Teff Crop Profile.pdf

8/20/2019 Teff Crop Profile.pdf

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Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Authority

Understanding Teff : A Review of Supply and Marketing

IssuesPrepared by ngdawork Tadesse


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Contents

1 Summary ............................................... ............................................... ..................................... iii

2 INTRODUCTION ........................................... .................................................. ..............................1

2.1 Background ......................................... ................................................ ................................1

2.2 Objective of the Study .......................................... ............................................... .................1

2.3 Scope and Significance of the Study ............................................. .........................................2

2.4 Source of Data and Method of Analysis ............................................... ..................................2

3 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................3

3.1 Origin and diversity..........................................................................................................3

3.2 Ecology and Geographic Distribution............................................ .........................................3

3.3 Properties and use.............................................................................................................4

3.4 Agronomy and limitation of the crop ............................................. ..................................5

3.5 Prospects ...........................................................................................................................6

4 Production of Teff .......................................................................................................................8

4.1 Regional Distribution of Teff Production ................................................ ........................12

4.2 Major Teff producing Zones ............................................. ...............................................13

4.3 Surplus and Deficit Areas ...............................................................................................15

4.4 Marketed Surplus of Teff ........................................... ............................................... .......15

5 MARKETING OF TEFF ........................................... ............................................... .......................17

5.1 Peculiarities in Teff Marketing .......................................................................................17


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List of Tables

Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08 .........

Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08 ...

Figure 4-3 Trend of Teff Production......................................... ................................................ .........

Figure 4-4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region.......................................... .....................

Table 4-1 Average annual growth rate of production, cultivated area and yield of Teff ..............10

Table 4-2 Distribution of appropriate technologies applied area in hectares for Teff production

........................................................................................................................................................11

Table 4-3 Regional distribution of Teff production.......................................................................12

Table 4-4 Major Teff producing zones at national level ..............................................................14

Table 4-5 Percentage share of Teff utilization pattern by small holder farmers at national and

regional level................................................................ ......................................... .........................16Table 5-1 Teff grades ......................................... ................................................ .............................21

List of Figures

Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08 ........8

Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08 ... 9

Figure 4-3 Trend of Teff Production...............................................................................................11

Figure 4-4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region............................................................13


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1 Summary

Teff is one of the major cereal crops in Ethiopia which is mainly used for food

consumption. The composition of Teff shows that it has good mineral content and

generally higher amount of the essential amino acids. The crop can grow well in

moisture stress and waterlogged conditions better than other cereals. It can also be

grown from sea level up to 2800m, under various rainfalls, temperature and soil

regimes. Most of the Ethiopian farmers use traditional varieties of Teff which is known

to have a very low yield, around 910 kg per hectare. Modern varieties are also used in

many regions such as Gojjam and Shewa but in very small areas. The yield of the

modern varities is estimated to be 1700-2200 kg per hectare on farmers’ fields and 2200-

2800 kg per hectare on research managed large farms.

The objective of this analytical study is to understand the commodity Teff with respect

to volume of production, marketable surplus, distribution channel, grade and

standards, marketing issues and price. Various analytical techniques such as trend

analysis, percentage change, percentage share, average, standard deviation, coefficientof variation and correlation coefficient were used to assess the characteristics under

study. Based on the analysis of production, supply, demand, marketing and price


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Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray and Benshangule-Gumz regions are the major

Teff producing regions in the country. According to the 2007/08 AgriculturalSample Survey, Amhara and Oromia regions took the first and the second

position in Teff production. The productivity of the land measured by yield

(quintal per hectare) for Amhara is greater than that of Oromia. SNNPR and

Tigray regions took the third and fourth position in Teff production, respectively.

Looking at the zonal distribution of teff production, there are 19 major Teff

producing zones in the country which account for more than 83 percent of the

country’s total Teff production. These zones are found in Tigray, Amhara and

Oromia regions. Of all these zones, East Gojjam is the leading zone contributing

for more than 10 percent of the national annual Teff production. There are also

other potential Teff producing zones in Amhara (North Gonder, North Shewa

and West Gojjam zones) and in Oromia (West Shewa, East Shewa and South

West Shewa zones); which contribute, individually, from five to ten percent to

the national Teff production.

The volume of surplus Teff production in a given year depends on the intensity


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outside the highway and mostly supply marketable surplus to the nearby major

markets in a given wereda. Most of the grain traders in village and majormarkets share common characteristics:

Have very small amount of stock holding and poor storage building

facilities.

