process con-tinues over the year.

The next list is expected to be presented at the WorldConservation Congress in the year 2000, although inter-im updates of the Red List database are possible. As theRed Listing exercise is now a full programme of SSCmore emphasis will be placed on ensuring that data areequally robust for all taxonomic groups.______________________________________________MARY SEDDON,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park,Cardiff CF1 3NP, UKTel 44 1222 573343Fax 44 1222 239009E-mail [email protected]

1996 IUCN Red List available

The list is available from IUCN Publications ServicesUnit, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK(Tel 44 1223 277894, fax 44 1223 277175, e-mail [email protected]), price UK£26.75, US$40.00. Postagecosts are 15% UK, 20% surface mail overseas, 30% air-mail Europe, 40% airmail rest of world. Payment by Visa,Amex, Mastercard, cheque or international money order.If paying by credit card please include the card number,expiry date (at least three months on the date) and thecardholder’s signature.

Molluscan Conservation Conference:1996

The proceedings volume from this conference will beavailable for purchase from July 1998. The entire volumeis being produced as a special publication of the Journalof Conchology (published by the Conchological Societyof Great Britain & Ireland, one of the co-organisers) withadditional sponsorship from Countryside Council forWales and English Nature.

Cost UK£30.00 (including postage and packing costs).Orders to the Treasurer, Conchological Society atNational Museum of Wales. Note only sterling chequesor bank drafts payable to Conchological Society of Great

Britain & Ireland will be accepted.

Molluscan Conservation: A Strategy for the 21stCentury. Journal of Conchology SpecialPublication 2. Eds. Killeen, I.J., Seddon, M.B. &Holmes, A.M.

TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction

Ian J. Killeen, Mary B. Seddon & Anna HolmesThe role of IUCN in global conservation

Mariano Gimenez-DixonCITES legislation and its implementation

Alison RosserRed Listing for molluscs: a tool for conservation?

Mary B. SeddonAction Plan formulation for molluscan conservation - gettingthe facts together for a global perspective

Philippe Bouchet & Olivier GargominyDilemmas of rarity: biogeographical insights and conservation:priorities for land molluscs

Robert A.D. CameronMolluscan conservation in South Africa: diversity, issues andpriorities

D.G. HerbertPatterns of diversity and endemism in East African land snailsand the implication for conservation

Peter TattersfieldThe effects of weeding exotic plants and rat control on the snailfauna of Mauritian wet upland forest

F.B. Vincent Florens, D. Daby & R. JonesA review of the conservation programme for the tree snails(Partulidae) of Polynesia: a review of captive and wild ele -ments

Georgina Mace, Paul Pearce-Kelly & Dave ClarkeA colony management and analysis database relevant for mol -lusc conservation

Dave Clarke, Ajay Burlingham-Johnson & Paul Pearce-Kelly

An assessment of the mollusc faunas of grazing marsh ditchesusing numerical indices, and their application for monitoringand conservation

Ian J. KilleenEnglish Nature’s contribution to the conservation of non-marine molluscs

Martin DrakeImplementing the Habitats Directive for molluscs in Spain

Maria A. RamosNon-marine molluscan conservation and the National Trust:policies and practices

Keith AlexanderThe Conchological Society and molluscan conservation: past,present and future

Martin WillingMarine molluscan conservation: the value of mapping as aconservation tool

Janice M. LightMolluscan conservation: the importance of the fossil record

Richard PreeceLand Mollusca and the Oceanic element in Cardiganshire(West Wales)

Arthur ChaterSlugs and snails and thrushes’anvils: children’s surveys ofslugs and snails

S.E.R. Bailey, M. North & L.M. CookImplementing the Habitats Directive: Vertigo angustior(Jeffreys) in Wales

Tentacle, No 8 July 1998

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Adrian P. FowlesTranslocation of habitat for the snail Vertigo moulinsiana inEngland

Robert E. Stebbings & lan J KilleenHelix ceratina - a Corsican endemic on the verge of extinction

Philippe Bouchet, Theo Ripken & B. RecorbetThe ecology and conservation of the glutinous snail (Myxasglutinosa) in Great Britain: a review

M. Whitfield, R. Carlsson, Jeremy Biggs, D. Walker, A. Corfield, G. Fox & P. Williams; appendix by M.P.Kerney

Freshwater molluscan conservation in North America: prob -lems and practices

Arthur E. BoganConservation issues for Margaritiferidae in the British Islesand Western Europe

Helena Chesney & P. Graham OliverIssues involved in protecting important populations ofMargaritifera margaritifera in England

Mary GibsonThe loss of a freshwater pearl mussel population(Margaritifera margaritifera) in NW Wales

Ian J. Killeen, P. Graham Oliver & Adrian P. FowlesConservation methods for populations of Margaritifera mar-garitifera (L.) in Finland

llmari ValovirtaManagement priorities for the River Nore (Ireland) to conservethe Pearl Mussel Margaritifera durrowensis Phillips, 1928

M.J. Costello, E. Moorkens, M. Larkin, I. Kurz, J. Dowse

Conservation of brackish lagoonal faunasRoger Bamber

Conservation issues relating to maerl beds as habitats for mol -luscs

Jason Hall-SpencerThe introduction of non-native marine molluscs to Britishwaters and the implications to nature conservation interests

N. Clare EnoCan we develop a strategy for molluscan conservation in thenext century?

Mary B. Seddon, Ian J. Killeen, Philippe Bouchet & Arthur E.Bogan

EXTENDED ABSTRACTS(POSTER PRESENTATIONS)Aproject to map the distribution of marine molluscs in theChannel: DOMMIC

Janice M. Light & Ian J. KilleenThe conservation status of Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925and V. genesii (Gredler, 1852) in the British Isles

Barry ColvilleProgress towards a checklist and atlas of distribution for themarine Mollusca of Ireland

J.D. Nunn & S.M. SmithSystematics and conservation genetics of the endemic snails ofthe subfamily Leptaxinae (Mollusca, Pulmonata) in the Azores

P. van Riel, T. Backeljau, C. Brito, A.M. Frias Martins, K. Jordaens, H. de Wolf & R. Verhagen

Asurvey to map the distribution of the land and freshwatermolluscs of Surrey (England)

Janice M. LightAsurvey of northern area inner London slugs and snails(“SNAILS”)

Jane E. ReynoldsWest Berkshire mollusc survey

Michael D. Weideli______________________________________________

“The Conservation Biology of Molluscs”Proceedings of the 1986 Symposium on ThreatenedMolluscs, Edinburgh

The proceedings of this symposium were published in1995 as SSC Occasional Paper No. 9, with the title “TheConservation Biology of Molluscs. Proceedings of aSymposium held at the 9th International MalacologicalCongress, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1986”. The book (81 pp.,soft cover) is edited by Alison Kay and includes a “Statusreport on molluscan diversity and a framework for con-servation action” written by her.

The book can be obtained from IUCN PublicationsServices Unit, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB30DL, UK (Tel 44 1223 277894, fax 44 1223 277275,e-mail [email protected]); price UK£15 (US$22.50),postage and packing add 15% (UK), 20% surface mailoutside UK, 30% airmail Europe, 40% airmail elsewhere.It can also be obtained in the USAfrom Island Press, Box7, Covelo, California 95428 (Tel 1 800 828 1302 from with-in the continental USA, 1 707 983 6432 from anywhereelse, fax 1 707 983 6414). Adiscount of 33.3% is availableto member organisations of IUCN (not to individualSpecialist Group members).

“Biodiversity and Conservation of the Mollusca”Proceedings of the 1992 Alan Solem MemorialSymposium on the Biodiversity and Conservationof the Mollusca, Siena

This book (ISBN 90-73348-47-1), the proceedings of thesymposium held in 1992 at the 11th InternationalMalacological Congress in Siena, edited by A.C. vanBruggen, Susan M. Wells and Th. C.M. Kemperman andpublished in 1995, can be obtained from the publisher, towhom further enquiries should be addressed: BackhuysPublishers, P.O. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, TheNetherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). The price isNetherlands Guilders 68.00 (US$45.00) plus postage andpacking. Additional information is available on theBackhuys web page:http://www.euronet.nl/users/backhuys/index.html

Invasive Species Specialist Group

Aliens, the newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Invasive SpeciesSpecialist Group often contains items of interest to mol-lusc conservationists. It is available from its editor: SarahLowe, Centre for Conservation Biology, School ofEnvironmental and Marine Sciences, University ofAukland (Tamaki Campus), Private Bag 92019,Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail [email protected]


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IUCN and MSG information sources onmolluscs

1996 Red List of MolluscsThe computer database used to compile the 1996 RedList of Threatened Animals is accessible through theWorld-Wide Web at the World Conservation MonitoringCentre. The URLaddress is: http://www.wcmc.org.uk. Ifyou need to check on which species were given what sta-tus in the previous Red List, the links from the WCMCsite will be useful to you. For readers’ convenience, theentire list of bivalves is reproduced as an appendix tothis issue of Tentacle. The gastropods were listed in issue7.

