Past: Evolutions

EARLY SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHY

Semaphore - a type of signaling, in which visual cues represent letters or words.

Morse code - the transmission of a series of short and long pulses (dots and dashes) that represented characters.

Duplexing - simultaneously transmitting a signal in both directions along the same wire.

Multiplexing - simultaneously transmitting an indeterminate number of multiple signals over one circuit.

EARLY SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHY

1856 - Western Union Telegraph Company was founded. 1861 – Over two thousand telegraph offices operated across

the United States.

TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY

TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY

1878- The first telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut.

Connected 21 separate lines.

TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY

In the mid-20th century AT&T integrated electronics into crossbar switches 1965 – first electronic switching system

was used

Handled up to 65,000 two-way voice circuits.

Until 1970 all telephone switches depended on a continuous physical connection to complete and maintain the call.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

1894- Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi a method of transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air. His invention relied on an induction coil.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Vacuum tube - a sealed container made of glass, metal, or ceramic, that contains, in a vacuum, a charged plate that transmits current to a filament.

Audion - patented in 1907by DeForest, is a type of vacuum tube that contains an additional electrode in the middle of the positive and negative electrodes. Boosts or amplifies a signal. First instants of signal amplification and it formed

the basis for all subsequent radio and television advances.

1912- Edwin Armstrong improved the Audion. He discovered that by feeding the signal back the tube the power of the Audion could be increased.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Geosynchronous - means that satellites orbit the earth at the same rate as the earth turns.

Uplink - a broadcast from an earth-based transmitter to an orbiting satellite.

At the satellite, a transponder receives the uplink, then transmits the signals to another earth-based location in a downlink.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

THE ONSLAUGHT OF MOBILE BROADBAND: WIRED EXPECTATIONS IN A WIRELESS WORLD!

Access

Backhaul

Traffic

1995 2000 2006 2009 What it means!Voice + Text, Email + Narrowband + Mobile

Internet Broadband

Voice DataDominant Dominant

ARPU All About Voice Starts to All About Voice Commoditize Data

Fractional T1s

Demand for broadband is an opportunity & threat Dual mode (Wi-Fi, Cellular) is here to stay Carriers MUST deliver “true” broadband

Source: BelAir Networks 2007

T1s Metro EthernetWireless Mesh

Multiple T1s Microwave

Broadband = huge backhaul demand Today’s cellular data networks won’t scale

Circuit switched voice infrastructure declines Packet-based IP networks dominate

True broadband is an economic imperative Mobility premium based on data experience Great companies will emerge from transition

• Convergence of Communication,

Computing & CE Platforms

• Multi-mode Devices Connect

to Various Access Networks

–Service Requirements, Availability, Cost …

Mobile Device EvolutionMobile Device Evolution

• User Behaviors Trend

from Wired to Wireless

• Same Rich IP Apps and

Services in all Environments

–Ubiquitous & Consistent Experience Desired

Network EvolutionNetwork Evolution

• All-IP Network For Fixed-Mobile

Convergence (VoIP & data)

• Co-existence of Different

Access Networks for Various

Needs

–Coverage, Mobility, Capacity,QoS, Data Rates …

Service EvolutionService Evolution

WIRELESS BROADBAND EVOLUTION

14

HSDPA

3G/WCDMA

EDGE

GPRS

GSM

Speed (bit/s)

SMS

Voice

Internet Graphics

Internet Text

Medium quality video

Highquality video

Mobile office

10M

1M

384 k

115 k

56 k

10 k

1 k

Messaging

Mobile technologies are rolling out 3G and HSDPA to provide a access network with higher speeds.