Rely on their own personal contacts for getting market information, and

Are large in number and make the supply channel remarkably longer


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2

INTRODUCTION

2.1 Background

Teff is a grain crop solely produced in the country for human consumption. It grows in

most of the agro-ecology zones of the country. In 2007/08 meher season, Teff ranks first

in total crop land and second next to maize in quantity produced among other cereals.This high and growing market demand of the crop and its large volume of production

with increasing trend encouraged the ECX to consider the crop to trade on its platform.

The objective of this study is to understand the commodity Teff. Emphasis is given to

the analysis of volume of production, marketable surplus, distribution channel, grade

and standards, and marketing issues. Accordingly, the remaining parts of this section

elaborate the objectives, scope and methodology of the study. The rest of the report is

organized in five sections. In section three, origin and diversity, ecology and

geographical distribution, properties and use, agronomy and crop limitation and

prospects of Teff production will be discussed. Section four deals with Teff production

trend, regional distribution, major producing zones, surplus production and deficit

area. Marketed surplus of Teff will be also discussed in this section. In section five, Teff


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Marketable surplus and marketing channels of Teff .

Price nature of Teff

2.3 Scope and Significance of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the National level with focus on Teff production,

supply and marketing aspects based on secondary data. The different national

agencies in the country that produce statistical data mainly deliver the meher season

agricultural data. However, the belg season agricultural data and also data on

commercial and state farms are hard to obtain from these agencies. The out come of

this study is used as an input for decision makers on issues related to Teff production

and marketing. More over, it is also an input for researchers that make deeper analysis

on the subject matter under study.

2.4 Source of Data and Method of Analysis

The analysis has utilized only secondary sources, and data collected by national

agencies (Central Statistical Agency and EGTE) and different international websites.

These different sources are used for comparison, cross checking and more insights inthe analysis. The data consist of information on quantity terms for Teff production,

supply and prices.


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3 BACKGROUND

3.1

Origin and diversity

The fact that several endemic and non endemic species of Eragrostis, some of which are

considered the wild relatives of Teff , are found in Ethiopia and, in addition, the fact that

the genetic diversity for Teff exists nowhere in the world except in Ethiopia, indicates

that Teff originated and was domesticated in Ethiopia. Many writers identified Ethiopia

as the centre of origin and diversity of Teff . As with several other crops, the exact date

and location for the domestication of Teff is unknown. However, according to different

sources there is no doubt that it is a very ancient crop in Ethiopia, where domestication

took place before the birth of Christ around 4000-1000 BC.

On the basis of linguistic, historic, geographic and botanical notes, Teff is assumed to

have originated in northeastern Africa. The current area of cultivation is probably not

the initial one of domestication; domestication probably occurred in the western area of

Ethiopia, where agriculture is precarious and semi-nomadic.

3.2

Ecology and Geographic Distribution

Teff is adapted to a wide range of environments and is presently cultivated under


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Bunign, which are early maturing (


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3.4 Agronomy and limitation of the crop

In Ethiopia, Teff is cultivated in much the same way as wheat and barley. Depending on

the location and maturity period of the varieties, it is grown during the main growing

season between July and November, and also during the small rainy season between

March and June. It is mainly cultivated as a mono crop, but occasionally under a

multiple cropping system.

Teff can be planted in late may similar to millets. Late plantings have the advantage to

control emerged weeds by tillage prior to planting, which can be significant since Teff is

a poor competitor with weeds during the early growth stages. Teff should be seeded 12–

15 mm deep either broadcast or in narrow rows. The tiny seed size requires much

pulverized soils; otherwise, the seed can not emerge. This calls for cultural practices

requiring huge amount of family and/ or hired labor during land preparation, weeding

and harvesting.

Teff performs better both in good and bad years. It grows well in moisture stress and

waterlogged conditions better than other cereals. Moderate rates of nitrogen and

phosphorus fertilizer are suggested to prevent lodging. In netosoils area if early sown

crops failed; the field will be left solely for Teff While in versisoils area if early sown


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Local varieties give low yield. At present the national average grain yield of Teff is 910

kg/ha. Improved varieties of Teff give a grain yield of 1700-2200 kg/ha on farmers'fields and 2200-2800 kg/ha on research managed large farms. However, no

comprehensive study has been conducted to assess the yield potential of the crop.

3.5 Prospects

Ethiopian farmers prefer to grow Teff because of the following advantages:

It can be grown in areas experiencing moisture stress.

It can be grown in waterlogged areas and withstands anaerobic conditions better

than many other cereals, including maize, wheat and sorghum.

It is suitable for use in multiple cropping systems such as double, relay and

intercropping.

Its straw is a valuable feed during the dry season when there is an acute

shortage. It is highly preferred by cattle over the straw of other cereals anddemands high prices in the markets.