SSC ListMembers of the SSC Mollusc Specialist Group are enti-tled to register with the SSC mailing list, which dissemi-nates information to the SSC network. At present it isrestricted to members, but may become more widelyavailable in the future. Contact Mary Seddon if you wishto get access to this mailing list.______________________________________________

INTERNET RESOURCES

MolluscaThe MOLLUSCAlistserver is intended as an informalforum for discussions of molluscan evolution, palaeon-tology, taxonomy and natural history. There are over 700subscribers. From time to time it has something of inter-est related to conservation. To subscribe to the list sende-mail to:

[email protected] on the first line of the body of the message:

sub mollusca You will get a reply soon after saying that your name hasbeen added. You will then receive anything that is postedto the list. MOLLUSCAis maintained and managed byD.R. Lindberg and R.P. Guralnick of the University ofCalifornia Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, USA.

MolliaThe MOLLIAweb site makes available the UNITASMalacologica newsletters, which have a lot of informa-tion complementing information in Tentacle. The sitealso includes instructions to authors, subscription infor-mation and links to various malacological journals. Italso allows you to subscribe to the MOLLUSCAlistserv-er (above) and to access the MOLLUSCAarchives. MOL-LIA, like MOLLUSCA, is maintained and managed at theUniversity of California Museum of Paleontology,Berkeley, USA. The address is: http://www.ucmp.berke-ley.edu/mologis/mollia.html

CITESCITES-L is a Bulletin board restricted to trade issues forendangered species, which is managed from the WorldConservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge. Themajority of information relates to mammal and birdtrade, but updates to the CITES lists are posted there. Tosubscribe send an unsigned e-mail message to:

[email protected]

UnionidsThe following was sent to the MOLLUSCA listserver (seeabove).

I am pleased to announce the initiation of a new Internetlistserver (“UNIO”) which will focus on the biology, ecol-ogy and evolution of freshwater unionid mussels. Theprimary objectives of the list are (1) to foster communica-tion and collaboration among scientists, researchers, andstudents engaged in mussel-related activities, and (2) tofacilitate the informal discussion of regional and federalresearch priorities. Postings related to mussel conserva-tion issues, including the artificial propagation and cap-tive rearing of threatened and endangered species, areespecially welcomed. Subscribers are also encouraged touse the list to post information on mussel-related meet-ings, symposia, workshops, and funding opportunities.The list is sponsored by the University of MarylandBaltimore County and administered and managed byRick Tankersley ([email protected]). There are no limi-tations on who may subscribe to the list and the sub-scription is free.

To subscribe to UNIO, send an email message [email protected] first line of the text of the message (not the subjectline) should contain the following statement:

subscribe UNIO your email addressLeave the rest of the message blank (including any signa-ture information).

To post a message to the list, send an e-mail message [email protected]. Your message will be placed inthe list’s archive and distributed to all members.

AWWW home page for UNIO is currently under con-struction at http://www.umbc.edu/unio. It will eventu-ally contain archives of postings to UNIO as well as a listof Internet resources and an address book containing thenames and e-mail addresses of scientists currently work-ing on mussel related projects.

If you have any questions regarding the list or encounterany problems while attempting to subscribe or post mes-sages, please contact me at [email protected] orhttp://research.umbc.edu/~tankersl/ Also, please feelfree to forward this message to any friends or colleagueswho may be interested in joining the list.______________________________________________DR. RICHARD TANKERSLEY,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore

County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USATel 1 410 455-3381E-mail [email protected]://research.umbc.edu/~tankersl/

Aliens

ALIENS-L is the listserver of the Invasive SpeciesSpecialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species SurvivalCommission. This listserver is not limited to members ofISSG but is available to all who might be interested ininvasive species. From time to time there may be issuesof interest in relation to mollusc conservation.

To subscribe to the list send an e-mail message to:


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[email protected] the subject line blank and turn off any automaticsignatures. In the body of the message type:

subscribe Aliens-l

This listserver is managed for the ISSG by Dick Veitch, 48Manse Road, Papakura, New Zealand. [email protected]. Daytime tel 64 9 307 9279, fax 64 9 377 2919,After hours phone/fax 64 9 298 5775. Co-manager isWendy Strahm at IUCN Headquarters: [email protected]

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

The entire Red List of Threatened Animals can besearched at this site. The address is:http://www.wcmc.org.uk:80/

Hawaii Biological Survey

The Hawaii Biological Survey (based at Bishop Museum,Honolulu) web site has searchable databases and muchadditional information on most Hawaiian organisms,including both indigenous (99% endemic) and non-indigenous land and freshwater snails, endangeredspecies, and so on. The address is:http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/HBS/hbs1.html______________________________________________

MEETINGS 1998/1999

World Congress of Malacology, Washington, DC,USA, July 1998

This landmark conference, organised jointly by UNITASMalacologica and the American Malacological Union,will be held at the Smithsonian Institution (the USNational Museum of Natural History) 25-31 July 1998.Details can be obtained from Rüdiger Bieler, PresidentUM, The Field Museum, Roosevelt Road at Lake ShoreDrive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA; Tel 1 312 922 9410ext. 270, fax 1 312 663 5397, e-mail [email protected]; orfrom the local organiser, Robert Hershler, AMU President’98, Division of Mollusks, NHB-118, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,DC 20560; e-mail [email protected]. You canalso obtain information from the following website:http://www.fmnh.org/wcm/

American Malacological Union 1999 annual meeting

The 1999 AMU meeting will take place at the SheratonHotel Station Square in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 4-9 July.There will be a major symposium on “New looks at oldmollusks, recent perspectives on molluscan evolution”,organised by Harold B. Rollins and Ellis Yochelson.There will be organised topical sessions onBiomineralization, Molluscan Genetics, Women inMalacology.Further details can be obtained form Dr. Robert S.Prezant, Department of Biology, 114 Weyandt Hall,Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA15705-1090, USA. Tel 1 412 357 2352, fax 1 412 357 5700, [email protected]

FRESHWATER BIVALVES IN NORTHAMERICA

First release of endangered juvenile mussels inthe United Statesby Richard J. Neves

The first release of juvenile freshwater mussels, culturedat the Mussel Conservation Center at Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, Virginia, occurred in September, 1997. Atotalof 52 federally endangered tan riffleshells (Epioblasmawalkeri) and 360 wavy-rayed lampmussels (Lampsilisfasciola) were released into the Hiawassee River withinCherokee National Forest, Tennessee. The tan riffleshellswere 2-3 months old and about 1 mm in length. Thewavy-rayed lampmussels were 6-12 months old andranged from 2-5 mm in length. The State of Tennessee isfunding a project to produce and culture juvenile mus-sels of a suite of endangered species for release into his-toric habitats within the state. Cooperators in this projectinclude the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, U.S.Fish & Wildlife Service, Virginia Department of Gameand Inland Fisheries, Biological Resources Division of theU.S. Geological Survey, and Virginia Cooperative Fishand Wildlife Research Unit.

RICHARD J. NEVES,Department of Fish and Wildlife, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061-0321, USATel 1 540 231 5927E-mail [email protected]

Triannual Unionid Report

This series is intended to expedite the exchange of infor-mation in an informal format. The most recent issue,report no. 14, appeared in March 1998. If interested, con-tact Richard G. Biggins, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,160 Zillicoa Street, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, USA.Tel 1 704 258 3939, ext. 228, fax 1 704 258 5330, [email protected]

Mussels deleted from CITES list

From: TRAFFIC Bulletin 17(1): 19

The following three species were removed fromAppendix II at the tenth meeting of the Conference of theParties to CITES, held in Harare, Zimbabwe, 9-20 June1997. The amendements entered into force on 18September 1997.Fusconaia subrotundaLampsilis breviculaLexingtonia dolabelloides

Winged mapleleaf mussel (Quadrula fragosa)

From: Endangered Species Bulletin 23(1): 25

Alate summer/early fall 1997 survey brought goodnews for conservation of the winged mapleleaf mussel, arare mollusk found only in a small area of the St. CroixRiver in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Biologists observed


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one- and two-year-old individuals, the first evidence ofsuccessful reproduction since the species was listed asendangered in 1991. In addition, one gravid female wasobserved. This find is of special interest because the gra-vidity period (the brooding period for glochidia or mus-sel larvae) previously was unknown, but was suspectedto occur in spring or early summer rather than late sum-mer or early fall. The survey work was conducted by theWisconsin Department of Natural Resources with FWS[United States Fish and Wildlife Service] funding.______________________________________________

SNAILS OF ONE SIXTH OF THEWORLD’S DRY LAND (THE FORMERUSSR)

by Alexander N. Suvorov

Countries of the former USSR cover approximately onesixth of the World’s dry land, yet remain largely notembraced by international molluscan conservation activi-ties. This communication is a result of work on the"Action Plan for the Conservation of Land andFreshwater Molluscs". In spite of the shortage of knowl-edge, I shall try to answer some questions related to theconservation of the land molluscs of this region.

There are approximately 690 species and subspecies ofland molluscs found within the boundaries of the formerUSSR. The pattern of their distribution among families isgiven in Table 1.

The main centers of diversity and endemism are theCaucasus and Tien-Shan. Tien-Shan is a center of radia-tion of the Enidae, Bradybaenidae and Hygromiidae; theCaucasus is a center for the Hygromiidae, Clausiliidae,Zonitidae, Enidae and Orculidae. Many other familiesalso have endemic species in these regions, althoughthey do not reach such high diversity. Centers ofendemism of less significance are the Crimea (18 endem-ic species), Carpathians, Primorye Territory of the FarEast and the mountains of Middle Asia in addition toTien-Shan.

