TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES

TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES 30

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:Temporary structuresare defined as buildings intended to be used for short periods of time. Suchstructuresmay be used at special events or displays such as weddings, functions, music festivals, market days, etc.True characteristics of a temporary structure are it is de- and re-mountable, low mass construction technique ,temporary doesnt mean a short life, unlimited possibilities of form, future use ,translucency.A temporary structure is "Any piece of work that is readily movable and used or intended to be used for a period not to exceed 90 consecutive days. Such structure shall be subject to all applicable property development standards for the district in which it is located." (Scottsdale, Ariz.)Or "A structure without any foundation or footing and removed when the designated time period, activity, or use for which the temporary structure was erected has ceased." (Santa Monica, Calif.)1.2 AIM:To study about cost effective construction techniques and building materials used in the construction of temporary structures.1.3 OBJECTIVES:The objectives of the study are, Study terminologies used in temporary structures. Study different parts of a temporary structure. Different types of temporary structures and the occasions in which they are used. To study about the choice of appropriate design and materials. To study construction techniques of temporary structures. To study proper planning and control of work practices. To study correct positioning on the site including ground conditions and foundations.1.4 SCOPE:Temporary structures have evolved considerably over the years, bringing a wide range of marquee hire options for anyoneorganising a festival, exhibition, product launch, wedding or private party because of their comparatively low cost, versatility and unique designs. And nowadays architects, engineers are choosing innovative , fast finishing and cost effective methods of construction. The study will be helpful to promote the usage of temporary structures among people who depends on permanent structure for exhibition and other purposes because of expense issues, as my study is to identify cost effective construction techniques and materials.

1.5 LIMITATIONS:The study is limited to the following due to time constraints and availability of case studies: Details of temporary structures used only for exhibition purposes( its design, planning, construction, dismantling and risk assessment). Details of modular and custom designs Fixing and construction details. Time required for construction and dismantling of temporary structures, cost, climatic suitability, foundation requirements, height and risk of construction of aluminium alloy framed structures, light gauge steel framed structures and wooden framed structures.1.6 EXPECTED OUTCOME:Identifying Cost effective construction techniques and choice of material used for the construction of temporary exhibition structures for different climatic conditions.

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DATA COLLECTION :Temporary structures are structures capable of large configuration changes in an autonomous way. It can change shape so as to significantly change its size. They are sometimes known under the names like transportable, expandable, extendible, portable, developable structures.2.1.1 DIFFERENT PARTS AND TERMINOLOGIES :a) Column base plate: connects the portal frame to the soil. It normally consists of 4 screw holes, and some even have 3 extra holes to join bracings and columns. (fig 2.2)b) Intermediate column: supports and joins intermediate rafters (fig 2.1)c)Apex bracket: Joins the opposing rafters and together and is the highest point of the shed portal frame. (fig 2.1)d) Haunch plate/knee plate: Joins the roof opposing side rafters to opposing side columns to complete portal frame (fig 2.1)e) Wall girt: This connects the wall sheets to the portal frames. Wall girt run along the length of the structure and are fixed to the frame (fig2.1)

(Figure 2.1 : Different parts of a temporary structure)f) End Wall Girt: This connects the wall sheets to the wall columns. End wall girt run across the width of the structure fixed to the frame (fig 2.1)g) PA Door: is the terminology for a personnel access door (fig 2.1)h) Diagonal Bracing: Generally provided to upgrade the lateral stability for the structural frame (fig 2.1)i) End wall columns: Used to support the end wall rafters and end wall girts.(fig 2.1)j) Roof purlin: This connects the roof sheeting to the portal frame. They run along the entire length of the structure fixed to the frame.(fig 2.1) (Figure 2.2 : Column with base plate)2.1.2 TYPES OF TEMPORARY STRUCTURES:2.1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DURATION1.Long term Temporary structures:Not just a Short-term solution, temporary building structures can be used as long term solution. This category includes structures which are used for duration of months. The temporary buildings will last for as long as you need them. They can also stand alone, or be attached to extend a pre-existing building with sizes ranging from 7.00m to 32.00m and if necessary, modules can be produced to a specific size.2.Short term Temporary structures:Structures which is used for a duration of some days to weeks. such structures will be easy to erect and dismantle. 2.1.2.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPE OF THE ROOF1.Gable roof temporary structures:The gable roof has two sloping sides that meet at the top to form a gable at each end. A gable is the triangular wall enclosed by the sloping ends of the roof. The gable roof is the most common type of roof. The clear span width is 5 to 80 metres. The side height is3 to10 metres and varies depending on specific models. Shown in Figure 2.3.

(Figure 2.3 Gable roof temporary structure)

2.Barrel roof temporary structures:It's high strength Temporary structure. Along the length of the semi-cylinder, these roofs are capable large spans. The ancient Romans first used the semicircular arch which was then extended into vault for tunnelled aqueducts etc. Shown in figure 2.4.

(Figure 2.4 : Barrel roof temporary structure)3.Saddle roof temporary structures:Saddle roofhas two meanings, one modern and one historical. The modern meaning is a roof form which follows a convex curve about one axis and a concave curve about the other. Thehyperbolic paraboloidform has been used for roofs at various times since it is easily constructed from straight sections of lumber, steel, or other conventional materials. The term is used because the form resembles the shape of asaddle.

(Figure 2.5 : Shape of a Saddle roof)

4. A-Frame roof temporary structures:AnA-frameis an architectural house stylefeaturing steeply-angled sides (roofline) that usually begin at or near the foundation line, and meet at the top in the shape of the letterA. An A-frame ceiling can be open to the top rafters. Usually used for Temporary housing purposes, vacation houses etc.