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It is not attacked by weevils and other storage pests and therefore is easily and

safely stored under local storage conditions. This results in reduced postharvestmanagement costs.

Compared with any other cereals growing in Ethiopia it has fewer disease and

pest problems.


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4 Production of Teff

Teff is one of the major cereal crops in Ethiopia. It is used throughout the country almost

by all citizens for food, especially for the preparation of local bread called ‘Injera’ and

local alcoholic drink called ‘Tela’ and ‘Katikala’. Its production mainly depends on soil

type, altitude and agro-ecologic climatic conditions. It is the first in volume of cultivated

area in the group of cereal crops and the second next to maize in volume of production.

Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08

Teff

20%

Barley

Sorghum18%

Others(

Finger millet,oats &

rice)

4%


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Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08

Source: CSA annual agricultural sample survey

Because of very high prospects on the production of this crop by Ethiopian farmers,

every year the volume of production shows an increasing trend with average annual

Teff

28%

Barley

13%

Wheat17%

Maize

19%

Sorghum18%

Others

(Finger mil let,oats

& rice)

5%


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Table 4-1 Average annual growth rate of production, cultivated area and yield of Teff

Year

Production

in quintal

%

change

Cultivated

Area

in hectare

%

change

Yield in

qui./hec

%

change

2003/04 16,773,480.00 1,989,068.00 8.43

2004/05 20,255,214.00 20.76 2,135,553.00 7.36 9.48 12.46

2005/06 21,755,977.00 7.41 2,246,017.00 5.17 9.69 2.22

2006/07 24,377,495.00 12.05 2,404,674.00 7.06 10.14 4.64

2007/08 29,929,235.00 22.77 2,565,155.22 6.67 11.67 15.09

Average growth rate 15.75 6.57 8.60

Source: CSA annual agricultural sample survey


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Figure 4-3 Trend of Teff Production

Table 4-2 Distribution of appropriate technologies applied area in hectares for Teff production

Year

Total Teff

Cultivated

Area

in hectare

Improved

seeds

appliedarea in

hectare

%

share

Irrigation

applied

area in

hectare

%

share

Pesticide

applied

area

in hectare

%

share

Fertilizer

applied

area in

hectare

%

share

-

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

V o l u m e i n m

i l l i o n s q u i n t a l


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4.1 Regional Distribution of Teff Production

Mostly Teff is produced by small holder farmers at the central, eastern and northern

highlands of the country on fragmented lands with rain fed conditions in both, Meher

and Belg, seasons. Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray and Benshangule-Gumz regions

are the major Teff producing regions in the country. According to the 2007/08

agricultural sample survey, Amhara and Oromia regions took the first and the secondposition in Teff production, respectively. The productivity of the land measured by

yield (quintal per hectare) for Amhara is greater than that of Oromia. SNNPR and

Tigray regions took the third and fourth position in Teff production, respectively. The

productivity in SNNPR is by far less than that of Tigray and even other Teff producing

regions in the country (see Table 4-3).

Table 4-3 Regional distribution of Teff production

Region Areacultivatedin hectares

% share ofregional areacultivated

Production inquintals

% share ofregionalproductio

n

Yieldinqu's/h

etTigray 178742.14 7.0 2283031.14 7.6 12.77

Afar - - -

A h 40 8 6 6 42 4


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Figure 4-4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region

4.2

Major Teff producing Zones

According to the CSA data on annual agricultural sample survey, there are 46 zones

and 9 special weredas in the country in which production of Teff is widely practiced.

These include five zones in Tigray regions, ten zones and one special Wereda in

Amhara regions, seventeen zones in Oromia regions, three zones in Benshangule-Gumz

regions and eleven zones and eight special weredas in SNNPR regions (See ANNEX 1).

Tigray

8%

Amhara

42%

Oromia

41%

Benshangule-Gumz

1%SNNPR

8%

Fig 2.4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region


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Table 4-4 Major Teff producing zones at national level

Region

zoneAreacultivated in

hectares

%

share

Productionin quintals %

share

Yield Inqui/hec

Tigray Central Tigray 69262.03 2.70 694607.38 2.32 10.03

South Tigray 59695.43 2.33 672192.75 2.25 11.26

Amhara North Gonder 143897.66 5.61 1561611.93 5.22 10.85

South Gonder 126752.8 4.94 1167656.4 3.90 9.21

North Wollo 65744.04 2.56 861151.82 2.88 13.1

South Wollo 113828.84 4.44 1273186.14 4.25 11.19

North Shewa 138755.42 5.41 1680250.12 5.61 12.11

East Gojjam 221752.56 8.64 3018976.49 10.09 13.61

West Gojjam 142451.8 5.55 2181529.41 7.29 15.31

Awi 59111.09 2.30 586836.59 1.96 9.93

Oromia East Wellega 71121.17 2.77 865751.26 2.89 12.17

Illubabor 66128.6 2.58 970097.94 3.24 14.67

Jimma 130698.04 5.10 1374056.13 4.59 10.51

West shewa 141809.87 5.53 1599282.42 5.34 11.28


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4.3

Surplus and Deficit Areas

Surplus areas are defined as areas with a significant marketable surplus for export to