These centers of endemism are insufficiently studied.Almost every expedition to the difficult to access areas ofthe Caucasus and Tien-Shan brings new species of landsnails. There are approximately 95 species of the formerUSSR fauna that are known from single or few localities.The Siberian mountains to the east of the Altai are almostunstudied.

There is thus a deficiency of knowledge useful for plan-ning of mollusc conservation activities. It seems that themain cause of this situation is the lack of a conservationtradition in Soviet malacology. Attention is still concen-trated on problems of taxonomy, fauna and biogeogra-phy to a lesser degree. Great progress has been achievedin these areas. There are a number of fundamental stud-ies and many papers.

The main studies are:

Likharev, I.M. 1962. Clausiliids (Clausiliidae). Moscow-Leningrad: Fauna SSSR: Molluski 3(4), nov. ser., N83:1-317 (in Russian).

Likharev, I.M. & Rammelmeyer, E.S. 1952. Land snails ofthe USSR fauna. Moscow-Leningrad: Opredelitel pofaune SSSR 43: 1-511 (in Russian).

Likharev, I.M. & Wiktor, A. 1980. The fauna of slugs ofthe USSR and adjacent countries (GastropodaTerrestria Nuda). Leningrad: Fauna SSSR: Molluski3(5): 1-438 (in Russian).

Riedel, A. 1966. Zonitidae (excl. Daudebardiinae) derKaukasuslander (Gastropoda). Annales Zoologici 24(1):


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Table 1.

Numbers of species, by family, reported from withinthe boundaries of the former USSR.

Helicinidae 1Cyclophoridae 1Diplommatinidae 2Pomatiidae 2Aciculidae 4Carychiidae 4Succineidae 18Zonitidae 62Clausiliidae 77Ferussaciidae 2Oleacinidae 1Punctidae 5Endodontidae 5Polygyridae 1Cochlicopidae 5Orculidae 29Strobilopsidae 5Spelaeodiscidae 1Valloniidae 20Pupillidae 19Vertiginidae 27Chondrinidae 6Pyramidulidae 1Enidae 93Gastrodontidae 2Euconulidae 2Daudebardiidae 8Vitrinidae 8Helicidae 24Bradybaenidae 60Helicodontidae 1Hygromiidae 119Ariophantidae 4Agriolimacidae 20Boettgerillidae 2Limacidae 28Trigonochlamydidae 6Parmacellidae 5Milacidae 4Philomycidae 1Arionidae 8

1-303.Schileyko, A.A. 1978. Land mollusks of the Helicoidea

suprafamily. Leningrad: Fauna SSSR: Molluski 3(6): 1-384 (in Russian).

Schileyko, A.A. 1984. Land snails of the Pupillina(Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Geophila) infraorder of theUSSR fauna. Nauka: Leningrad: Fauna SSSR, nov. ser.130: 1-399 (in Russian).

Schileyko, A.A. 1986. Some data on the anatomy and tax-onomy of Daudebardiidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata).Leningrad: Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 148:97-123 (in Russian).

Schileyko, A.A. 1986. The system and the phylogeny ofVitrinidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata). Leningrad:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 148: 124-157(inRussian).

Schileyko, A.A. & Likharev, I.M. 1986. Land snails of theSuccineidae family of the USSR fauna. Proceedings ofthe Zoological Museum 24: 197-239 (in Russian).

At the same time, there is only one paper devoted to theconservation of land molluscs (Baidashnikov, 1989); theonly species - Helix buchi - was included in the USSR RedData Book. No measures have been undertaken for itsconservation.

Disintegration of the USSR caused the appearance of 15new political-administrative divisions. There are veryfew studies of the fauna within these new frontiers. Onlytwo publications have been devoted to the fauna of thesenew republics (Akramovskii, 1976; Uvalieva, 1990).According to my preliminary account there are 280species and subspecies of land snails in Russia, endemics- 53, introduced species - 10. The same numbers for therest of countries are: Ukraine - 164, 21, 6; Byelorussia -62, 0, 0; Moldavia - 79, 0, 1; Estonia - 69, 0, 2; Latvia - 68,0, 1; Lithuania - 66, 0, 0; Georgia - 225, 49, 4; Armenia -116, 8, 2; Azerbaijan - 123, 8, 0; Kazakhstan - 132, 55, 4;Kirghizia - 154, 73, 3; Tajikistan - 85, 6, 5; Uzbekistan - 84,7, 5; Turkmenistan - 62, 4, 4. There are now some newcountries with a complete absence of specialists in landsnails. Unfortunately the Caucasus countries - the coun-tries with an extraordinary diversity of land molluscs -are among them.

National economies remain retarded in most of theregions. This causes a rapid degradation of lands (espe-cially in a highlands rich with endemic molluscs). Thenature conservation legislation is good in most of thecountries, but is difficult to implement in conditions ofretarded economies. The IUCN categories are not accept-ed in national agencies. There are almost no organiza-tions and private persons able to support any molluscconservation activity in countries going through the cri-sis.

Our limited knowledge of areas and populations doesnot permit use of most of the IUCN criteria for anyspecies. Nevertheless, approximately 145 species andsub-species are to be recommended as worthy of listingby IUCN.

ReferencesAkramovskii, N.N. 1976. Fauna of Armenian SSR.

Molluscs. Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: 1-272 (in Russian).

Baidashnikov, A.A. 1989. Rare land molluscs ofUkrainian Carpathians and ways of their conserva-tion. Vestnik Zoologii 3: 37-41 (in Russian).

Uvalieva, K.K. 1990. Land mollusks of Kazakhstan andadjacent territories. Nauka: Alma-Ata 1-224 (inRussian).

______________________________________________ALEXANDER N. SUVOROV,

Department of Zoology,University of Education, 46-Svobody Str., Ryazan, 390000

RussiaE-mail [email protected]

HAWAIIAN LYMNAEID PROPOSEDFOR LISTING AS ENDANGERED

From: Endangered Species Bulletin, September/October 1997 22(5): 24(see also ‘Elepaio, Journal of the Hawaii Audubon Society 57(7): 127).

Newcomb’s Snail (Erinna newcombi), a small Hawaiianfreshwater species, inhabits waterfalls, seeps, and springsin stream drainages on the northern half of the island ofKaua‘i. Its historical range has been reduced to fivestreams on State land. Like many other native Hawaiiananimals, Newcomb’s snail is threatened by the intention-al or accidental introduction of non-native predators. Therosy glandina snail (Euglandina rosea) and two species ofmarsh flies (Sepedomerus macropus and Sepedonaenescens), which were brought to Hawaii in the 1950sand 1960s to control agricultural pests, prey on the eggsand adults of native snails. In fact the rosy glandinaalready has eliminated many populations and species ofnative snails on other Pacific islands. BecauseNewcomb’s snail is vulnerable to extinction, the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service proposed on July 21, 1997 to list it asendangered.

THE CORSICAN SNAIL HELIX CERATINA: ON THE VERGE OFEXTINCTION OR ON THE WAY TORECOVERY?

by Philippe Bouchet, Theo Ripken & Bernard Recorbet

Corsica is a large (8748 km2) island in the westernMediterranean. During low sea levels during the IceAges, Corsica was connected to Sardinia, from which it isnow separated by the strait of Bonifacio. The Corsica-Sardinia block has been isolated from other land masses(Spain, France, Italy) since the early Miocene. However,the distances between these islands and the continent arenot very large, in the order of 100-150 km. This relativeisolation is reflected in the composition of the fauna andflora. Corsica has one endemic bird species, one endemicfrog, and 5.4% of its 2442 native plants are endemic. Inaddition, a number of other taxa are endemics sharedwith Sardinia. Corsica consists mainly of crystallinerocks, that form mountain ranges attaining elevations of


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well over 2000 m. The taxonomy the land snails ofCorsica has suffered from the overzealous efforts of late19th and early 20th century malacologists, who oversplitspecific taxa; this does not now facilitate recognition ofvalid endemic species from the many individual, ecologi-cal or geographical variants that have received speciesnames. Many of the ca. 100 species of land snails havenot been re-evaluated recently. However, at least 8 validspecies appear to be strictly endemic to Corsica. Of these,Helix ceratina (Shuttleworth, 1843) is a large (diameter upto 24 mm) species of Helicidae, and the sole representa-tive of the subgenus Tyrrhenaria Hesse, 1918. Its lastauthentic published record dates back to 1902, and thereare indications in museum collections that the animalwas still alive in 1912. However, it was not found duringgeneral surveys of the Corsican mollusc fauna carriedout by various European malacologists during the last 20yr. In view of this evidence, Helix ceratina was by someauthors feared to be extinct. It first entered the IUCNRed List in 1994 (as Indeterminate) and was classified asCritically Endangered in the 1996 edition.