(Figure 2.6 : A-Frame roof temporary structure)5.Gambrel roof structure:The gambrel roof is a gable with a slight bend on each side. It is a hallmark of Dutch Colonial style. The best way to describe a gambrel roof is by saying barn roof. The gambrel style roof is most commonly used on barns. a barn is a large farm building used for storing grain, hay, or straw or for housing livestock However, it is also used in residential construction. This type of roof has the benefit of providing a good amount of space in the attic.

(Figure 2.7 : Gambrel roof structure)

6.Shed roof temporary structures:A shed roof is basically a flat roof but has more pitch. This type of roof only slopes down in one direction. It is sometimes used on a lower porch roof and ties into a wall or upper steeper roof. It is also used on smaller temporary buildings where one wall is built taller than the opposite one to create the pitch, hence the term "shed roof".

(Figure 2.8 : Shed roof structure)

7. Flat roof structures:Flat roofs are definitely the most simple roof to build because they have little to no pitch. The most common types of roofing systems used with flat roofs are rubber roofing systems. They are easy to build and require lesser materials and labour than most other type of roofs.

(Figure 2.9 : Flat roof temporary structure)

8. Saltbox roof structures:This type of roof is just a gable built on two different height walls. Sometimes this style of roof is used to gain space to create a loft area.

(Figure 2.10 : Saltbox roof)9.Tented or Pavilion roof:Atented roofis a type of polygonalhippedroofwith steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak. Tented roofs, a hallmark of medieval religious architecture, were widely used to cover churches with steep, conical roof structures.

(Figure 2.11 : Pavilion roof structure)

2.1.2.3 Classification According To Structural Frame Materials1.Aluminium Alloy frame: It is High strength, rustproof, lightweight, Waterproof, fireproof, UV resistant, Factory good price, fast delivery. Structural frame is High-strength aluminium alloy with PADF coating. Connector is made of zinc powder-coated steel. The frame is strong, durable, light in weight, not easy to rust and distort. No pole inside, space can be 100% utilized. Easy to set up and take down. Convenient to transport and store.Installation on any grounds with Expansion screw/Steel nail/Loading system. Optional accessories: Transparent cover, PVC-clear windows, glass door, slide door, folding door, tent, floor system, weight plate, lining and curtain, lighting, rain gutter, pins , carpet, tables, stage, and chairs, air-conditioner. Solid walls, Glass walls, Sandwich walls. spanned up to 40 meters. Height can be up to 5m. Use: party, event, wedding, ceremony, exhibition.

(Figure 2.12 : aluminium alloy frame temporary structure)2.Timber frame or Wooden frame: Light wood framed construction is one of the most popular types of buildings method for temporary as well as permanent structures. It is light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or equipments. Every components can easily be carried by hand. The main tool used in wooden frame construction is a Handheld nail gun. It is able to adapt itself to any geometric shape, and can be clad with a variety of materials. There are a huge variety of products and systems tailored to this type of construction.

(Figure 2.13 : Timber frame temporary structure)

It has these negative characteristics: It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood. It is not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes.Every timber frame structures are made of a few basic components: Studs are vertical wooden members within the walls. Joists are the horizontal wooden beams that support the floors. Rafters are the sloping wooden beams that support the roof. Sheathing are the sheets that are nailed over the studs to connect them securely and form the wall surfaces. Sliding is the exterior cladding that covers the walls from the outside. Timber frame structures can be again classified in to:a) Platform framed structures:It is also called "western" framing. Joists, studs, rafters, and plates are the members that are used to construct platform framing. Each floor is constructed as its own unit, helping to prevent fire from spreading between floors. Wall sections for each floor are also constructed as one-story units. Settling does occur after a house is framed, but most shrinkage occurs uniformly over a structure. Generally this type of structures are used for semi permanent and permanent structures . Typical construction methods for platform framing are shown below.Platform Framing and FoundationPlatform frames are started with a sill plate attached to the foundation, and joists run perpendicular from the sill plate. A joist header attaches to the end of each joist. The studs are then attached to the joists, running the ceiling height of the floor. The subflooring is installed on top of the joists. A sole plate is then installed on top of the subflooring material.

(Figure 2.14 : Platform framing for ground floor)Platform Framing and Upper FloorsThe details in upper floor framing are similar to the ground floor. No fire stopping is required, as the construction method provides a joist hanger, which is a built-in fire stopping and structural system. The height of the studs for each floor are determined by the desired ceiling height for that particular floor.

(Figure 2.15 : Platform framing for upper floors)b) Balloon frame structures: Balloon framing is no longer apopular framing system. Balloon framing uses the same type of members as platform framing, but with more substantial sized material for studs. Studs in a balloon frame run continuously from the sill all the way to the rafter. The second floor joists are supported on a ribbon instead of a joist header. Fire stopping is added to the spaces between the studs, which provides a space for mechanical system installation. Generally this type of structures are used for semi permanent and permanent structures. Typical construction methods for balloon framing are shown below.Balloon Frame and FoundationThe foundation for a balloon frame is constructed the same as in the platform framing method, shown above. There is a sill plate attached to the foundation, and joists run perpendicular from the sill plate. The studs are then attached to the joists, and run the entire height of the house. The subflooring is installed on top of the joists.

(figure 2.16 Balloon framing for ground floor)Balloon Framing and Upper FloorsThe details of upper floor construction are different in balloon framing. Each floor's joists are run off of the same stud members that continue through the height of the house. In order to hang the joists, ribbon members are installed to the studs. This type of construction provides great stability. Fire stopping is included in the stud bays.