other regions of the country (Eleni Z. Gebre-medhin 124 research report, 2001). With

respect to Teff production, entire shewa of Oromia and Amhara regions and entire

Gojjam are the major Teff surpluses producing areas of the country. Conversely, deficit

areas are defined as areas that have a net grain deficit and import grain from other areas

of the country. Entire Wollo, Tigray region, and the Harar/ Dire Dawa region in eastern

Ethiopia and most of the pastorals area of the country are considered as deficit areas of

the country.

4.4 Marketed Surplus of Teff

The annual volume of marketed surplus of Teff depends on the yearly use of improved

agricultural technologies, weather condition suitable to Teff production and availability

of family or hired labor for peak agricultural activities. The agricultural sampleenumeration survey report, conducted by CSA in 2001/02 shows that of the total Teff

production in the country farmers sold on average 26 percent of their produce The


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Table 4-5 Percentage share of Teff utilization pattern by small holder farmers at

national and regional level

Geographic

Area

Household

Consumption Seed Sale

Wages

In

kind

Animal

Feed Others

Ethiopia 56.52 13.26 25.77 1.69 0.11 2.65

Tigray 66.21 12.62 15.98 0.45 0.11 4.63

Afar 63.78 8.35 26.14 0.34 - 1.39

Amhara 61.19 12.07 20.63 3.05 0.08 2.98

Oromia 54.17 13.7 28.29 1.33 0.17 2.35

Somali 24.12 10.89 64.99 - - -

Benishangul-

Gumuz 59.52 13.68 22.81 1.94 0.38 1.67

S.N.N.P.R. 39.67 12.18 45.33 0.51 0.18 2.14

Gambela - - - - - -


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5 MARKETING OF TEFF

5.1 Peculiarities in Teff Marketing

In Ethiopia, Teff is produced mainly for the purpose of local consumption. Injera made

of Teff is the favorite diet of the citizens and usually considered as a prestige in the

community. For consumers, its taste and preference is unique making other grains the

poor substitute for Teff . Because of these reasons, the demand for Teff is consistently

high over time and its demand is inelastic to price variability compared to other grain

crops in Ethiopia. Another peculiar characteristic usually mentioned by farmers is that

it will be stored for long time.

Price paid for Teff varies with its quality. White teff is considered to be the best quality

and fetches premium price to farmers. However, in terms of the nutritional value,

studies carried out on Teff indicate that red varieties have more ironic content and

suitable aroma/ taste than that of the white one( Seyfu,1993).

5.2

Market infrastructure

5.2.1 Characteristics of rural markets


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Village markets, on the other hand, are located outside the highway and most of the

time they supply marketable surplus to the nearby major markets in a given wereda.

Farmers establish village markets to get a market outlet for their produce and to obtain

consumable items when they are unable to visit major markets. At times when family

members get engaged in agricultural activities, farmers are forced to provide their Teff

produce to rural assemblers in village markets. Moreover, village markets are

characterized by one or two types of agricultural products. These products areeventually supplied to major markets through rural assemblers.

5.3 Storehouse facilities

Teff can be stored for longer periods without being attacked by weevils. It is also possible to

store it in any local made storing materials. Some wholesalers usually store produces till the

price gets its highest level, which requires huge amount of investment for warehouse and

working capital. However, since most rural grain traders have very small amount of stock

holding capacity and poor storage building facilities, they usually transport their stock

holding immediately to the central grain market so that they can regain their working

capital.

5 4 Market information


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information from other farmers. On the other hand, a trader can get price information from

his intimate friend participating in the grain market. Currently, because of the rapid

diffusion of mobile phone facilities, the market information among traders is being easily

accessed. Farmers, brokers and traders generally rely on their own personal contact

networks in order to gather relevant and timely market information.

5.5 Transportation

Transportation facility is the important marketing function which enables producers in

surplus producing areas gain better market price while consumers in deficit areas get

reduced marketing price than would have been prevailing otherwise. Due to poor

infrastructure, most farmers use donkeys, human load, horse, and vehicle to transport

their produce to the nearby village or major markets as far as 30km within a wereda.