Helix ceratina has been officially protected by French lawsince 1979 (initially as Helix tristis, but the nomenclaturewas corrected in 1992). However, despite the legal goodintentions, invertebrates have a low profile in conserva-tion, in France as in many other developed countries. Inaddition, the French law operates in a way that allowsconservation measures for protected species, rather thandemanding that conservation is actively undertaken topreserve or restore habitats of protected species. Thisexplains why nothing happened between 1979 (legal pro-tection) and 1994 (field work funded by the regionalDirectorate for Environment). Based on detailed habitatinformation in the literature, living colonies of Helix cer -atina were located in October 1994 in the suburbs ofAjaccio. Subsequent field work was carried out to mapthe different metapopulations and search for the snail inecologically similar habitats elsewhere in Corsica. Ourinvestigations have confirmed that Helix ceratina is strict-ly restricted to a narrow band of low scrub vegetationwith Genista salzmannii and Scrophularia ramosissimagrowing on maritime sands at Campo dell’Oro, south-east of Ajaccio on the west coast of Corsica. Suburbandevelopment since the 1950s, including Ajaccio airport,roads, a beachfront parking lot and buildings, has frag-mented the habitat to only 6 ha. The total population ofHelix ceratina probably stands at a few thousand individ-uals. However, during the Neolithic the snail had a muchwider distribution in Corsica, as evidenced by shells inarchaeological deposits dated between 7500 and 4400 BP.The reasons why Helix ceratina has historically becomerestricted to the Campo dell’Oro site are not known. Itmay be the result of climatic changes or it may be a con-sequence of early human impact on the ecosystems ofCorsica. In fact, all five native mammals of Corsica hadbecome extinct by Roman times as a result of hunting,extension of agriculture, and introduction of non-nativespecies. (One lagomorph, though, survived into the 18thcentury on an offshore islet.)

After consultation by the regional Directorate forEnvironment (DIREN) with local interest-groups, rang-ing from the Chamber of Commerce to Civil Aviationauthorities, the Prefecture of Corse-du-Sud installed inSeptember 1997 a ‘Biotope Protection Order’ for the

remaining habitat of Helix ceratina. This is the first timesuch a decision has been taken in France specifically for amollusc. The order forbids future development, construc-tion, removal or deposit of spoil earth, and trespassingby vehicles. This now makes feasible the rehabilitation ofareas damaged by trampling and being driven over byvehicles and, more ambitiously, a re-alignment of theaccess road to the airport to bypass Helix ceratina habitat.Concurrently, the feasibility of ex situ breeding of Helixceratina has been tested by Gerhard Falkner and the sec-ond generation bred in captivity was born at the ParisMuseum Vivarium in October 1997. Considering theuncertainty over the long term future of the snail habitatin suburban Ajaccio, we are also contemplating the pos-sibility of establishing new populations at suitable, unde-veloped sites along the coastline of Corsica.

ReferencesBouchet, P. 1990. La malacofaune française: endémisme,

patrimoine naturel et protection. Revue d’Ecologie (LaTerre et la Vie) 45: 259-288.

Bouchet, P., Ripken, T. & Recorbet, B. 1997. Redécouvertede l’Escargot de Corse Helix ceratina au bord de l’ex-tinction. Revue d’Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 52: 97-111.

Bouchet, P., Ripken, T. & Recorbet, B. 1998. Conservationof a narrow-range Mediterranean island endemic,Helix ceratina from Corsica. Journal of Conchology ,Special Publication (in press).

Vigne, J.D., 1992. Zooarchaeology and the biogeographi-cal history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardiniasince the last ice age. Mammal Review 22(2): 87-96.

______________________________________________PHILIPPE BOUCHET & THEO RIPKEN,Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris,France. Fax 33 1 40 79 30 89, e-mail [email protected]

BERNARD RECORBET,Direction Régionale de l’Environnement, B.P. 334, 20180 Ajaccio, France

KANAB AMBERSNAIL, AN ENDANGERED SUCCINEID SNAILIN SOUTHWESTERN USA

BY VICKY J. MERETSKY & LAWRENCE E. STEVENS

The Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) wasdescribed by Pilsbry in 1948; the type locality is Kanab,Utah, in the southwestern United States. Pilsbrydescribed two populations in the Kanab area; a thirdpopulation was discovered in 1991 at Vasey's Paradise inthe Grand Canyon in Arizona, by Earle Spamer. Thespecies was listed as endangered in 1992 on the basis ofthe scarcity of populations, one of the Utah populationshaving disappeared when water diversion dried up theoriginal habitat.

Four population of Oxyloma are currently known innorthern Arizona and southern Utah - the two O. h. kan -abensis populations, and two other Grand Canyon popu-lations originally identified as O. h. haydeni. Recentgenetic investigations by Paul Keim and his studentsMark Miller and Joseph Busch at Northern Arizona


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University suggest that all four may be geneticallyunique populations, which raises the question of whichones should be considered to be protected under theEndangered Species Act. The genetic work is in progressand will shortly be available in peer-reviewed form, atwhich time legal issues can be taken up. In the mean-time, the remaining Kanab population and the Vasey'sParadise population are specifically named in the endan-gered species listing, and we concentrate here on those.

The Glen Canyon Environmental Studies office of theBureau of Reclamation (now the Grand CanyonMonitoring and Research Center) began regular study ofthe Grand Canyon population in 1994, and most of ourinformation is derived from those observations. Theremaining Kanab population is on private land, andaccess is limited.

The species is terrestrial, but tolerates immersion well.Breeding individuals range in size from 9 to 23 mm inlength. Breeding occurs during summer, usually afterJune; the species is hermaphroditic, and potentially self-fertilizing. The breeding season is somewhat flexible -length and duration depend at least in part on climate.Adults generally die in the autumn after breeding. Allyoung of the year become dormant in October orNovember, affixing themselves to leaves, rocks, stems, orlitter, or simply closing the shell with an epiphragmwithout attaching to any particular substrate. Theyemerge from dormancy in March or April. Estimates sug-gest the Vasey's Paradise population varies from 10,000to nearly 100,000 snails during the course of the year,with a peak in late summer.

The two populations occur in somewhat different set-tings. The Kanab population occurs at approximately1500 m elevation in wetland vegetation surrounding aspring-fed pond that issues from a sandstone aquifer.The vegetation includes stands of Typha and Juncus, withNasturtium sp. and other marsh plants. In contrast, theGrand Canyon population occurs at 925 m elevation andoccupies a cascade of vegetation associated with adolomitic spring (Vasey's Paradise) that issues forth fromthe canyon wall and spills down the face some 100 m tothe Colorado River. The vegetation is characteristic ofrocky riparian situations, and the snails are found princi-pally on Mimulus cardinalis, Nasturtium officinale (a non-native species), and Carex aquatilis. These plants are rela-tively fragile, and this, combined with the precariousnature of the terrain and the presence of poison ivy, ren-ders large portions of Vasey's Paradise habitat inaccessi-ble to researchers. Both populations inhabit quite smallareas - habitat does not exceed 0.25 ha at either site.

Conservation efforts for the Vasey's Paradise populationinclude monitoring in the field, laboratory attempts atpropagation, laboratory diet choice studies, and efforts toestablish additional populations in the wild and perhapsalso in Phoenix zoo.

Field monitoring was conducted by the KanabAmbersnail Working Group in the past, and will be con-ducted this year by the senior author, under contract tothe Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center ofthe Bureau of Reclamation. Four visits will be made dur-ing the active season to permit population estimation, to

track breeding during the year, to assess habitat avail-ability, and to monitor populations of Peromyscus manicu -latus and P. crinitus that prey on the snails.

Clay Nelson, a graduate student at Northern ArizonaUniversity, was successful in bringing snails into the lab-oratory and constructing habitat with Grand Canyonplants that permitted successful breeding and overwin-tering of young-of-year snails. He is in the process ofplanning diet studies. At the end of his work, he willtransfer his snails to a facility at the Glen Canyon Damwhere they and future generations will serve as part ofan educational display. This is particularly fitting sincedam operations are a concern in snail managementbecause of the interaction of dam flows with the springvegetation supporting the wild population.

Dennis Kubly and Jeff Sorensen of the Arizona Gameand Fish Department have been surveying springs inand around Grand Canyon in search of additional wildpopulations, and possible sites for establishment of new,translocated populations. Their efforts resulted in thediscovery of one of the unlisted Oxyloma populationsdescribed above. They have finished suitability surveysand are preparing a list of recommended sites fortranslocations.

The National Park Service is aware of the other twoOxyloma populations, but no formal designation or pro-tection is available to them. Some baseline data will becollected on both this season, and information will alsobe collected for the first time from the remaining Utahpopulation.

Arecovery plan was prepared in 1995 that sets downlist-ing and delisting criteria, as well as actions needed toreach those goals - ecological study, habitat protectionand acquisition, and establishment of additional popula-tions. The role of the recovery plan is complicated by therecent genetic discoveries, but the basic conservationplan is still appropriate. No recovery team was named,but a working group has been in place since 1994.

The Kanab Ambersnail Working Group (KAWG) is com-posed of the authors, many of the researchers namedabove, as well as members of the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the NationalPark Service. The Group meets quarterly to discussresearch and conservation, and responds to informationneeds from land management agencies. KAWG alsoaddresses issues facing the other two Oxyloma taxa in theGrand Canyon. Data are currently available only inreports, but peer-review publications are being drafted.We welcome comments and questions from other mol-lusc conservation groups.______________________________________________

VICKY J. MERETSKY,School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University,

Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USAE-mail [email protected]

LAWRENCE E. STEVENS,Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Bureau of Reclamation,

PO Box 22459, Flagstaff, Arizona 85002-2459, USA


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MOLLUSCAN BIODIVERSITY WORKIN AFRICAcommunicated by Mary Seddon

The UK-funded project on molluscan biodiversity workin East Africa has now enhanced the bases for nationalmolluscan collections and reprints in both Kenya(National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi) and Tanzania(National Museums of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam). Thestaff there would welcome being placed on your reprintdistribution lists as literature is difficult to obtain inAfrica (see addresses below).