(Figure 2.17 : Balloon framing for upper floors)c) Cruck frame structures:Usually build this using round wood (eg. bamboo) so the natural form of the trees can still be appreciated. a variety of roofing and walling options are available.

(Figure 2.18 : Cruck frame structure)d) Creek town structures:This form is a native American structure from the Alabama, Mississippi area. The roof can be Thatched , felted or shingled.

(Figure 2.19 : Creek frame structure)

e)Tent structure:This structure mark the early evolution of green timber frames. This structures can be built with a mix of round and square timber. The roof can be covered with shingles, tarps, felt or thatch. This structure can be closed in or left open ended.

(Figure 2.20 : Tent structure)f) Round frame structures:Large trees are used to create this beautiful circular space. The reciprocal frame can support a living turf roof with no centre pole. The structure is often left open sided for transparency. A variety of different wall types can be fitted on any number of the sides.

(Figure 2.21 : Round frame structure)g)Byre: This is a traditional type of building form that can be extended to any number of bays. It is held together with wooden pegs and cut from large trees.

(Figure 2.22 : Byre structure)3.Light Gauge steel framed buildings:Light gauge steel construction is very similar to wood framed construction in principle. The wooden framing members are replaced with thin steel sections. The steel sections used here are called cold formed sections, meaning that the sections are formed, or given shape at room temperature. This is in contrast to thicker hot rolled sections, that are shaped while the steel is molten hot. Cold framed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of steel through a series of rollers each roller changing the shape very slightly, with the net result of converting a flat sheet of steel into a C or S shaped section.The steel used here is coated with zinc (called galvanized)or a mixture of zinc and aluminium (called zincalume or galvalume by some) to protect it from corrosion. The thickness of this coating can be varied to suit a range of environments. Typically Humid environments require the most protection, and dry, arid regions the least.The thickness of steel used here range from about 1 to 3mm for structural sections and 1 to 2 mm for non-structural sections. The members are sized to roughly correspond to wood members. 2"x4" and 2"x6" are common sizes.Like in wooden framed construction, a frame of steel members is first constructed and then clad with dry sheeting on both sides to form a load bearing wall. Construction with steel follows the platform frame system of building. Connections between members are made with self tapping self drilling screws.Some advantages of light gauge steel framed buildings over wooden framed buildings are: They are light and allow quick building without heavy tools or equipment. Every component can easily be carried by hand. The main tool is a light , handheld screw gun. since steel is strong, LGS structures are lighter than wood framed structures of equivalent strength.Their higher strength allows greater spacing between members when compared to wood frame construction. It is able to shape itself to any form, and can be clad and insulated with a wide range of materials. It is non-combustible. They do not rot, shrink, warp or decompose like wood structures.

(Figure 2.23: Light gauge steel framed structure)

2.1.2.4 Classification According To Roofing Material:1.Membrane roofed Temporary structures or fabric structures:Tensilefabric structuresis architecture of new generation as well as possibility to supplement Traditional architectural solutions. Tensioned membrane material is considered to be the fifth construction element after metal, stone, glass, and concrete. Solutions of architecture textile have been applied just recently not only in Europe, but also in the whole world especially Middle East, therefore lately the popularity of them is growing. Such structures provide a greater flexibility. Some of the membrane materials are give in the section 2.1.3. Such structures are fast to erect and dismantle, they are low cost. Modular and custom designs are available and they can be easily transported.

(Figure 2.24 : Membrane roofed temporary structure)Table 2.1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Membrane Roofed Temporary Structure:AdvantagesDisadvantages

Ideal as an instant temporary fix. Fast to erect. Fast to dismantle. Will fix to any hard standing surface( whether it is bolts or spikes) Will stand on sloping or uneven ground. Not as secure as steel roof building due to PVC fabric used for the roof. Depreciate and deteriorate over time with maximum 10 years life span. Not classed as an asset because they are de-mountable. Require regular maintenance. Low fire retardancy values because of the PVC and Aluminum.

2. Steel clad roof structures:They are still relatively fast to erect and fast to dismantle. The combination of steel roof and wall cladding adds to the overall stability. The steel roof cladding provides improved security. No Footings are required. This type of temporary structures can be also called as semi-permanent structures.

(Figure 2.25 :Steel clad roof structure) Table 2.2 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steel Clad Roof Structure:AdvantagesDisadvantages

Very low capital cost compared to a conventional building. Supplied in variety of cladding colours to match existing (if extending) secure as any other conventional buildings. 100% water tight. Parts and cladding warranties up to 50 years. Totally maintenance free. Fabricated to your exact size requirements. May require concrete base if it is to be for a long term use.

2.1.3 MEMBRANE MATERIALSa) PolyesterAmong the most widely used materials are polyester and laminated or coated with poly vinyl chloride (PVC).polyester is frequently used because of its strength, durability, cost and stretch. it costs Rs.210/sq ft

(Figure 2.26 : Polyester)

b)FibreglassAnother widely used membrane structure, coated with Teflon or silicone. The fibreglass has a high ultimate tensile strength, behaves elastically and does not undergo significant stress relaxation and creep. The Teflon coating is chemically inert, withstands temperature from -100F to 450F , is immune to UV radiation and can be cleaned with water. It costs Rs.179/sq ft.

(Figure 2.27 : Fibreglass)

c)NylonNylon which may be laminated with vinyl films, is stronger and more durable than polyester. But has a higher cost and more stretch . It may a good choice for some small jobs, but it stretches too much for use in large buildings. It cots Rs.334/sq ft. (Figure 2.28 : Nylon)d) KevlarKevlar is an excellent light weight material used for construction, but it is very expensive and therefore not used for large structures. It costs Rs.815/sq ft. (Figure 2.29 : Kevlar)e)TarpaulinA tarpaulin or tarp is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water resistant material they have grommets at the corners and along the sides to form attachment points for rope, allowing them to be tied down or suspended. It costs Rs.30/sq ft. (Figure 2.30 : Tarpaulin)

2.1.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TEMPORARY STRUCTURES:a) Site preparation: The site should be levelled if not The layout must be clearly defined using profile pegs and string lines. The position for the base plates are marked using chalk or pegs.