5.6 Market Participants

Producers are the single important part of the marketing structure without whom all

other marketing practices is impossible. Producers near the major markets supply their

produce in these markets. Those producers located far away from major markets might

supply to rural assemblers or travel to the major markets. Rural assemblers collect


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5.7 Teff Grading and Standardization

The quality of teff is traditionally graded into five by the Assembly wholesalers of the

major markets. These are: Magna (very white), Nech (white), Sergegna (mix between

white and red), abolse and key (brown). The four grades indicate the color of the Teff

variety while abolse is the name given to the improved Teff variety. Magna teff is the first

grade while key teff is the last in terms of their value in the market.

Most traders employ three categories of grade; namely, Nech, Sergegna and key. Thus,

every collector in the market has three canvases and a weighting balance to buy Teff

from the farmers or rural traders. The teff coming from farmers and rural assemblers is

sorted in one of the three canvases according to its color. In each marketing day, thepurchased Teff is mixed up in the given canvas to have similar color before it is bagged

in 100kg lots. The major purpose of this task is to collect large volume of similar grades

from the small quantity of Teff supplied by small-scale producers.

However, the Quality and Standard Authority of Ethiopia has set standards for

produces of Teff . According to Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE),

Teff is classified into four; namely,


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Table 5-1 Teff grades

Classes Characteristics Maximum limits of impurities in %Grades

1 2 3 4

Very

white

98-100% of white

Teff grains

Foreign matter 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0

Stone 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

White 95-98% of white

Teff grains


Stone 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Brown 94-100% of brown

Teff grains


Stone 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Mixed mixture of white

and brown Teff

grain


Stone 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Source: Ethiopian Standard. 2001. Teff Specification. Ref.No. ES 671:2001


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6 PRICE ANALYSIS OF TEFF

6.1 Price volatility of Teff

The variability of Teff prices through time at market level was measured using standard

deviation and coefficients of variation and the results for different markets are given in

ANNEX 2. At the wholesale level the average standard deviation for the white Teff price

level was 113 birr/quintal while the average coefficient of variation was 23%. Similarly,

at the wholesale level the average standard deviations for the mixed and red Teff were

111 birr/quintal and106 birr/quintal, respectively, and the average coefficient of

variations were 25% and 27%, respectively.

Comparatively high price variability was observed at Addis Ababa, Dessie, Nazareth

and Nekempt for the three different types of Teff . There are also remarkably high

coefficients of variation at Dire Dawa, Mekele and Ziway for mixed Teff and Bale Robe,

Debre Birhan, Dire Dawa, Mekele, Shashemene and Ziway for red Teff . The range of

price percentage variation among markets varies for the three different types of Teff .

The white Teff price at whole sale level varies from 16.8 to 30.6 percent across the

k t h th i d d d T ff i i f 17 7 t 31 6 t d f


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across markets for white Teff , mixed Teff and red Teff were statistically significant at a

probability of 1%. The spatial correlation coefficient for white Teff was greater than 0.80

in all of the 153 cases and greater than 0.90 in 146 of 153 cases. Similarly, for mixed and

red Teff the spatial correlation coefficient were greater than 0.80 in all of the cases and

greater than 0.90 in 124 of 136 cases for mixed Teff and in 99 of 105 cases for red Teff .

Therefore, the wholesale Teff price correlation coefficient matrix indicates that there

were very strong linkages among the prices across the markets for the three differenttypes of Teff .

For white Teff and mixed Teff , it was observed that Ambo, Debre Markos and Jimma have

strong price correlation (between 0.80 and 0.90) with Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. A

Similar result is also observed for the other major towns (see Annex 3-Annex 5 for

details).


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ReferencesCSA Annual report of Agricultural sample survey

Mesfin Haile, Agajie Tesfaye, Lemlem Aregu and Eyob Mulat 2004, Market access versus

productivity: The case of teff, Holetta Agricultural Research Center

Gebre Medhin Eleni Z. (2001), Market Institution, Transaction costs and Social capital in

the Ethiopian Grain Market. Research report No. 124, IFPRI, Washington, DC

Gebremeskel, D.T.S Jayne and J.D. Shafter 1998, Market Structure, Conduct and

Performance: Constraints on Performance of Ethiopian Grain Markets, working paper No.

