TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE..The detection of internal body temperature is of great importance in diagnosis &Prognosis of the diseases.Its range from 36 TO 42.5 °°CC

Measuring the internal temperature.By Thermometer.

The normal temperature of different animalsThe normal temperature of different animals::

AnimalsAnimals RangeRange°°CC

AverageAverage AnimalAnimal RangeRange°°CC

AverageAverage

Horse (adult)Horse (adult) 37.2 37.2 -- 3838 37.637.6 CamelCamel 35 35 –– 38.638.6 36.836.8FoalFoal 37.5 37.5 --38.538.5 3838 Pig (adult)Pig (adult) 37.8 37.8 --38.938.9 38.338.3oxox 37.8 37.8 –– 39.239.2 38.538.5 PigletPiglet 38.9 38.9 -- 4040 38.438.4CalfCalf 38.5 38.5 –– 39.839.8 39.239.2 Small dogSmall dog 38.6 38.6 --39.239.2 38.938.9SheepSheep 38.9 38.9 -- 4040 39.539.5 Large dogLarge dog 37.5 37.5 –– 38.638.6 3838GoatGoat 38.6 38.6 –– 40.240.2 39.539.5 Guinea pigGuinea pig 37.5 37.5 –– 39.439.4 38.438.4RabbitRabbit 39.9 39.9 –– 40.540.5 39.839.8CatCat 37.8 37.8 –– 39.239.2 38.538.5

Physiological factors affecting the body Physiological factors affecting the body temperature:temperature:

11--Female, pregnant, young animals have a relatively Female, pregnant, young animals have a relatively higher temperature than male, non pregnant, old animal.higher temperature than male, non pregnant, old animal.22--In all healthy animals the temperature varies during In all healthy animals the temperature varies during the day.the day.33--High atmospheric temperature increase the normal High atmospheric temperature increase the normal body temperature.body temperature.44--Exitation , forced exercise increase the temperature.Exitation , forced exercise increase the temperature.55--The normal body temperature increase after feeding.The normal body temperature increase after feeding.

Abnormal body temperature:Abnormal body temperature:11--Sub normal temperature (hypothermia):Sub normal temperature (hypothermia):

a)-physical:The sphincter of anus is relaxed

-The thermometer has not been inserted deep enough

-Defecation takes place just before or during the insertion

-Administration of a cold fluid enema

b)-Pathologically:

In cases of : anemia, hemorrhage, hypocalcaemia, hypothyroidism.

GIT parasites, mal nutrition , shock , parturition .

c)-Sub normal temperature most frequent in fatal diseases just before death (Temperature of collapse).

22--Elevated body temperature (Hyperthermia).Elevated body temperature (Hyperthermia).

It is elevation of body temperature above the It is elevation of body temperature above the normal range.normal range.The following phenomenon are met with it :The following phenomenon are met with it :11--Chill .Chill .22--Un even distribution of the external temperature of the Un even distribution of the external temperature of the body .body .33--Loss of appetite & impaired digestion :Loss of appetite & impaired digestion :

--The secretions of digestive juices are lessened .The secretions of digestive juices are lessened .--Peristalsis suppressed (constipation) .Peristalsis suppressed (constipation) .--Thirst increased .Thirst increased .

44--Mental depression .Mental depression .55--Albuminuria . Albuminuria .

Stages of feverStages of fever ::11-- Increment or The onsetIncrement or The onset ..22-- Fastigium or the period of maximum temperature.Fastigium or the period of maximum temperature.33-- Decrement or DefevescenceDecrement or Defevescence ..

Degree of fever :Degree of fever :11--Mild feverMild fever : about 1 c above normal .: about 1 c above normal .

22--Moderate fever (pyrexia)Moderate fever (pyrexia) :about 1.7 c above normal .:about 1.7 c above normal .

33-- Severe fever (Hyperpyrexia)Severe fever (Hyperpyrexia) :about 2 c above normal .:about 2 c above normal .

Types of feverTypes of fever::

11-- Simple fever .Simple fever .22-- Continuous fever .Continuous fever .33-- Remittent fever .Remittent fever .44-- Intermittent fever .Intermittent fever .55-- Recurrent fever .Recurrent fever .66-- Atypical feverAtypical fever ..

Pulse :Pulse :Importance of examining the pulse:Importance of examining the pulse:Help in diagnosis of circulatory disturbanceHelp in diagnosis of circulatory disturbance ..