(Figure 2.31 : Setting of layout)

b) Portal frame assembly: Base plate is fixed to the ground using 20mm thick , 80cm long cast iron rod such that 50cm is below the ground. The depth of the drill hole should be the screw bolt length +2times the screw bolt diameter. The spacing between each base plate should be 3 to 6m. Fix the column in any of the following ways.

(Figure 2.32 : Fixing of base plate)

(Figure 2.33 : Depth of drill hole)1) Method with base plateAll columns are fixed to the base plates simply by bolting.

(Figure 2.34 : Column bolted to base plate)

2) Methods without base platea)The column will have 2 parts: one with holes at 15cm interval and the other with a rotatable screw with a handle. The latter will have slightly larger diameter than former. The lower portion is fixed simply in to the ground to a depth 60cm and the upper portion is adjusted to required height and bolted. Lift inner tube as near as possible to the required height. Outer tube is kept steady by placing it into the ground. Insert pin through the slot in the outer tube passing through the nearest hole in the inner tube. Turn handle for final adjustment. the process is shown in figure.b)A U-beam (2cm thick) is fixed into the ground using U-shaped steel clamp of 70cm length with pointed ends, of which 60 cm will be below the ground. Column (I-section 2cm thick) is bolted to the U beam.

(Figure 2.35: U beam and Column arrangement) The rafter beams are fixed separately by aligning them with the corresponding holes of the apex plate and bolting them.

(Figure 2.36 : Rafter and Apex plate) The already fixed rafter and apex plate is brought using a chain pulley arrangement and bolted to the column along with a haunch plate by aligning them with their corresponding holes.

(Figure 2.37 : Fixing of Rafter to columns) Purlins are fixed to the columns to hold all the adjacent rafters. All the bolts may be hand tightened or pneumatic torque wrench may be used. repeat the above procedures until all the portal frames are assembled. Relying on column base plates without using construction bracing could result with the frame collapsing. For spanning up to 20m bracing may be provided at a column interval of 25m, whereas for a span more than 20m, bracing may be provided each 9-10 m.

(Figure 2.38 : Pneumatic Torque wrench)

2.1.5 CONNECTION DETAILS OF MEMBRANE MATERIALS:There are various methods through which the membrane materials can be connected with the frame of the structure. some of the commonly used methods are described below: Connections by creating pocket on fabric material for inserting metal rods into it as shown in figure 2.39 Connections by bolting fabric membrane material to the end plates as shown in figure 2.40 Connections by tying fabric and structural materials to an external support using metal ties as shown in figure 2.41

(Figure 2.39 : Connection by creating pocket on fabric material)

(Figure 2.40 : Connection by bolting)

(Figure 2.41 : Connection by tying fabric to an external support)

2.1.6 SERVICES:2.1.6.1 AIR CONDITIONING:Air conditioningis the process of altering the properties ofair (primarily temperature andhumidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improvethermal comfortandindoor air quality.Portable air conditioners are used to condition the occupied spaces inside temporary event structures. They can be easily transported inside the buildings. They are currently available with capacities of about 5,00060,000BTU /h (1,80018,000W output) and with or without electric-resistance heaters. Portable air conditioners are either evaporative or refrigerative.The compressor-based refrigerant systems are air-cooled, meaning they use air to exchange heat, in the same way as a car or typical household air conditioner does. Such a system dehumidifies the air as it cools it. It collects water condensed from the cooled air and produces hot air which must be vented outside the cooled area; doing so transfers heat from the air in the cooled area to the outside air.Portable split systemA portable split system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit.

(Figure 2.42 : Portable split A/c)Portable hose systemHose systems, which can bemonoblockorair-to-air, are vented to the outside via airducts. Themonoblocktype collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-airtype re-evaporates the water and discharges it through the ducted hose and can run continuously.A single-hose unit uses air from within the room to cool its condenser, and then vents it outside. This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms (due to the negative pressure inside the room), thus reducing the unit's effectiveness.

(Figure 2.43 : Portable hose system)Portable evaporative systemEvaporative coolers, sometimes called "swamp coolers", do not have a compressor or condenser. Liquid water is evaporated on the cooling fins, releasing the vapour into the cooled area. Evaporating water absorbs a significant amount of heat, thelatent heat of vaporisation, cooling the air. Humans and animals use the same mechanism to cool themselves bysweating. Evaporative coolers have the advantage of needing no hoses to vent heat outside the cooled area, making them truly portable. They are also very cheap to install and use less energy than refrigerative air conditioners.

(Figure 2.44 : Portable evaporative system)2.1.6.2 LIGHTING:Lightingorilluminationis the deliberate use oflightto achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificiallight sourceslike lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturingdaylight.Day lighting(using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

(Figure 2.45 : Lighting inside a temporary structure)a)Natural lighting through roof or wall systems:Usage of transparent materials as wall or roof envelop provides natural lighting inside the building. materials such as clear vinyl fabric, poly carbonate sheets, PVC roofs etc provides high degree of natural light.Translucent fabrics permit a large amount of natural light to pass through them, which helps to trap and retain heat in the winter period, but can promote extremely high temperatures in the summer, which need to be controlled.