8, Grain Market Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Asfaw Negassa 1998, Vertical and Spatial Integration of Grain Markets in Eth iopia:

Implications for Grain Market and Food Security policies, working paper 9, Grain Market

Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/sep97/10tef.html

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/teff.html


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Annexes

ANNEX 1. Zonal distribution of Teff production in the major producing regions

Region zoneArea

cultivated

%

shareProduction

%

shareYield

Tigray North West

Tigray 40033.08 1.56 511782.56 1.71 12.78

Central Tigray 69262.03 2.70 694607.38 2.32 10.03

East Tigray 6061.21 0.24 * * *

South Tigray 59695.43 2.33 672192.75 2.25 11.26

West Tigray 3690.37 0.14 45315.91 0.15 12.28

Amhara North Gonder 143897.66 5.61 1561611.93 5.22 10.85

South Gonder 126752.8 4.94 1167656.4 3.90 9.21

North Wollo 65744.04 2.56 861151.82 2.88 13.1

South Wollo 113828.84 4.44 1273186.14 4.25 11.19

North Shewa 138755.42 5.41 1680250.12 5.61 12.11

East Gojjam 221752.56 8.64 3018976.49 10.09 13.61

West Gojjam 142451.8 5.55 2181529.41 7.29 15.31


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Region zoneArea

cultivated

%

shareProduction

%

shareYield

East Shewa 154506.02 6.02 1978854.34 6.61 12.81

Arsi 91128.81 3.55 951920.38 3.18 10.45

West Hararghe 8465.36 0.33 106484.43 0.36 12.58

East Hararghe 3749.05 0.15 35507.49 0.12 9.47

Bale 40424.1 1.58 393329.24 1.31 9.73Borena 2176.49 0.08 35645.63 0.12 16.38

South west

shewa 126100.24 4.92 1535776.12 5.13 12.18

Guji 10667.31 0.42 58912.04 0.20 5.52

Kelem 10926.13 0.43 103668.12 0.35 9.49

Horoguduro 70296.51 2.74 895868.97 2.99 12.74

West Arsi 11341.39 0.44 104855.93 0.35 9.25

Benshangu

le-Gumz Matakel 13868.57 0.54 164678.95 0.55 11.87

Assosa 3682.95 0.14 26030.61 0.09 7.07

Mao Komo 373.13 0.01 2785.42 0.01 7.47


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Region zoneArea

cultivated

%

shareProduction

%

shareYield

Yem Special 6783.02 0.26 54464.57 0.18 8.03

Amaro Special 4025.98 0.16 40654.1 0.14 10.1

Burji Special 879.84 0.03 5369.42 0.02 6.1

Konso Special 2031.74 0.08 15856.48 0.05 7.8

DerasheSpecial 1377.51 0.05 14163.17 0.05 10.28

Dawro 11143.72 0.43 89510.83 0.30 8.03

Basketo Special 2592.86 0.10 28832.68 0.10 11.12

Konta Special 5331.85 0.21 46458.35 0.16 8.71

Silitie 15673.59 0.61 163582.24 0.55 10.44

Alaba Special 8665.82 0.34 93164.59 0.31 10.75

National 2,565,155.22 29,929,234.99 98.59 11.67

Source: 2007/08 annual agricultural sample survey, CSA


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ANNEX 2. Average Price, Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation for marketsin Ethiopia at wholesale price level (Monthly data from July 2006 to June2008)

Market Place

Average Price

(Birr/Quintal)

Standard Deviation

(Birr/Quintal)

Coefficient of

Variation

White Mixed Red White Mixed Red White Mixed Red

Addis Ababa 499 463 372 133.19 127.9 110.7 26.7 27.6 29.78

Ambo 465 446 - 84.54 108.8 - 18.2 24.4

Assela 484 442 400 117.58 113.8 102.3 24.3 25.7 25.57

Bahir Dar 447 413 389 89.15 87.92 87.44 19.9 21.3 22.46Bale Robe - - 417 - - 137.9 - - 33.11

Debre Birhan 500 476 390 126.37 121 121.2 25.3 25.4 31.11

Diredawa 503 467 427 84.27 147.5 135.8 16.8 31.6 31.77

Dessie 490 453 398 132.91 129 108.4 27.1 28.5 27.23

Debre Markos 457 412 331 97.95 73 66.76 21.4 17.7 20.15

Debre zeit 519 - - 131.16 - - 25.3 - -Gonder 468 434 380 100.26 100.4 90.48 21.4 23.1 23.78

Hossana 478 449 - 93.88 90.86 - 19.6 20.3 -

Jimma 484 439 393 103.63 102.7 89.02 21.4 23.4 22.63

Mekele 533 447 395 125.89 116.7 110.8 23.6 26.1 28.06

Nazareth 478 428 374 131.4 112.7 101.7 27.5 26.4 27.19

Nekempt 438 408 367 133.83 119.5 103.6 30.6 29.3 28.24Shashamene 491 462 366 108.27 103.9 113.5 22.1 22.5 30.97