Field surveys have been carried out in forests with localstaff over the last two years. In Kenya work is inprogress in Kakamega and Mt. Elgon in western Kenya(1996), Mt. Kenya (1997), mountains in northern Kenya(June 1997), and Charles Lange is expecting to visit theforest of Araboke-Sokoke in April 1998. In Tanzania, sur-veys have been undertaken in the central region(Ulugurus, Udzungwa and Mahenge Mountains) and thePare Mountains, with further surveys planned to theCrater Highlands in June 1998. The methodology used issimilar to that in Tattersfield (1996). Provisional resultswill be discussed in a paper presented at the UnitasMalacologica meeting in Washington.

There is a provisional checklist of East African non-marine molluscs on computer database, which up-datesthe Verdcourt (1983) list published in Achatina and this isbeing reviewed at present.

ReferencesVerdcourt, B. 1983. Alist of the non-marine Mollusca of

East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda excluding LakeMalawi). Achatina 11: 200-239.

Names and addresses of project personnel (*) andother contacts are as follows:

National Museums of KenyaBox 40658, Nairobi, KenyaDr Koen Maes (Head of Invertebrate Zoology)Mr Mussombi Kibberenge (Malacology Section)*Mr Charles Lange B.Sc. (Museum Assistant)

*Mr Charles Warui B.Sc. (M.Sc. Student)

Natiuonal Museums of TanzaniaBox 512, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania*Dr. Norbert Kayumbo (Director, DSM)*Miss Christina Meena M.Sc. E-mail currently non-operational

UK PROJECT STAFFDr Mary SeddonNational Museums & Galleries of [email protected] Peter Tattersfield Penny Anderson Associates, Consultant [email protected]

Some more specific news of individual projects are nowgiven.

Visit to UK

On 12 July 1997 Charles Lange (Kenya) and ChristineMeena (Tanzania) arrived in London for a three monthvisit to the National Museum of Wales. Much of theirtime was spent working with the East African collectionsin Cardiff. The Melvill-Tomlin collection has materialfirst described in papers on East Africa by authors suchas Preston, Connolly, Smith and Melvill.

Charles bought material from Kakamega Forest, Mt.Elgon and Mt. Kenya; he spent a lot of time trying to sortout identification problems. Christine spent her timelearning how to identify different taxonomic groups andthen trying to sort out the identification of her morphos-pecies from Pugu Hills and Udzungwa National Park.

In addition they were using the library to build up areprint collection to take back to their institutions inKenya and Tanzania, as one of the biggest barriers toworking on invertebrates in these countries is the poorliterature base. Without a library it is difficult to identifyspecies.

Christine and Charles also got to see other parts of theUK, with site visits to the Newbury bypass to look atenviromental impact and site mitigation for molluscs.There, threats to Vertigo moulinsiana, a land snail specieson the European Union Habitats Directive, has resultedin large areas of snail habitat creation. They also visitedthe Wye Valley beech woodlands and the Yorkshire Daleslimestone pavement woodlands as a contrast to the tropi-cal forests where they normally work.

Time passed very rapidly, and on 11 October Christineand Charles returned to their countries, laden down withreprints and notes!

Fieldwork in Kenya

In June 1997 a second field survey was undertaken inNorthern Kenya. Three members of the project team(Peter Tattersfield, Mary Seddon and Charles Lange)travelled north to the Ndoto Mountains, Mt. Kulal, Mt.Nyiro and Marsabit. The trip was not without problems,as the area was under army control following tribal dis-putes after a series of cattle thefts. Despite these prob-lems, with the assistance of officers of the KenyanWildlife Service, local chiefs and the DistrictCommisioner, we managed to get access to these remotemountain areas.

The forest is mainly at high altitudes on the summitareas of these isolated mountains within the midst of thesemi-arid grassland and desert areas. This usuallyinvolved trekking for several days away from the vehi-cle.

Mt. Nyiro was the first area we looked at. Here beautifulPodocarpus forest occurs extensively on the Plateau.Villagers from Tumm assisted with the sampling underthe direction of Charles Lange. The villagers were able tofind areas of relatively undisturbed forest, as well as thesmall area of bamboo, which is located near the highestsummit on the plateau. Four sites were sampled and thematerial is currently being worked on.


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We then moved north to Mt. Kulal, which is accessible bytrack from the mission at Gatab. Mt. Kulal is a UNESCOMan & Biosphere Reserve. The area of forest is quiteextensive, covering both the north and south summits.We spent three days sampling with the assistance of localvillagers, who were able to take us to the areas of forestthat were undisturbed. The forest is notable for the richepiphytes hanging from the trees and the cloud cover.

Four days later we travelled east to Marsabit NationalPark - a site famous for elephants and beautiful craterlakes. Because of its status as a national park it was notpossible to recruit local help in sampling, therefore thesample size was reduced compared to other sites. Theforest here was much drier than at the other sites wherewe sampled, thus finding live land snails was problemat-ic. However, material of the endemic cyclophorid,Maizania marsabitensis, was acquired. The fauna seemedto be more impoverished than at other sites, but weawait the final results with interest.

The final leg was to the Ndoto mountains, north of theMathews Range. Here, access was through the chief atNkurimit, who assisted with the organisation of guideswho knew the mountains. The routes here are not usedmuch for local travel, so are more difficult to find, henceguides are essential. Progress was difficult and samplingtook a day longer than we had hoped. However, by day3 we found good forest with species that we had notseen elsewhere, so the trek was worthwhile.

Currently all samples are being sorted to morphospeciesin Cardiff. Once the data are complete and tabulated, apreliminary report will be sent to the Office of thePresident in Nairobi.

Mt. Kenya project

Charles Warui, an M.Sc student at the University ofNairobi, part supported by the project, carried out a sur-vey on Mt. Kenya using four altitudinal transectsthrough forests with different aspects around the moun-tain in early 1997. These gave information about theimpact of aspect and altitude on the molluscan biodiver-sity of the mountain. He has finished data analysis and isnow on target to submit an M.Sc. thesis by June 1998.

Kakamega project, Kenya

Charles Lange spent three months in the UK reassessingthe identification of the material from Kakamega, and isdrafting a paper on the differences between the mollus-can faunas of indigenous forests and managed planta-tions in Kakamega Forests. He presented a paper at ameeting in London, and the abstract is given below.

WWF project in Udzungwa, Tanzania

Christine Meena was invited to join Peter Stephenson(WWF Tanzania) to look at the molluscan biodiversity ofthe Udzungwa National Park, an area we had previouslybeen unable to look at. Christine spent three days in thepark, getting material from three sites at different eleva-tions. This material has been identified to morphospecies

level and a preliminary report was submitted to WWF inNovember 1997.

Coastal zone forests, Tanzania

Dr Kayumbo and Christine Meena also instigated somesurvey work in the local forests near Pugu in April 1997,following up work that Peter Tattersfield carried out in1995. It is clear that more of this work is needed as thecoastal forest region has a different fauna from that of themountain forests inland.

Comparison of Molluscan Biodiversity inPlantations and Indigenous Forests of TropicalEcosystems in Africa.

Modified abstract of the paper read at the Young Malacologists Forum,Malacological Society of London, Natural History Museum, 25 September1997.

by C. Lange

The biodiversity of Mollusca in forest ecosystems inAfrica has been the subject of recent studies in Kenya(Tattersfield, 1996), Tanzania (Emberton et al., 1997),Madagascar (Emberton 1996) and Gabon (de Winter,1995), but there is as yet, no treatment comparing thelevels of diversity of plantations. Such data are importantas they allow the impact of forest management or reaf-forestation on the native fauna to be assessed.

This study presents data on a case study from Kakamegatropical rain forest, Kenya. The survey was carried out inSeptember 1996, in the forest areas previously surveyedby Tattersfield (1996). Nine sites were examined in fourdifferent forest types (indigenous, Pinus plantation,Bischofia plantation and Maesopsis plantation). At eachsite four replicate samples were taken, following a simi-lar methodology to Tattersfield (1996).

Lower values of species richness, species abundance anddiversity indices were recorded in all forest plantationscompared with the indigenous forest. The indigenousforest contained 8 species that were not found in theplantations. It is then clear that if we are to maintain thebroadest molluscan biodiversity, we need to retain theoriginal forests rather than clear fell areas and replantwith plantation trees. Continued monitoring of theseecosystems’ biodiversity is vital to understand their ratesof faunal decline.

De Winter, A.J. 1995. Gastropod diversity in a rain forestin Gabon, Western Africa. In: Van Bruggen, A.C.,Wells, S.M. & Kemperman, T.C.M., eds. Biodiversityand Conservation of the Mollusca. Backhuys publishers:Oegstgeest-Leiden, Netherlands. p. 223-228.