(Figure 2.46 : Natural Lighting using transparent membrane materials)b) Artificial lighting:Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. Lamp types include: Fluorescentlight: A tube coated withphosphorcontaining low pressuremercuryvapor that produces white light.

(Figure 2.47 : Fluorescent light) Halogen: Incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the efficacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp.

(Figure 2.48 : Halogen lamps) Neon: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on the gas.

(Figure 2.49 : Neon lamp)

Light emitting diodes: Light emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit light by dint of the movement of electrons in aSemi conductormaterial.

(Figure 2.50 : LED Lamp) Compact fluorescent lamps: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new installations.

(Figure 2.51 : Compact fluorescent lamps)

2.1.6.2.1 METHODS OF LIGHTING: Down lightingis most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fittings.The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen down light or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps. Up lightingis less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general illuminance levels. Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface. While indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle. Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produceglareneareyelevel.Backlightingeither around or through an object is mainly for accent.

2.2 LITERATURE CASE STUDY:2.2.1 IBM TRAVELING PAVILION (1983-1986) BY RENZO PIANO:Architect : Renzo PianoPurpose : Travelling pavilion for exhibition of computers2.2.1.1 Introduction:In 1983, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), a leading company in the computer industry, decided to promote the knowledge of technology, especially among young people, by creating a travelling exhibit that would bet set up, for one month at a time, in the parks of twenty different European cities. The architectural structure used for this exhibit had to ensure precise microclimate control for the interior space in which the sophisticated electronic equipment would be exhibited to the public, and had to be able to be set up in various different settings. The building, which was 48 metres long, 12 metres wide and 7 metres high, was comprised of an entirely disassemblable transparent tunnel, equipped with the various support systems for the computerized instrumentation that would be put on display. Each time the exhibition was moved, a specific project had to be developed in order to allow it to be inserted within the new context, while the functionality of the building itself only required a connection to a main electrical power source.

(Figure 2.52 : IBM Travelling pavilion

(Figure 2.53 :Model Of IBM Travelling Pavilion)The arch elements, being the modular structure of the building itself, were assembled upon an appropriately-outfitted and raised platform that housed all of the necessary systems. The 34 arches, each with three hinges, were comprised of 68 semi-arches. These semi-arches were made up of three-dimensional beams in which a polycarbonate material served as both an external covering as well as the lattice structure between the inner and outer arches. Each individual arch was made up of 12 polycarbonate pyramids. The internal structure was mainly made out of three primary materials: wood, which was employed in the laminated beech wood uprights, cast aluminium, which was used for the joints, and transparent polycarbonate, which was used to construct the thermoformed pyramids that served as the structural and roof cladding elements. Wood was also used for the flooring and the walls, and as a base for the objects that were put on display. The pavilion has not been reassembled since it was permanently dismantled following the completion of the exhibition in 1986.Materials:The structure is composed of a sequence of 3 hinged arched units, forming a cylindrical vault which can be easily assembled and dissembled. It stands on a framed floor. Each unit is made of three basic materials cast aluminium laminated wood poly carbonate pyramids

(Figure 2.54 :Section of the pavilion)2.2.1.2 CONNECTIONS AND ASSEMBLY The construction consist of a raised steel framed floor enclosed with 34 self supporting arches, 1.4m in width spanning 10.2m The outer laminated timber spar which joins the top of each pyramid with two similar spars forms the double internal chords of the arch. The structure formed by the pyramids and the spars behave as a triangular cross-section truss. The spars made from laminated wood in short sections, are glued to cast aluminium nodes to which the pyramids are stiffened with metal plates and stainless steel blocks, bonded with special glues to the polycarbonate

For the assembly, two halves of the arched truss units are pinned at the base to the framed floor and then lifted in to arch position. pin connections join the arch tops, and the floor seams are attached as additional units to complete the cylindrical vault.

(Figure 2.55 : Site layout of IBM Travelling pavilion)

2.3 LIVE CASE STUDY:2.3.1 MANORAMA FIESTA 2014 HELD AT JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU STADIUM, KOCHIN.Malayala manorama conducted their annual shopping exhibition 'manorama fiesta' on august 28 up to September 14 at jawahar lal nehru stadium, kochin.Features: Barrel roof without any intermediate column supportsMaterials used: Aluminium fabricated Purlin pipes of 2inches diameter tarpaulin sheets and polyester sheets as the membrane material Runner wood pieces, Wooden boards and carpets for plat form Arch units of 150 cm height, 120 cm height and a central arch unit

(Figure 2.56 : Views of the Pavilion)

(Figure 2.57 :Layout of the site)

(Figure 2.58 : Plan of the exhibition pavilion)2.3.1.1 CONSTRUCTION:1.Site preparation The site was already a level land The required area and the Position of the base plates are marked with pegs and threads The size of the pavilion was 80x25m

2. Portal frame assembly Each base plates are aligned along the thread and 150 cm arch units are then brought over the corresponding holes of the base plate and bolted using 1.2 m screws in to the ground as shown in figure below

(Figure 2.59 Fixing of portal frame) On either side of the central unit, five 120cm units are bolted one by one(intermediate arch units can be added according to the span of the pavilion. For a dome structure the maximum span can be up to 25m). This whole system is bought over the already fixed 150 cm units using a chain and pulley arrangement with scaffolding. similarly all the arches are assembled. Purlins are then bolted. One end of the purlin is bolted to first neck of the first unit and the other end to the corresponding neck of the adjacent unit. similarly all purlins are bolted as given in the figure below.

(Figure 2.60 : Process of joining purlin and units)3. Flooring: Wooden planks of 12cmx6cm are evenly placed along the width. Similarly, another set of planks are placed perpendicular to the previous to form a grid like pattern. 8"x4" plywood sheets of 12mm thickness are placed above it. over which the carpet is spread.