Woliso 451 412 - 126.02 115.5 - 27.9 28 -


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ECEA-Economic Analysis Page 29

ANNEX3 - White Teff Wholesale Price Correlation Coefficients across Markets.addisababa ambo assela

bahirdar

debrebirhan

diredawa dessie

debremarkos

debrezeit gonder hossana jimma mekele nazareth nekempt shashemene woliso ziway

addis ababa 1 .897(**) .979(**) .939(**) .966(**) .971(**) .972(**) .875(**) .968(**) .955(**) .946(**) .876(**) .954(**) .983(**) .962(**) .949(**) .959(**) .971(**)

ambo .897(**) 1 .906(**) .955(**) .948(**) .845(**) .902(**) .968(**) .916(**) .932(**) .933 (**) .902(**) .927(**) .9 18(**) .933(**) .944(**) .934(**) .931(**)

assela .979(**) .906(**) 1 .965(**) .984(**) .988(**) .980(**) .917(**) .983(**) .989(**) .959 (**) .935(**) .982(**) .9 89(**) .971(**) .980(**) .978(**) .985(**)

bahir dar .939(**) .955(**) .965(**) 1 .977(**) .963(**) .953(**) .964(**) .974(**) .977(**) .944 (**) .950(**) .962(**) .9 71(**) .940(**) .981(**) .967(**) .969(**)

debre birhan .966(**) .948(**) .984(**) .977(**) 1 .986(**) .985(**) .952(**) .985(**) .988(**) .965 (**) .949(**) .990(**) .9 85(**) .984(**) .984(**) .982(**) .987(**)

dire dawa .971(**) .845(**) .988(**) .963(**) .986(**) 1 .982(**) .874(**) .992(**) .977(**) .980 (**) .895(**) .981(**) .9 89(**) .972(**) .959(**) .969(**) .991(**)

dessie .972(**) .902(**) .980(**) .953(**) .985(**) .982(**) 1 .899(**) .981(**) .964(**) .939 (**) .919(**) .980(**) .9 85(**) .975(**) .959(**) .965(**) .975(**)

debre markos .875(**) .968(**) .917(**) .964(**) .952(**) .874(**) .899(**) 1 .930(**) .953(**) .922 (**) .942(**) .934(**) .9 14(**) .925(**) .963(**) .939(**) .925(**)

debre zeit .968(**) .916(**) .983(**) .974(**) .985(**) .992(**) .981(**) .930(**) 1 .972(**) .942 (**) .947(**) .978(**) .9 90(**) .967(**) .967(**) .983(**) .979(**)

gonder .955(**) .932(**) .989(**) .977(**) .988(**) .977(**) .964(**) .953(**) .972(**) 1 .968(**) .950(**) .979(**) .9 75(**) .965(**) .991(**) .974(**) .982(**)

hossana .946(**) .933(**) .959(**) .944(**) .965(**) .980(**) .939(**) .922(**) .942(**) .968(**) 1 .924(**) .952(**) .9 52(**) .969(**) .966(**) .952(**) .974(**)

jimma .876(**) .902(**) .935(**) .950(**) .949(**) .895(**) .919(**) .942(**) .947(**) .950(**) .924 (**) 1 .961(**) .9 36(**) .932(**) .942(**) .964(**) .949(**)

mekele .954(**) .927(**) .982(**) .962(**) .990(**) .981(**) .980(**) .934(**) .978(**) .979(**) .952 (**) .961(**) 1 .983(**) .982(**) .969(**) .987(**) .985(**)

nazareth .983(**) .918(**) .989(**) .971(**) .985(**) .989(**) .985(**) .914(**) .990(**) .975(**) .952 (**) .936(**) .983(**) 1 .970(**) .968(**) .982(**) .992(**)

nekempt .962(**) .933(**) .971(**) .940(**) .984(**) .972(**) .975(**) .925(**) .967(**) .965(**) .969 (**) .932(**) .982(**) .9 70(**) 1 .961(**) .978(**) .975(**)

shashemene .949(**) .944(**) .980(**) .981(**) .984(**) .959(**) .959(**) .963(**) .967(**) .991(**) .966 (**) .942(**) .969(**) .9 68(**) .961(**) 1 .963(**) .976(**)

woliso .959(**) .934(**) .978(**) .967(**) .982(**) .969(**) .965(**) .939(**) .983(**) .974(**) .952 (**) .964(**) .987(**) .9 82(**) .978(**) .963(**) 1 .979(**)

ziway .971(**) .931(**) .985(**) .969(**) .987(**) .991(**) .975(**) .925(**) .979(**) .982(**) .974 (**) .949(**) .985(**) .9 92(**) .975(**) .976(**) .979(**) 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tailed)