Trend of Telecom Convergence- Mobile evolution

NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY Divided into 22

circles 4 metros 19 circles

Further divided into A, B and C category based on economic parameters and revenue potential

Each circle has a licenses Four operators per

circle are allowed Licenses are saleable

North Eastern States

METRO Circles

Gujarat

Rajasthan

Maharashtra Orissa

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh E

Bihar

West Bengal

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Haryana

Jammu & Kashmir

Uttar Pradesh

W

CHENNAI

MUMBAI

DELHI

KOLKATA

C Circles

B Circles

A Circles

Source :COAI 15

16

Go-ahead to the CDMA technology

IND

IA

Private players were allowed in Value Added Services

National Telecom Policy (NTP) was formulated

1992

1994

1997

Independent regulator, TRAI, was established

NTP-99 led to migration from high-cost fixed license fee to low-cost revenue sharing regime

1999

2000

2002

BSNL was established by DoT

ILD services was opened to competition

Internet telephony initiated

Reduction of licence fees

2003

Calling Party Pays (CPP) was implemented

Unified Access Licensing (UASL) regime was introducedReferenc

e Interconnect order was issued

2004

Intra-circle merger guidelines were established

Broadband policy 2004 was formulated—targeting 20 million subscribers by 2010

2005

FDI limit was increased from 49 to 74 percent

Attempted to boost Rural telephony

2006

Number portability was proposed (pending)

Decision on 3G services (awaited)

2007

Department of Telecommunication (DoT) is the main body formulating laws and various regulations for the Indian telecom industry.

ILD – International Long Distance

Various important regulations and laws have been passed in the Indian telecom industry post-liberalisation era

04/11/2023

Present: Revolution

BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

Digitalization Computerization Packet-based Switching

18

BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

1.1 Digitalization

• The development from analogue to digital is by far the most fundamental precondition for any other technological changes we have witnessed in recent years.

• Digitalization enables the integration of different services in the same network and enables synergy to be reaped in the whole value chain of service- production, distribution and consumption.

• Furthermore, digitalization enables expansion of resources in the access and core networks in a technical and cost efficient way.

19

Three main technologies that have been important to realise digitalization of communication technologies and infrastructures:

1. Compression2. Modulation3. Forward Error Correction (FEC)

BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

20

1.2 Computerization

• Another vital fundamental development has been the deployment of computers in the production and consumption parts as well as within the network infrastructures.

• The role of computers in production and consumption parts is quite obvious, but seen in the light of the objective of this Toolkit, it is important to emphasize the role of computers in the development of network infrastructures, including the deployment of computers in the network nodes as a replacement for switches and as devices adding intelligence to the network nodes.

• Furthermore, the processing power affects the spectrum use and management.

BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

1.3 Packet-based Switching

• Packet switched technologies have had an important role in the more efficient utilization of the available resources in different network infrastructures and the creation of platforms enabling multi-service delivery in the same network, enabling real convergence.

• Different packet technologies have been developed with different advantages/disadvantages. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most successful packet-based technology and the dominant paradigm of today’s ICT infrastructures.

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INDUSTRY TRENDS

INDUSTRY TRENDS

CUSTOMER NEEDS

Faster Access to Maps, Directions, Directory

Services

Audio and Video Streaming

Distance Learning

Telecommuting

Secure TransactionsTelewebbing

Simultaneous Phone + Internet Use Enhanced Graphics

& Email

25

Revenues of Indian Telecom Industry: 2002–07 (USD billion)

Telecom Services – India

Internet

Mobile ServicesBasic

Services

PMRT

S

VSATsGMPCS

Rad

io

Pag

ing

The Indian telecom services can be divided predominantly into basic, mobile and Internet services. It also comprises smaller segments, such as radio paging services, Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs), Public Mobile Radio Trunked Services (PMRTS) and Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite (GMPCS).

The growth witnessed in the mobile services and Internet services segments was higher as compared to other services, such as basic services and radio paging services.

Registered an annual growth of

33 percent in 2006–07

The Indian telecom market generated revenues of approximately USD 20 billion in 2006–07. It registered a CAGR of approximately 22 percent from 2002–03 to 2006–07. The CAGR from 2006–07 to 2009–10 is expected to stabilise at 21 percent. Apart from mobile telephony services, other value-added services are also gaining importance.