(Figure 2.61 : arrangement of first two sets of wooden planks)

(Figure 2.62 : Floor detail)4.Fixing Of Membrane: Fabric used is tarpaulin sheets. Each sheet is 6m in width. One end of the rope is tied to one of the grommets of the sheet and the other end on the purlin. similarly, ropes are tied on to all the grommets which are thereby tied on to the purlins in each interval of the arches. polyester sheets of the same dimensions are fixed in the same way in the interior part of the pavilion in order to hide the tarpaulin sheets.

(Figure 2.63 : fixing of membrane material)5. Dismantling: Tarpaulin sheets and hylum sheets are untied and removed Purlins are unbolted from both of its sides and is tied on to a rope so that it could be bought down slowly. Similarly all the purlins are removed. The central unit is the one which is then unbolted. Being heavy it is bought down slowly with the help of scaffolding and chain pulley arrangement. The rest of the units are unbolted and bought down one by one using rope.

(Figure 2.64 : dismantling process (removing purlins) )

2.3.2 VANITHA MAX EXHIBITION 2014 HELD AT SAROVARAM PARK, CALICUT

(Figure 2.65 : Views of the pavilion)

(Figure 2.66 : Layout of the site)Purpose : Shopping exhibition for 3 weeksTime taken to assemble : 10 daysNo. of workmen : 30Shape of the roof: Pitched roof (gable structure)Materials used : Aluminium fabricated columns Fire proof Nylon cloth as membrane material 8 grooved aluminium pillars to support partition panels

(Figure 2.67 : Plan of the pavilion)

(Figure 2.68 : Section of the pavilion)

2.3.2.1 CONSTRUCTION:1. Site preparation:The site was already a level land as exhibitions are continuously conducted in the stadiumThe required area and the position of base plates are marked with pegs and threads.The total area of the exhibition pavilion is 60x20m2. Portal frame assembly:The base plate is fixed to the ground at an interval 5m , using nail of length 1m, such that 60 cm of it is below the ground. Only two of the diagonally placed holes are nailed here. The base of the column is connected to the base plate. Similarly all the columns on either side are fixed on to the base plates.

(Figure 2.69 : Bolting of column to base plate)The two rafter beams (12m four 3 m rafter units joined together) are fixed together using an apex plate. This unit is then bought using a chain pulley arrangement and fixed on to the columns on either side along with haunch plates by bolting.(Figure 2.70 : fixing of rafter and apex plate) (Figure 2.71 : Haunch plate)Purlins are then bolted to the rafters at an interval of 2.5m. Bracing is provided at an interval of 25m.3. Fixing of membrane materials:The ends of the sheets are folded to hold a steel rod of 3m length, for each interval of columns to support the nylon covering on topThe side covering of the structure is also nylon sheet( light weight) which is fixed in to the grooves of the beam. Sheets in between the intermediate columns are interconnected using threads.

(Figure 2.72 : Nylon sheet covering)4. Dismantling:The dismantling process is just the reverse process of assembling. The side covering is removed first after the interconnecting threads are untied. The steel rods are taken out of the gap formed by the ends of the sheet and the covering is removed.All the purlins are then unbolted and stacked on one side of the site for loading. The rafter beams along with the apex plate are taken away using chain pulley arrangement after the haunch plates are unbolted. The apex plate is unbolted from the rafters and both are kept aside for loading.All the columns are unbolted from the base plates.All the base plates are removed after the thick cast-iron rod are taken away.

CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY

(Graphical representation of Methodology )This research is intended to arrive at the inferences through the following methodology of study:Secondary data collection on:Terminologies used in temporary structures, Types of temporary structures, advantages and disadvantages of various types of temporary structures, Materials used to construct temporary structures, construction of temporary structures, cost of membrane materials Literature case study on:IBM Travelling pavilion by Renzo PianoIBM Travelling pavilion comes under the category of temporary exhibition structure, which is made of cast aluminium and wooden frames and transparent polycarbonate sheets as the membrane material.Primary data collectionLive case study on1. Vanitha max 2014 held at calicut sarovaram park(Conventional type of temporary structure, gable roof structure, purpose: shopping exhibition)2. Manorama Fiesta 2014 held at jawaharlal nehru stadium at ernakulam.(conventional type of temporary structure, barrel roof structure, purpose: shopping exhibition)The above mentioned two live case studies comes under the category of temporary fabric temporary exhibition structures.Collected Primary and Secondary data are analyzing on the basis of cost, time required for construction, time required for dismantling, foundation requirements, span, height, risk of construction and dismantling and climatic suitability.Inferences drawn from the aforesaid studies and Framing guidelines for Cost effective, Functional, Strong and aesthetically appealing Choice of temporary building designs and materials

CHAPTER 4RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 ANALYSISTable 4.1 : Comparative Analysis Of Barrel Roofed And Gable Roofed StructureBarrel Roofed StructureGable Roofed Structure

Cost52 Rupees Per Sq Ft 35 Rupees Per Sq ft

Time Of ConstructionMore time is taking for the constructionComparatively lesser time of construction

Time Of DismantlingTaking more time as the arch elements are heavyTaking lesser time for dismantling

Foundation RequirementBase plates of more size and strength are requiredBase plates of lesser size and strength are required

Span25 m span 20 m span

HeightHeight and span are proportional. i.e. the height is restricted according to the span of the structureCan have more height than the dome structure as the height does not depending on the span