Site of examination of pulse:Site of examination of pulse:It is usually examined from arteriesIt is usually examined from arteries ..The arteries examined for pulse must beThe arteries examined for pulse must be ::11-- Superficially situated .Superficially situated .22-- of medium size .of medium size .33-- Lying in adherence with solid mass as boneLying in adherence with solid mass as bone ..

The common sites for examine Pulse in domesticThe common sites for examine Pulse in domesticanimals :animals :

Horse :Horse :The external maxillary artery .The external maxillary artery .Ox :Ox :Middle coccygeal artery .Middle coccygeal artery .Sheep, Goat, Dog, Cat, Small pigs :Sheep, Goat, Dog, Cat, Small pigs :Femoral artery .Femoral artery .In dog & catIn dog & cat can be taken from brachial artery .can be taken from brachial artery .Large pig :Large pig :Coccygeal artery .Coccygeal artery .

Aspects of examination of the Aspects of examination of the pulse :pulse :

11-- Rate .Rate .22-- Rhythm .Rhythm .33-- Quality .Quality .

11-- The rate or frequencyThe rate or frequency ::

Means the number of blood waves (beats)Means the number of blood waves (beats)Felt in minutes time .Felt in minutes time .

Normal pulse Normal pulse rate /minuterate /minute for domestic for domestic animals :animals :

AnimalAnimal RangeRange AnimalAnimal RangeRangeHorseHorse 28 28 -- 4040 Large dogLarge dog 60 60 –– 90 90

YearlingYearling 70 70 -- 8080 Small dog Small dog 90 90 -- 120120

MulesMules 45 45 -- 5050 CatCat 110 110 -- 130130

CattleCattle 55 55 -- 8080 RabbitRabbit 120 120 -- 150150

CalfCalf 100 100 -- 120120 SwineSwine 60 60 -- 100100

Sheep & GoatSheep & Goat 70 70 -- 9090

Physiological factors affecting The pulse Physiological factors affecting The pulse rate in normal animals :rate in normal animals :

11-- Species .Species .22-- Size :Size : higher in small than in large animals .higher in small than in large animals .33-- AgeAge : higher in young than adult animals .: higher in young than adult animals .44-- SexSex : male slightly lower than female animal .: male slightly lower than female animal .55-- Parturition &Late stage of pregnancyParturition &Late stage of pregnancy : relatively more : relatively more pulse rate pulse rate 66-- ExerciseExercise : increase pulse rate .: increase pulse rate .77-- Ingestion of foodIngestion of food : cause momentary increase in frequency : cause momentary increase in frequency of pulse .of pulse .88-- PosturePosture : pulse rate reduced about 10% when animal is : pulse rate reduced about 10% when animal is recumbent than when standing .recumbent than when standing .

Pathological changes of pulse Pathological changes of pulse rate :rate :

Bradycardia (Slow pulse rate) :Bradycardia (Slow pulse rate) :11-- Accompany brain diseases attended by great depression as Accompany brain diseases attended by great depression as

-- Chronic & sub acute hydrocephalus .Chronic & sub acute hydrocephalus .-- Brain tumors .Brain tumors .-- poisoning from alcohol or lead .poisoning from alcohol or lead .

22-- Tachycrrdia (Fast pulse rate) :Tachycrrdia (Fast pulse rate) :11-- In most severe diseases especially when attended by In most severe diseases especially when attended by

feverfever ..22-- In painful conditions :In painful conditions :-- severe injuries .severe injuries .-- fractures .fractures .-- Abscesses .Abscesses .

33-- In mental excitement : as fear or anxiety .In mental excitement : as fear or anxiety .

22-- Rhythm :Rhythm :By Observation of the interval occurring By Observation of the interval occurring between successive waves .between successive waves .

11-- Rhythmic or Regular :Rhythmic or Regular :Individual pulse beats are separated by Individual pulse beats are separated by

intervalsintervalsOf equal duration .Of equal duration .

22-- Arrhythmic or IrregularArrhythmic or Irregular ::The interval is not regular . The interval is not regular .

Quality:Quality:It means the strength of pulse .It means the strength of pulse .It normally varies according to kind of animal It normally varies according to kind of animal

..Jugular pulsation :Jugular pulsation :Engorgement of jugular vein produces movement Engorgement of jugular vein produces movement Which observed in jugular furrow . It may be :Which observed in jugular furrow . It may be :A negative jugular pulse:A negative jugular pulse:Its physiological observed in lean animals .It is Its physiological observed in lean animals .It is

common in cattle .common in cattle .Positive jugular pulse : Positive jugular pulse : Its true pulse waves .Its true pulse waves .