Telephony services (mobile and basic) and Internet services dominate the Indian telecom services

9 10 1115

20

43

0

10

20

30

40

50

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 ….. …. 2009-10

Reve

nues

(USD

billio

n)

26

BASIC SERVICES OPERATORS

BSNL

MTNL

MAJOR PLAYERS IN DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF INDIAN TELECOM INDUSTRY

Reliance

TTSL

GSM SERVICES OPERATORS

Airtel

Vodafone

Idea

Reliance

TTSL

BSNL

CDMA Services Operators

Reliance

INTERNET SERVICES OPERATORS

BSNL

MTNL

Reliance

TTSL

BSNL

Airtel

TTSL – Tata Teleservices Ltd.

MOBILE SERVICES

04/11/2023

AAircel Cellular LimitedAishwarya Telecom LtdAksh Optifibre Ltd.Anco Communications Ltd.Astra Microwave Products Ltd.Avaya Globalconnect LtdBBhagyanagar India Ltd.Bharti AirtelBharti TeletechBirla Ericsson Optical Ltd.CCable Corporation of India Ltd.CMI Ltd.Cybele Industries Ltd.DDelton Cables Ltd.Dhanus Technologies Ltd.

Names of Companies

EEider Infotech Ltd.EricssonEsskay Telecom Ltd.FFCI OEN Connectors Ltd.Finolex Cables Ltd.GGemini Communications Ltd.Goldstone Infratech LtdGR Cables Ltd.GTL Infrastructure Ltd.Gujarat Optical Communication Ltd.

HHartron Communications Ltd.Hathway Bhawani Cabletel & Datacom LtdHFCL Infotel LtdHimachal Futuristic Communications Ltd.Hindustan Cables Ltd.IIdea Cellular Ltd.Intergrated Digital Info Services LtdITI LtdKKaleidoscope Films LtdKavveri Telecom Products Ltd.Krone Communications Ltd.

MMahanagar Telephone Nigam LtdMIC Electronics Ltd.Mobile Tele Communications LtdMotorolaMP Telelinks Ltd.Munoth Communication LtdNNelco Ltd.Nokia IndiaNokia Siemens NetworksNortelNu Tek India LtdOOptel Tecommunications LtdPParamount Communications Ltd.Precision Electronics Ltd.Punjab Communications Ltd.

QQualcomm IndiaRReliance Communications Ltd.RPG Cables LtdSShyam Telecom LtdSouthern Online Bio Technologies LtdSpice Communications Ltd.Spice Mobiles LtdSterlite Technologies Ltd.Sujana Towers LtdSurana Telecom & Power LtdSurana Telecom Ltd.TTamilnadu Telecommunications LtdTata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd.TataCommunications LtdTTelephone Cables Ltd.Telephone Cables Ltd.Tulip Telecom Ltd

VValiant Communications Ltd.Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.Vindhya Telelinks LtdVodafone Group Plc

XXL Telecom & Energy Ltd.

Future: Domination

•IP telephony has emerged as the dominant architecture for future voice communications. As the line between voice and data applications continues to blur, new innovative features and services will continue to emerge that will drive measurable business value. While most IP growth today is concentrated in smaller, more nimble organizations, some large deployments are under way.

•IP based voice is universally regarded as the future of telecommunications.

EMERGING TREND “IP-TELEPHONY”

Long Term Evolution (LTE), the emerging cellular networking approach that is in the midst of a widescale rollout, is one of highest profile new technologies. It has taken hold and today is providing users with mobile connectivity comparable to a cable modem or DSL connection.To date, however, LTE only carries data. Next on the agenda is the far more demanding task of carrying voice over LTE, or VoLTE. Planning and testing is well under way, and services are likely by the end of this year or the beginning of next.

EMERGING TREND “Long Term Evolution (LTE)”

Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access networks include fiber optics or coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or customers connected through Wi-Fi as well as to 3G networks connected to mobile users.As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile network and the wireless access broadband would be used both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to differentiate between fixed and mobile networks both fixed and mobile users will access services through a single core network. Cloud based data services are expected to come.

EMERGING TREND “NGWs”

EMERGING TREND “4G”3

7

One standard known as IEEE 802.16e (belonging to the Mobile WiMax family) is now commercially available and is a precursor to 4G. Comprehensive IP SOLUTION on “Anytime Anywhere” basis.BSNL has license in India. To make India a leader in telecom technology TeNet created CeWiT (Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology) to do research in 4G.