RiskConstruction and dismantling are more riskyComparatively riskless

Table 4.1 shows comparative analysis between Barrel roofed temporary structure and Gable roofed temporary structure on the basis of Cost of construction, Time required for construction and dismantling of the structure, Span of the structure, Height of the temporary structure and Risk of construction. All the above mentioned data are collected through Live case studies on Vanitha max shopping exhibition 2014 and Manorama fiesta shopping exhibition 2014 held at Calicut and Ernakulam respectively. Both the temporary structures are Aluminium alloy framed , fabric membrane temporary structure. After analyzing these two types of membrane roofed temporary structures, Arrived at conclusions that Barrel roofed temporary structures are more suitable for long span temporary structures, Gable roofed temporary structures are less costly than barrel roofed temporary structures, Barrel roofed temporary structures are taking more time for construction and dismantling, Gable roofed temporary structures are comparatively riskless as the structural frame members are light weight. Height of the barrel roofed structures are proportional to the span of the structure.Table 4.2 Comparative Analysis Of Flat Roof And Shed Roof Temporary StructuresFlat roofed temporary structuresShed roof temporary structures

CostComparatively lesser costly than sloping roof structures as they require lesser quantity of membrane materialsComparatively more costly than flat roof structures as they require more quantity of membrane materials

Time of fixing and dismantlingComparatively lesser time is taking for flat roof structuresComparatively more time is taking than the flat roof structures

Foundation requirementHeavy foundations are not requiredHeavy foundations are not required

SpanRequires intermediate support for structures of span exceeding 9mRequires intermediate support for structures of span exceeding 12 m

HeightHeight varies from 3m to 5 mHeight varies from 3 m to 7 m

Risk of construction and dismantlingRiskless as most types of flat roof structures are small span structures, and they do not requires strong structural supportRiskless as most types of sloping roof structures are small span structures, and they do not requires strong structural support

Table 4.2 shows comparative analysis of flat roofed and shed roofed temporary structures based on cost, Time of construction and dismantling , foundation requirements, span , height and risk of construction of the structure. It found from the table that both the flat roof and shed roof structures are useful for small span structures only. flat roof structures are comparatively less costly than shed roof structures as shed roof structures requires more quantity of membrane materials than the flat roof structures.Table 4.3 : Comparative Analysis Of Cost Of Commonly Used Membrane MaterialsNo.Membrane materialsCost in rupees per sq ftSize of sheetsClimatic suitabilityMethod of connection

1Polyester210Available in various sizesNot suitable in monsoon climateConnected using ropes

2Fibre glass1793050x1520 mmNot suitable in hot climateConnected using bolts

3Nylon334Thickness ranges from 0.5 to 100mm. size is 2000x1000 mmSuitable in any climateConnected using ropes

4Kevlar815Available in customized sizesSuitable in any climateConnected using bolts

5Tarpaulin30Ranges from 1200 to 7300 mmSuitable in any climateConnected using ropes

6Polycarbonate sheet1531100x4270 mmSuitable in any climateConnected using bolts

Table 4.2 shows comparative analysis of cost of Commonly used Membrane materials such as Polyester, Fibre glass, Nylon, Kevlar, Tarpaulin. These are the commonly used Membrane materials used in Aluminium alloy framed, Timber framed and light gauge steel framed structures. This comparative analysis shows that Polyester , Fibre glass, Nylon, Polycarbonate and Tarpaulin are Suitable for cost effective temporary structures. But Fibre glass is not suitable for Hot climate as it will increase heat inside the structure. Tarpaulin sheets are very cheap but it may require covering sheets inside the pavilion as the tarpaulin sheets are not well pleasing aesthetically. Generally polyester sheets are used as the interior covering in structures which are covered using tarpaulin sheets. It is found that Nylon sheets are suitable for any climatic conditions , Cost effective and aesthetically pleasing.

Table 4.4 : comparative analysis of methods of fixing with and without base plateWith base plateWithout base plate

Height adjustable methodU- Beam method

Time of erection and dismantlingTime depends on the size of the structure. Comparatively very less time is taking than that of u beam method. It will take 10 days for 30 workmen to assemble a pavilion of 1200 sq m area Time depends on the size of the structure. It will take 10 days for 30 workmen to assemble a pavilion of 1200 sq m area.Comparatively this type of foundations will take more time. It will take 12 days for 30 workmen to assemble a pavilion of 1200 sq m area.

Type of structureCan be used for both small span and large span structures.This type of fixing can be used only for small span structures.Used in large span structures as this type is more stronger than the rest.

CostComparatively less costly. The cost of such structures will depends on the selection of membrane materials also.Comparatively less costly than U beam method. The cost depends on membrane materialsExpensive than that of methods with base plate and height adjustable method as this type of fixing requires excavation on the soil.

Table 4.3 shows comparative analysis of fixing of temporary structures. Methods of fixing namely method with base plate, height adjustable method and U- Beam method are compared on the basis of time of erection and dismantling, Types of structure and cost of structure. It is found from the comparative analysis is that method with base plate is less costly, can be used in both small and large span structures and time of erection and dismantling is very less compared to height adjustable and U Beam method. Method using U -Beam is suitable for large span structures. Height adjustable method is not suitable for large span structures. Table 4.5 : Comparative analysis of different types of temporary structuresCostSpanClimatic SuitabilityTime Of Erection And Dismantling

Aluminium alloy framed temporary structure (Galvanized)

Varies according to requirements. Lower than steel framed structure. 52 Rs/sqft with A/c, 15Rs/sqft without A/c (Rental cost) Gabled structures can be spanned up to 20 m. barrel roof structures up to 25 m

Suitable for Warm-humid, Hot-arid climatic conditionsVaries according to size requirements. A regular size of 10x10m requires 4 days for 10 workmen.