Emberton, K.C. 1996. Conservation priorities for forestfloor invertebrates of the Southeastern half ofMadagascar: evidence from two land-snail clades.Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 729-741.

Emberton, K.C., Pearce, T.A., Kasigwa, P., Tattersfield, P.& Habib, Z. 1997. High diversity and regionalendemism in land-snails of Eastern Tanzania.Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1123-1136.


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Tattersfield, P. 1996. Local patterns of land snail diversityin a Kenyan rain forest. Malacologia 38: 161-180

Molluscan research in the Eastern Arc forests

by Peter Tattersfield, Mary B. Seddon, Christine Meena,N. Kayumbo & P.F. Kasigwa

Modified abstract of a poster presentation at the Eastern Arc Conference,Morogoro, Tanzania, December 1997.

The Mollusca is the second most diverse animal Phylum,with over 115,000 species. The total number of landsnails is estimated to be over 30,000, with over 1100species in East Africa, but with every survey this numberincreases, as undescribed species are found. Most landmolluscs are detritivores and contribute to forest decom-position processes, although the East African fauna isunusual because of the large numbers of carnivorousspecies. At a practical level, molluscs are easy to sampleand are useful indicators of the health of forest ecosys-tems. They have also contributed much to our knowl-edge about evolution.

The poster presented the methodology and preliminaryresults from an ongoing project on East African mollus-can biodiversity. Since 1995, molluscan surveys havebeen carried out in 18 eastern arc and 7 Tanzaniancoastal forests. Atotal of 136 species were recorded dur-ing the surveys of the Ulugurus, east and westUsambaras, and Ngurus. This represents about 13% ofthe total East African fauna and 33% of the known main-land Tanzanian fauna.

Preliminary results indicate that there are high levels ofdiversity in the Usambaras and Uluguru forests, but theNgurus appear to be species-poor. The Usambara forestsshare some species with those of the coastal belt, but theUluguru fauna appears to be distinct.

The eastern arc forest molluscan faunas are charac-terised, like other groups, by very high levels of localendemism and strong altitudinal zonation. Being highlysensitive to changes in forest microclimate they are espe-cially susceptible to forest disturbance or degradation. Itis clear that sensitive management is essential in the east-ern arc forests if current levels of molluscan biodiversityare to be maintained. Species characteristic of the loweraltitude forest types may have already been lost.

Some of the data collected during the project have beenused in the assessment of Tanzanian molluscs for the1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. In total, 79Tanzanian molluscs were included in the Red List, ofwhich 37 were land snails restricted to the Usambaras.______________________________________________MARY SEDDON,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park,Cardiff CF1 3NP, UKTel 44 1222 573343 Fax 44 1222 239009 E-mail [email protected]

News from the UK

England

In England, English Nature have continued to supportwork on the rare freshwater molluscs such as Anisusvorticulis, Segmentina nitida and Myxas glutinosa. Someof this work will be published in the forthcoming specialvolume of the 1996 Molluscan Conservation conference(see the announcement in this issue of Tentacle). In addi-tion, further work on Margaritifera margaritifera provid-ed some of the evidence used to upgrade this species tofull protection under the UK Wildlife and CountrysideAct during the quincennial review. It is now an offenceto disturb, damage or kill this species in the UK.___________________________________________________MARY SEDDON,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park,Cardiff CF1 3NP, UKTel 44 1222 573343 Fax 44 1222 239009E-mail [email protected]

Wales

In Wales, the National Museum (NMGW) has beenawarded a research grant from the Countryside Councilfor Wales to study the life history of two EuropeanUnion Habitats & Species Directive snails (Vertigo geyeriand V. angustior), which have major Welsh strongholdson the Gower and on Anglesey. The £30,000 over threeyears will support a doctoral studentship for three yearsand has been awarded to Eva Sharland. She will attemptto discover all she can about the needs of these creatures- do they like it hot or wet, how often do they breed,what do they like to eat. Professor Robert Cameron issupervising Eva, and it will not be an easy task given thesize of these animals; it will involve monthly sampling atboth sites and laboratory rearing experiments. The aim ofthe project is to provide reserve management guidelinesfor the protected sites where these animals live and ispart of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.___________________________________________________EVA SHARLAND,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park,Cardiff CF1 3NP, UKE-mail [email protected]

ROBERT A.D. CAMERON,Division of Adult Continuing Education, University of Sheffield, 196-198West Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UKE-mail [email protected]

NEWS FROM AUSTRALIA

by Winston F. Ponder

The publication of The Fauna of Australia, vol. 5.Mollusca: the southern synthesis (Beesley et al., 1998) isone of the most significant things to happen recently.That book will not only heighten interest in molluscsamongst the broader community, it will (and has)increased interest by the Federal Government agenciesresponsible for conservation. The book contains a reviewof molluscan conservation – largely a rehash of Ponder(1997), the text of which is available onhttp://www.austmus.gov.au/science/division/invert/


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mal/endangered/.

Three species of land snails have now been listed asendangered in New South Wales (Meridolum corneovirensfrom western Sydney, Thersites mitchellae from northernNSW coastal rainforest remnants and Placostylus bivarico -sus from Lord Howe Island (part of NSW). There areillustrations and information on these species on theAustralian Museum website at the address given above.

The act under which these NSW species were listed onlycovers terrestrial organisms. Legislation will shortly beenacted to enable the listing of marine and freshwaterspecies in this state.

Last December I organised a meeting held at theAustralian Museum called “The Other 99% - the biodi-versity and conservation of invertebrates”, This four daymeeting was the third to be held at two year intervals inAustralia – the previous ones being in Brisbane andMelbourne respectively. They have a national focus butthis meeting attracted several overseas people amongstthe 200 participants. There were four symposia andalmost 100 papers and posters were presented. The sym-posia addressed topics concerning the description andevaluation of invertebrate diversity, the legislative andpolicy issues and the communication of informationregarding invertebrates. There were two workshops held,one dealing with legislative issues, the other with com-municating the invertebrate agenda. While papers andposters specifically dealing with molluscs were few,many of the papers were relevant to the issues concern-ing molluscan conservation. The proceedings of themeeting, including the workshop results, will be pub-lished –occupying quite a bit of my time over the next 12months!

Environment Australia (EA) has recently published along-awaited overview of non-marine invertebrate con-servation by Alan Yen and Rhonda Butcher (Yen &Butcher, 1997). Aconsultancy will shortly be awarded toproduce a similar volume on marine invertebrate conser-vation.

I am currently doing a consultancy for EAon Australianmarine molluscs potentially threatened by the commer-cial shell trade. This is needed because under our Federalexport legislation each state must have a managementplan for any commercially collected group of organisms.If anyone has any thoughts on marine species likely to beaffected by collecting, commercial or amateur, please letme know.

Some time ago I asked for people to write letters regard-ing a serious threat to a species of viviparid in SouthAustralia (Notopala hanleyi). This species is extinct in itsnatural habitat but persists in a few irrigation pipelines.The situation is that the species cannot be listed asendangered in the state because that is not possibleunder their current legislation. This species occurred inthe Murray River in NSW and Victoria and a closelyrelated species (N. sublineata) or subspecies was oncewidespread in a major tributary of the Murray River, theDarling River in NSW.As far as I know, N. hanleyi onlyexists in one or two irrigation pipelines in SouthAustralia. N. sublineata also appears to be extinct

throughout its range but also exists in a few irrigationpipelines in NSW. I will be applying to have this specieslisted as endangered later this year when the appropriatelegislation (see above) is enacted. Previously it wasthought that N. sublineata was widespread in inlandrivers in Queensland but those records are another close-ly related species, N. alisoni. I am currently revising thetaxonomy of the Australian viviparids.

References

Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds.) 1998. TheFauna of Australia, vol. 5. Mollusca: the southern synthe -sis. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. (Ponder, W.F.Conservation. Vol. 5A, p. 105-115).

Ponder, W.F. 1997. Conservation status, threats and habi-tat requirements of Australian terrestrial and fresh-water Mollusca. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria56(2): 421-430.

Yen, A. & Butcher, R. 1997. An overview of the conservationof non-marine invertebrates in Australia. EnvironmentAustralia, Canberra. 346 p.

___________________________________________________WINSTON F. PONDER,Australian Museum, 6-8 College St., Sydney NSW 2000, AustraliaTel 61 2 339 8120 Fax 61 2 360 4350E-mail [email protected]

PACIFIC ISLAND LAND SNAIL PAGE

Victory! Ogasawaran land snails will survive onAnijima

by Kiyonori Tomiyama & Takahiro Asami

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) is likely toabandon its notorious plan to construct an airport onAnijima Island in the Ogasawara archipelago (seeTentacle issues 6 & 7). As far as we know, in the last twoyears TMG has received more than 200 letters of protestfrom organizations and individuals all over the world,including Tentacle readers. We believe these internationalvoices made major contributions to this delightful victo-ry and thank all of you who made their views known toTMG.

The ecosystem unique to the Ogasawara archipelago,which could be called the "Asian Galapagos" because ofthe many equivalent features noted by Darwin in theOrigin (1859, p.383), fortunately remains intact - but onlyon the single small island Anijima. The biota survivingon this uninhabited island, including the unusuallydiverse fauna of terrestrial molluscs, has been underthreat of being extinguished by construction of a jet-air-port with a 1800 m runway, unthinkably too big for the2000 Ogasawaran residents or even for extravaganttourism (see Tentacle issues 6 & 7 for more details of thisproblem and of the natural history of the island).