Respiration :Respiration :Examination of respiration is of great Examination of respiration is of great

importance importance In diagnosis of respiratory diseases .In diagnosis of respiratory diseases .The following points are notedThe following points are noted ::

11-- Type .Type .22-- Rate .Rate .33-- Depth .Depth .44-- Rhythm .Rhythm .

Type :Type :Means the way in which the respiratory movement are Means the way in which the respiratory movement are

shared between the thoracic and abdominal walls , The shared between the thoracic and abdominal walls , The

Diaphragm play an important role in respiratory actionDiaphragm play an important role in respiratory action ..The normal Types of respiration according to The normal Types of respiration according to

speciesspecies ::11-- Abdominal :Abdominal : (In cattle).(In cattle).The abdominal muscle predominate .The abdominal muscle predominate .22-- CostalCostal :: (In dog & cat).(In dog & cat).The costal muscle predominate .The costal muscle predominate .33-- Costo abdominal :Costo abdominal : (In horse)(In horse) ..The abdominal & costal muscles are similarly sharing in The abdominal & costal muscles are similarly sharing in Respiration .Respiration .

Respiratory rate or frequencyRespiratory rate or frequency ::Means the numbers of respiratory movement Means the numbers of respiratory movement per minute .per minute .The rate should be counted for at least one minuteThe rate should be counted for at least one minute ..

The normal respiratory rate in different species :The normal respiratory rate in different species :RangeRangeAnimalAnimalRangeRangeAnimalAnimal

15 15 –– 30 30 DogDog10 10 –– 14 14 HorseHorse

20 20 –– 30 30 CatCat10 10 –– 30 30 Ox (adult)Ox (adult)

30 30 –– 45 45 RabbitRabbit15 15 –– 40 40 Ox (yearling)Ox (yearling)

90 90 –– 110 110 RatRat5 5 –– 12 12 CamelCamel

100 100 -- 150150Guinea pigGuinea pig20 20 –– 30 30 Sheep & GoatSheep & Goat

8 8 –– 18 18 PigPig

Factors accelerating respiratoryFactors accelerating respiratory rate :rate :A)A)-- physiological :physiological :11-- Exposure to high atmospheric temperature .Exposure to high atmospheric temperature .22-- Just after exercise .Just after exercise .33-- Ingestion .Ingestion .B)B)-- Pathological :Pathological :11-- fever .fever .22-- Anemia .Anemia .33-- Severe cardiac diseases .Severe cardiac diseases .44-- Various pulmonary diseases .Various pulmonary diseases .55-- Obstruction of upper respiratory passage .Obstruction of upper respiratory passage .66-- Conditions making respiration painful (pleurisy or Conditions making respiration painful (pleurisy or

peritonitis).peritonitis).

Hyperpnoea :Hyperpnoea :(Increased pulmonary ventilation ).(Increased pulmonary ventilation ).Increased respiratory rate with or without increaseIncreased respiratory rate with or without increasein the amplitude (width) .in the amplitude (width) .Poly pnoea :Poly pnoea :Increased respiratory frequency with reduction inIncreased respiratory frequency with reduction inDepth of movement .Depth of movement .Oligo pnoea :Oligo pnoea :( Retarding the respiratory rate) . Pathological causes( Retarding the respiratory rate) . Pathological causes11-- Stenosis of the upper respiratory passage .Stenosis of the upper respiratory passage .22-- Uremia .Uremia .33-- In space occupying lesions of the brain . In space occupying lesions of the brain .

Respiratory rhythm :Respiratory rhythm :--In each respiratory cycle three phases :In each respiratory cycle three phases :Inspiration , Expiration , pause .Inspiration , Expiration , pause .--It means regularity in intervals between successive respirationsIt means regularity in intervals between successive respirations

Respiratory depth :Respiratory depth :-- It means degree of movement of both abdominal & thoracicIt means degree of movement of both abdominal & thoracicmuscles .muscles .--In deep breathing the movement of muscles are clearly visibleIn deep breathing the movement of muscles are clearly visible

Dyspnoea :Dyspnoea :--Means deviations from normal respiration in its Means deviations from normal respiration in its

rate , type , depth accompanied by pathological rate , type , depth accompanied by pathological sounds .sounds .

•• Clinically can be divided into :Clinically can be divided into :•• 11-- Simple dyspnoea .Simple dyspnoea .•• 22-- Aggravated dyspnoea :Aggravated dyspnoea :

a)a)--Inspiratory dyspnoea .Inspiratory dyspnoea .b)b)--Expiratory dyspnoea .Expiratory dyspnoea .c)c)--Mixed dyspnoea .Mixed dyspnoea .