Timber/ wooden framed temporary structures Lower than steel framed temporary structure.9Rs/sqft without A/c(Rental cost) Intermediate columns are required according to Increase in size Less durable when rain water falls on it constantly, requires regular maintenance. Varies according to the size requirements. It will take 3 days for 10 people to construct 10x10m

Light gauge steel framed structures Costly than aluminium and timber framed structures. Construction cost is 80 Rs/ sq ft. Can have any required span. Intermediate columns are required according to increase in span Suitable for all climatic conditions as the steel is galvalume steel Takes more time than aluminium and timber framed structures

Table 4.3 shows comparative analysis of various types of temporary structures. Temporary structures are classified under 3 categories such as Aluminium alloy frame temporary structures, Timber frame temporary structure and Light gauge steel framed temporary structures based on the data acquired Through Secondary and Primary data collection. In table 4.3 These Three Structures are compared on the basis of Cost, Span, Climatic Suitability and Time required for construction and dismantling. This comparative analysis shows that Aluminium alloy framed structures and Light gauge steel framed structures are suitable for all climatic conditions, Timber framed structures are less costly but they are not suitable for all conditions as it requires regular maintenance and it may fail when used constantly in rainy seasons.

Table 4.6 : Comparative analysis of different types of temporary structuresFoundation RequirementsHeightRisk Of Construction

Aluminium alloy framed temporary structure (Galvanized) No heavy foundations are required Height varies according to the span. Can have a maximum height of 7 meters for a span of 20 m Riskiness is very low as compared with the steel framed temporary structures.

Timber/ wooden framed temporary structures No heavy concrete foundations are required. Only a hand held nail gun is required as a machinery Height varies according to requirements.Riskiness is very low.

Light gauge steel framed structures Concrete foundations are required if the structure is to be used for a long time. Can have any height as the structural members are very strong to withstand loads Riskiness is high when comparing with the other two

Table 4.4 shows comparative analysis between Aluminium alloy framed temporary structures, Timber framed temporary structures and Light gauge steel framed structures on the basis of Foundation requirement, Height and Risk of Construction. It is found from this Comparative study that Steel framed structures requires Deep and Heavy foundations, and Concrete foundations if the structure is to be used for a long time. This heavy foundation requirements makes the steel framed structures costly. Riskiness is high in steel framed structures when comparing with the other two types, as the aluminium alloy framed structure and timber framed structures are riskless.

CHAPTER 5SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY:The research was to study about temporary exhibition structures. As a first step all the terminologies related to such structures, different parts of a temporary structure , different types of temporary structures, their advantages and disadvantages, different types of membrane materials, construction of temporary structure, Air conditioning and lighting inside a temporary structure were studied. Using the secondary data 3 main types of temporary structures are listed , and comparing these three types on the basis of cost , riskiness of construction ,span, climatic suitability, time of erection and dismantling, Foundation requirements and height , it was found that temporary structure made with aluminium structural members and fabric membrane materials such as tarpaulin, nylon and polyester is more preferable.5.2 INFERENCE:The Live case study shows that the temporary fabric structures can be constructed in two ways conventionally, namely barrel roofed structure and gable roof structure. only these two types of structures are found economical in our context.Table 4.1 shows that barrel structure are more expensive than the gable structure. And the barrel roofed structure can have more span approximately 25m while the gable roofed structure will not be strong to withstand wind loads and other loads when the span exceeds 20m .When comparing the barrel and gable structure in terms of time taking for the construction, dismantling and the riskiness of construction, the gable roofed structure is more preferable as its taking lesser time to erect and dismantle. And the riskiness is comparatively very lesser than the barrel structures because the arch units used for the construction of barrel roofed structures are more heavy than the rafters and purlins used for the gable roofed structure.Table 4.2 shows the cost comparison of Membrane materials used for the temporary structures. From the data collected through literature review , it is clear that the more expensive membrane material is Kevlar and which is rarely used for the short term temporary structures. Nylon sheets, tarpaulin and polyesters are preferred as membrane structures for temporary pavilionsThe studies shows that even though the fibre glass is lesser expensive than the Kevlar sheets ,it can increase the heat inside the structure. Which leads to the need of air conditioners more capacity and thereby increasing the cost.It is found from the literature studies that other than the conventional methods of assembling and designs it is possible to design structural components and joints of different shapes and make a modular temporary structure.From the above studies it is found that gable roofed structures are preferred to reduce the cost of construction and the time of erection and dismantling, and semicircular or barrel roofed structures are preferred for long span structures.5.3 CONCLUSION:From the studies it is found that fabric roofed structures are preferable as it is cost effective and the time of erection and dismantling is very less. polyester , nylon and tarpaulin are preferred structures. poly carbonate sheets and steel clad roof structures are not preferred as these types of structures are found very costly from the literature studies. it is found from the literature studies that other than conventional technique of construction, temporary structures can be constructed as modular structures, which can be carried from one site to the other. Terminologies used in temporary structures, different parts of a temporary structure, Different types of temporary structures and the occasions in which they are used, the choice of appropriate design and materials , construction techniques of temporary structures, proper planning and control of work practices, positioning on the site including ground conditions and foundations etc. are studied.

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Books / Published papers: Portable architecture by Wang Shahonkiag Temporary structures by John Koyler Events management: an international approach by Paul Kitchin Hand book of temporary structures by Robert T Ratay Small Structures:Compact Dwellings, Temporary Structures, Room Modules by Christian Schittich Computing in Civil Engineering (2007) by Lucio Soibelman, Burcu Akinci Wood frame buildings , the shakeout scenario by William Graf Fire resistance and sound transmission in wood frame buildings by forestry innovation investment ltd. Design for code acceptance, post frame buildings, American wood council, www.awc.org