For a decade, TMG had insisted on the environmentalappropriateness of the Anijima airport, based on subjec-tive assessments made by private consulting companies.However, TMG seems eventually to have faced thenecessity of more rigorous scientific evaluation prior tocontinuing their planned airport construction, perhaps


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because of the many protests from around the world.Last year TMG entrusted professional researchers withthe environmental assessment and reevaluation of air-port construction in Ogasawara. In November, 1997, thecommittee of environmental scientists in charge reportedthe results of their 7 month investigation. Their reportclearly demonstrates the pristine nature of theOgasawaran biota remaining only on Anijima and stress-es the importance of special protection of Anijima.Further, the report listed nine possible alternative loca-tions for the airport construction, decisively excludingAnijima. TMG is supposed to develop a new airport planfor Ogasawara in several months, based on this report.Thus, it is unlikely that Anijima will again be chosen tobe destroyed.

Wherever an airport is going to be built, it would bethreatening for the fragile ecosystems of oceanic islandssuch as Ogasawara, as small as 10% of the Galapagos inarea. Thus, we should not yet be fully satisfied with thisnews of success, but rather need to keep very muchaware of what happens next. However, this success inpersuading TMG not to construct the airport on Anijima,and thereby to preserve what is left of the originalOgasawaran environment and land snails was not possi-ble without international protests, and the support ofreaders of Tentacle.___________________________________________________KIYONORI TOMIYAMA,Department of Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto,Kagoshima-shi, 890, JapanTel 81 29 285 8937 Fax 81 29 285 8946E-mail [email protected]

TAKAHIRO ASAMI,Division of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan College, Azuma-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8540, JapanTel 81 425 543 3001, ext. 302 Fax 81 425 543 3002E-mail [email protected]

New Zealand Paryphanta deleted from CITES list

From: TRAFFIC Bulletin 17(1): 19.

Paryphanta spp. were removed from Appendix II at thetenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES,held in Harare, Zimbabwe, 9-20 June 1997. The amende-ment entered into force on 18 September 1997.

Partulids declared “protected” in FrenchPolynesia

by Jean-Yves Meyer

In December 1997, all species of the family Partulidae inFrench Polynesia (about 66 Partula spp. and 14 Samoanaspp.), locally called “areho”, were legally declared "pro-tected species" by the French Polynesian Assembly. Thisimplies a total and permanent prohibition of theirdestruction, capture, transportation, utilization, posses-sion, as well as the degradation of their native habitats(arrêté N°1332 CM).

However, some exceptions for scientific purposes mightbe allowed by the French Polynesian government for in-and ex-situ conservation. The family Partulidae, with its100 % endemicity, forms one of the most original groups

of the terrestrial biota of French Polynesia. Moreover,about 57 Partula species are already extinct and manyother species are close to disappearing, mainly becauseof predation by the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea.Many species have been saved from extinction in thewild thanks to ex-situ conservation experiments inEuropean and American zoos and universities. Atrial ofreintroduction of Partula species extinct in the wild hasbeen recently conducted with some success on the islandof Moorea (see previous issues of Tentacle).

Furthermore, Euglandina rosea is also legally recognizedto be a threat to biodiversity, especially the endemicPartulids. This predator is now considered to be a nox-ious species: introduction of live specimens and theirtransport from one island to another is forbidden, anddestruction is authorized (arrêté N°1333 CM).

___________________________________________________

JEAN-YVES MEYER,Délégation de la Recherche, PO Box 20981, Papeete, Tahiti, FrenchPolynesiaTel 689 46 00 89Fax 689 43 34 00 E-mail [email protected]

Partulid and other land snails of the NationalPark of American Samoa

by Robert H. Cowie & Robert P. Cook

In March and May 1998 we conducted surveys in theNational Park of American Samoa, on the islands ofTutuila, Ta‘u and Ofu. The purpose of the surveys was todocument the land snail fauna of this newly establishedPark.

On Tutuila we made 80 collections of snails from 11 ofthe ridges that run from the main backbone ridge of theisland to the ocean. These transects broadly covered theentire area of the Park on Tutuila. Samples were taken atevenly spaced elevations on each ridge and for a stan-dard length of time at each site, to permit estimates ofrelative abundances. We collected both from vegetationand in the litter.

On Ta‘u and Ofu we made a total of 71 collections fromvarious accessible areas, including the summits of bothislands. Our sampling protocol was similar to that usedon Tutuila, covering a broad range of elevations and dis-tinguishing arboreal from ground-dwelling snails.

The collected material still remains to be fully analysed,but preliminary observations indicate that a number ofnative species, especially Helicinidae, are widespreadand abundant, especially on Tutuila and the upper slopesof Ta‘u. Species of Helicarionidae also seem fairly wide-spread, although occurring in relatively low numbers.On Tutuila, however, the introduced carnivorous snailsEuglandina rosea and Gonaxis kibweziensis are widely dis-tributed and often common. E. rosea has been recordedpreviously from Ta‘u but we did not see any. Ofu stillappears free of both Achatina fulica (the introduced giantAfrican snail) and these carnivorous snails. Non-nativehelicarionid snails and veronicellid slugs were alsofound, but the most common species of all were intro-duced Subulinidae.


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We did not collect Partulidae (with one exception), con-sidering them potentially too threatened. However, wedid record all individuals seen. We found three specieson Tutuila: Eua zebrina, Samoana conica, and Samoanaabbreviata, in decreasing order of abundance. Thesespecies were by no means widely distributed in the Park,being found only in certain areas. We could see no obvi-ous reason for this patchiness, with populations beingfound high on the main ridge top as well as only 10 minland from the high tide line at one locality. An explana-tion may yet emerge as the data are mapped andanalysed.

No partulids have been recorded previously from Ta‘uand we did not see any on that island. However, on Ofuwe made perhaps our most significant discoveries:twelve individuals of the Ofu endemic Samoana thurstoni,expanding its known distibution; and, most surprising,an apparently thriving population of a species of Eua,this genus not having been previously recorded fromOfu. (We collected a small number of these Eua sp., feel-ing justified in doing this because of the apparent robuststatus of the population and as vouchers supporting thisnew island record.)While we were pleased to find more partulids than wehad expected, especially S. abbreviata, which hitherto wasconsidered possibly extinct, Samoana thurstoni, which hasapparently always been extremely localised, and the Euasp. on Ofu, there is no cause for complacency. Euglandinarosea and Gonaxis kibweziensis are widely distributed onTutuila, and perhaps still have the potential to expandtheir distributions, with the abundant introduced subu-linids as a ready food source; and rat predation of par-tulids is common. In addition, proposed development inthe Tutuila unit of the park and neighbouring areas hasthe potential to impact the partulids seriously. It is partic-ularly important that Achatina fulica and the predatorysnails be kept out of Ofu. More survey work will beneeded to better document the distribution and abun-dance of partulids, and provide adequate data for evalu-ating proposed developments.___________________________________________________ROBERT H. COWIE,Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-0916, USATel 1 808 848 4118 Fax 1 808 847 8252E-mail [email protected]

ROBERT P. COOK,National Park of American Samoa, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799,USATel 1 684 633 7082 Fax 1 684 633 7085E-mail [email protected]

Hawaiian Achatinella/Partulina tree snail update

by Michael G. Hadfield

Field studies of Achatinella mustelina in the Wai‘anaeMountains and other species in the north Ko‘olauMountains of Oahu continue to provide useful demo-graphic data on the snails as well as important informa-tion on the presence and effects of introduced predators.In 1997 the first good data on the population biology ofAchatinella livida were obtained.

Efforts to improve in situ conservation are under way,including predator abatement and predator exclusion

around threatened populations of Achatinella mustelina.In particular, this work involves development of a toxicbait specifically targeted at the introduced predatorysnail Euglandina rosea.

The basic methods for successful propagation of the treesnails in captivity are now well tested. We have sevenAchatinella species and a number of Partulina species inour captive breeding program. We continue to work toimprove survivorship of all snails, especially those lessthan one year old. Controlled-climate greenhouses havebeen constructed and once temperatures in them are sta-bilized and we are confident that the trees in them arethriving, our captive-propagation capacity will be greatlyimproved and enlarged. There will be more room, andthe conditions will more closely emulate favorable fieldhabitats.

Progress on developing methods for conducting molecu-lar-genetic studies of the snails has been significant. Apreliminary phylogeny for certain species of Achatinellaand Partulina, with Perdicella and Newcombia as out-groups, has been generated.___________________________________________________MICHAEL G. HADFIELD,Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui St., Honolulu,HI 96813, USATel 1 808 539 7319 Fax 1 808 599 4817E-mail [email protected]

Homogenization of the non-marine snail faunasof Pacific islands

by Robert H. Cowie

From: World Conservation, the quarterly bulletin of IUCN-The WorldConservation Union April 1997 - January 1998: 18. [to be reprinted, withcorrections]

The once luxuriant radiations of often spectacularlycolourful endemic snails on Pacific islands are vanishing.They are being replaced by a homogeneous set of mostlytropical tramps. Notable among these are the giantAfrican snail (Achatina fulica) and the suite of predatorysnails introduced deliberately in ill-conceived attempts tocontrol it.