04/11/2023

A practical method for direct writing of metal lines less than five nanometers (5 nm) wide, a big step in creating contacts to and interconnects between nanoscale device structures like carbon nanotubes and graphene that have potential uses in electronics applications.

EMERGING TREND “Nanotechnology:5G”

39

INDIA PRESENTS A HOST OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR TELECOM COMPANIES

To reduce their network deployment costs, many service providers are

considering infrastructure sharing offers the following

advantages: Improved service quality Increased affordability for customers Faster roll out of services in rural and remote areas Significant reduction in initial set up costs Increased environmental aesthetics Lower operating costs for service providers

Managed services is another segment that is attracting telecom

companies. On account of the rapidly growing subscriber base, service providers find it difficult to manage their infrastructure and network management operations. In such cases, they completely or partially outsource their infrastructure or network management operations.

Virtual Private Network is a private data

network that provides connectivity within closed user groups via public telecommunication infrastructure. Competition is likely to heat up in the VPN segment as DoT has relaxed the norms for private players.

Enterprise Telecom Services includes

key services, such as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), dedicated telecom communication systems, IT infrastructure enabled unified communication services, etc. Telecom service providers are increasingly targeting enterprises by providing dedicated services and is expected to witness major developments in near future.

Growth AvenuesGrowth Avenues

Infrastructure Sharing Managed

Services

Virtual Private Network

Enterprise Telecom Services3G

WiMax

Value-Added Services

Rural Telephony

40

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES – 3G AND WIMAX TO ASSIST IN PENETRATION OF TELECOM SERVICES IN INDIA

WiMAX has been one of the most significant developments in wireless communication in

the recent past. Since this mode of communication provides network access in inaccessible locations at a speed of more than 4 Mbps, it is expected to be a major factor in driving telecom services in India, especially wireless services. Thus, it will lead to the increased use of telecom services, Internet, value-added services and enterprise services. WiMAX is expected to accelerate economic growth and assist in providing better education, healthcare and entertainment services.

It is estimated that India will have 13 million WiMAX subscribers by 2012. Aircel is the pioneer in WiMAX technology in India. The state-owned player, BSNL, aims to connect 74,000 villages through WiMAX. Bharti, Reliance and VSNL have acquired licenses in the 3.3GHz range to utilise the

opportunities offered by this domain.

The Indian government plans to auction the spectrum for 3G services by inviting bids from domestic as well as foreign players, and creating a competitive environment that offers better services to consumers. Therefore, the 3G spectrum is among the major investment opportunities and growth drivers of the telecom industry.

The immense potential for 3G is reflected by the 30–40 percent annual growth in Value-Added Services.

Cell phone manufacturers are striving to develop USD 100 priced 3G handsets for the Indian market.

India expects to replicate its 2G growth in 3G services.

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Value-Added Services and Rural Telephony holds large market potential in India

Value-Added Services in India (2006–07)

Urban Rural Teledensity in India

The VAS industry was worth USD 632 million in 2006–07. The industry is estimated to grow by 60 percent in 2007–08 and become an USD 1,011 million opportunity.

As the government targets to increase rural teledensity from the current 2 percent to 25 percent by 2012, rural telephony will require major investments. This segment will boost the demand for telecom services, equipment, Internet services and other value-added services; thereby, offering great market opportunities for telecom players.

The VAS industry is currently focussing on the entertainment sector, such as the Indian film industry and cricket; however, there is scope for growth in other avenues as utility-based services, such as location information and mobile transactions.

Rural Telephony

0

10

20

30

40

50

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007At Year Ending March

Tele

dens

ity (%

)Urban Total Rural

Others (MMS etc.), 3%

Game & Data, 7%Person to

Application & Application to Person SMS,

15%

Ringtone Dow nload, 35%

Person to Person SMS, 40%

04/11/2023

42

•Internet Protocol TV•Also called Triple play.• Currently available in Jaipur , Delhi, Mumbai, Jodhpur, and a few more cities have been added to the list.