Others include Bradybaena similaris of eastern Asia, theslugs Laevicaulis alte (probably African) and Vaginulus ple -beius (Neotropical), and a number of species in the familySubulinidae, one of which, the Neotropical Allopeasgracile, was even as long ago as the turn of the centuryconsidered “the most widely distributed land snail in theworld”. The now almost ubiquitous European gardensnail, Helix aspersa, is established in slightly cooler locali-ties (above about 1000 m in Hawaii), as is the carnivo-rous Oxychilus cellarius [should read Oxychilus alliarius; amistake in the original publication; although O. cellariusmay also be present in Hawaii], also western Europeanin origin.

In the freshwater realm, South American “apple snails”(family Ampullariidae; Pomacea spp.) have been intro-duced to Hawaii, Guam, Palau and New Guinea, as wellas to many South-east Asian countries. They are seriousrice and taro pests, and would pose a significant threat tonatural wetlands of these and other islands, were they


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introduced.Other freshwater species include common aquariumsnails and others transported on aquatic plant material(mostly Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae). Hawaiinow has more introduced than native species of freshwa-ter snails.

With the catastrophic exception of Euglandina rosea, mostof these non-indigenous species have occupied habitatthat was already seriously modified by human activities.They have probably only rarely interacted with nativesnail species. However, they are mostly relatively recentintroductions - the rate of introduction has increasedover the latter half of the twentieth century, and contin-ues to do so. As these established aliens, as well as newlyintroduced species expand into previously unoccupiedterritory, they will likely come into increasing contactwith remnant populations of native species - the out-come is unlikely to be good. [While this may be the casein Hawaii, since the original article was written, I haverealized that this may not be the case on islands wherethe native habitat has been less dramatically modifiedand where non-indigenous snails are abundant in thenative habitat; there may indeed be significant impacts].___________________________________________________Robert H. Cowie,Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-0916, USATel 1 808 848 4118, Fax 1 808 841 8968E-mail [email protected]

MARINE MATTERS

Please note Winston Ponder’s request for input in hisarticle above (“News from Australia”). The relevantparagraph is reprinted here:

I am currently doing a consultancy for EnvironmentAustralia on Australian marine molluscs potentiallythreatened by the commercial shell trade. This is neededbecause under our Federal export legislation each statemust have a management plan for any commercially col-lected group of organisms. If anyone has any thoughtson marine species likely to be affected by collecting, com-mercial or amateur, please let me know.

Ancient cephalopod needs protection

From: Oryx 32(2): 98 (which took it from Sea Wind,September-December 1997, 11(4): 20-23)

Nautilus pompilius and N. macromphalus, members of arelic order of cephalopod molluscs, may be facing extinc-tion in the Philippines because of the high demand fortheir shells as souvenirs. Research during the late 1970sand early 1980s concluded that overfishing had reducedpopulations of these species and there has been little evi-dence of a recovery. Nautilus species are long-lived andhave low reproductive rates. They are difficult to cultureand so captive breeding is unlikely to be successful.These poorly known species are found in restricted habi-tat along vertical coral reefs of continental shelves in thetropical south-east Pacific [should read “south-west”]. Atnight they swim to the surface, allowing easy capture inbaited traps. Information is being collected towards

proposing Nautilus spp. for listing under CITES.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS RELEVANTTO MOLLUSC CONSERVATION

The following are the abstracts of papers presented at asymposium on “Gene Conservation: management andevolutionary units in freshwater mussel management”,Journal of Shellfish Research 16(1): 322-327 [1997].

Berg, D.J., Hoeh, W.R. & Guttman, S.I. Alternate modelsof genetic structure in unionid populations: conserva-tion and management implications.

Black, M.C. Biomarker assessment of environmental con-tamination with freshwater mussels.

Bowen, B.W. Management units and evolutionary signifi-cant units in conservation.

Hoeh, W.R., Guttman, S.I. & Berg, D.J. Correlationbetween mating system and distribution of geneticvariation in Utterbackia (Bivalvia: Unionidae).

Johnson, R.L., Fang Qing-Liang & Farris, J.L. Geneticdiversity among several species of unionid mussels inArkansas.

Kandl, K.L., Liu, H.-P., Mulvey, M., Butler, R. & Hoeh,W.R. Clarification of Pleurobema pyriforme as aspecies or species-complex and implications for theconservation of rare freshwater mussels.

Karl, S.A. Geographic scale and molecular stock assess-ment.

Liu, H.-P. & Mulvey, R. Molecular phylogenetic relation-ships among freshwater mussels of the subfamilyAnodontinae: conservation implications.

Lohoefener, R. Species and subspecies: protecting aquaticinvertebrates under the Endangered Species Act of1973, as amended.

Morrison, P.A. The role of National Wildlife Refuges inconserving biological and genetic diversity of fresh-water mussels.

Mulvey, M. & Liu, H.-P. Genetic relationships amongAtlantic slope lanceolate Elliptio: RFLPs of amplifiedITS region and allozymes.

Nammack, M. NMFS [National Marine Fisheries Service]and the evolutionary significant unit concept forPacific salmon.

Roe, K.J. & Lydeard, C.L. Species delineation and theidentification of evolutionarily significant units in thefreshwater mussel genus Potamilus.

Villella, R., King, T. & Starliper, C. Translocation pro-grams in freshwater mussels: genetic and diseaseconcerns.

von Oettingen, S. & Mignogno, D. National strategy forthe conservation of native freshwater mussels.

Williams, J.D. Conservation status of freshwater mussels:families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae.

Other publications

Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds.) 1998. TheFauna of Australia, vol. 5. Mollusca: the southern synthe -sis. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Boles, L.C. & Lipcius, R. 1997. Potential for populationregulation of the zebra mussel by finfish and the bluecrab in North American estuaries. Journal of ShellfishResearch 16(1): 179-186.

Cowie, R.H. 1998. Patterns of introduction of non-indige-


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nous non-marine snails and slugs in the HawaiianIslands. Biodiversity and Conservation 7(3): 349-368

Cowie, R.H. 1998. Catalog of the nonmarine snails andslugs of the Samoan Islands. Bishop Museum Bulletinin Zoology 3, viii + 122 p.

Cowie, R.H. & Howarth, F.G. 1998. Biological control:disputing the indisputable. Trends in Ecology andEvolution 13(3): 110.

D’Itri, F.M. (ed.) 1997. Zebra mussels and aquatic nuisancespecies. Ann Arbor Press: Chelsea, Michigan. ix + 638p.

Gatenby, C.M., Parker, B.C. & Neves, R.J. 1997. Growthand survival of juvenile rainbow mussels, Villosa iris(Lea, 1829) (Bivalvia: Unionidae), reared on algaldiets and sediment. American Malacological Bulletin14(1): 57-66.

Hosaka, K.-I. & Fukuda, H. 1996. Discovery of a popula-tion of an endangered brackish-water snailStenothyra japonica (Gastropoda: Neotaenioglossa:Stenothyridae) and characteristics of the accompa-nied molluscan fauna in Onoda City, YamaguchiPrefecture, western Japan, with a comment on theconservation value. The Yuriyagai: Journal of theMalacozoological Association of Yamaguchi 4: 65-96.

Malakoff, D. 1997. Extinction on the high seas. Science277: 486-488.

Mulvey, M., Lydeard, C., Pyer, D.L., Hicks, K.M., Brim-Box, J., Williams, J.D. & Butler, R.S. 1997.Conservation genetics of North American freshwatermussels Amblema and Megalonais. ConservationBiology 11(4): 868-878.

Nichols, S.J. & Wilcox, D.A. 1997. Burrowing saves LakeErie clams. Nature 389: 921.

Obermeyer, B.K., Edds, D.R., Prophet, C.W. & Miller, E.J.1997. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in theVerdigris, Neosho, and Spring River basins of Kansasand Missouri, with emphasis on species of concern.American Malacological Bulletin 14(1): 41-55.

Patterson, M.A., Parker, B.C. & Neves, R.J. 1997. Effectsof quarantine times on glycogen levels of nativefreshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) previouslyinfested with zebra mussels. American MalacologicalBulletin 14(1): 75-79.

Ponder, W.F. Conservation. In Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. &Wells, A. (eds.) 1998. The Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5.Mollusca: the southern synthesis. CSIRO Publishing:Melbourne. Vol. 5A, p. 105-115.

Preece, R.C. 1998. Impact of early Polynesian occupationon the land snail fauna of Henderson Island, Pitcairngroup (South Pacific). Philosophical Transactions of theRoyal Society of London B 353: 347-368.

Reynolds, J.E. 1997. Report of the Conchological SocietyPartula colony 1996. Conchologists’Newsletter 9(3) [no.143]: 875-880.

Schloesser, D.W., Smithee, R.D., Longton, G.D. &Kovalak, W.P. 1997. Zebra mussel induced mortalityof unionids in firm substrata of western Lake Erieand a habitat for survival. American MalacologicalBulletin 14(1): 67-74.

Yamashita, H., Okamoto, M., Harato, M. & Fukuda, H.1997. The present status and conservation values ofendangered mollusks in tidal f

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