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ECEA-Economic Analysis Page 30

ANNEX 4- Mixed Teff Wholesale Price Correlation Coefficients across Markets

addis

ababa ambo assela

bahir

dar

debre

birhan

dire

dawa dessie

debre

markos gonder hossana jimma mekele nazareth nekempt shashemene woli so ziway

addis a baba 1 .986(**) .979(**) .954(**) .967(**) .967(**) .975(**) .906(**) .964(**) .955(** ) .889(**) .936(**) .866(**) .977(**) .943(**) .976(**) .970(**)

ambo .986(**) 1 .974(**) .933(**) .957(**) .952(**) .972(**) .899(**) .964(**) .954(**) .888(**) .915(**) .817(**) .973(**) .936(**) .962(**) .957(**)

assela.979(**) .974(**) 1 .972(**) .986(**) .984(**) .979(**) .925(**) .976(**) .954(**) .946(**) .952(**) .898(**) .981(**) .970(**) .992(**) .983(**)

bahir dar .954(**) .933(**) .972(**) 1 .984(**) .974(**) .950(**) .964(**) .974(**) .958(**) .927(**) .963(**) .949(**) .970(**) .972(**) .976(**) .969(**)

debre birhan .967(**) .957(**) .986(**) .984(**) 1 .995(**) .977(**) .952(**) .988(**) .967(**) .935(**) .972(**) .924(**) .985(**) .985(**) .982(**) .981(**)

dire dawa.967(**) .952(**) .984(**) .974(**) .995(**) 1 .976(**) .952(**) .985(**) .980(**) .932(**) .985(**) .920(**) .977(**) .987(**) .976(**) .989(**)

dessie .975(**) .972(**) .979(**) .950(**) .977(**) .976(**) 1 .902(**) .964(**) .955(**) .904(**) .943(**) .859(**) .971(**) .948(**) .971(**) .968(**)

debremarkos

.906(**) .899(**) .925(**) .964(**) .952(**) .952(**) .902(**) 1 .960(**) .934(**) .913(**) .940(**) .929(**) .953(**) .959(**) .934(**) .911(**)

gonder .964(**) .964(**) .976(**) .974(**) .988(**) .985(**) .964(**) .960(**) 1 .979(**) .930(**) .956(**) .896(**) .984(**) .981(**) .972(**) .970(**)

hossana .955(**) .954(**) .954(**) .958(**) .967(**) .980(**) .955(**) .934(**) .979(**) 1 .909(**) .937(**) .863(**) .978(**) .952(**) .959(**) .969(**)

jimma .889(**) .888(**) .946(**) .927(**) .935(**) .932(**) .904(**) .913(**) .930(**) .909(**) 1 .898(**) .873(**) .929(**) .923(**) .958(**) .928(**)

mekele .936(**) .915(**) .952(**) .963(**) .972(**) .985(**) .943(**) .940(**) .956(**) .937(**) .898(**) 1 .914(**) .948(**) .981(**) .943(**) .950(**)

nazareth .866(**) .817(**) .898(**) .949(**) .924(**) .920(**) .859(**) .929(**) .896(**) .863(**) .873(**) .914(**) 1 .909(**) .920(**) .913(**) .897(**)

nekempt .977(**) .973(**) .981(**) .970(**) .985(**) .977(**) .971(**) .953(**) .984(**) .978(**) .929(**) .948(**) .909(**) 1 .967(**) .981(**) .974(**)

shashemene .943(**) .936(**) .970(**) .972(**) .985(**) .987(**) .948(**) .959(**) .981(**) .952(**) .923(**) .981(**) .920(**) .967(**) 1 .955(**) .963(**)

woliso .976(**) .962(**) .992(**) .976(**) .982(**) .976(**) .971(**) .934(**) .972(**) .959(**) .958(**) .943(**) .913(**) .981(**) .955(**) 1 .979(**)

ziway .970(**) .957(**) .983(**) .969(**) .981(**) .989(**) .968(**) .911(**) .970(**) .969(**) .928(**) .950(**) .897(**) .974(**) .963(**) .979(**) 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).


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31

ANNEX 5 - Red Teff Wholesale Price Correlation Coefficients across Marketsaddis

ababa assela

bahir

dar

bale

robe

debre

birhan

dire

dawa dessie

debre

markos gonder jimma mekele nazareth nekempt shashemene ziway

addis ababa 1 .960(**) .938(**) .926(**) .962(**) .964(**) .951(**) .942(**) .954(**) .874(**) .947(**) .880(**) .955(**) .945(**) .977(**)

assela .960(**) 1 .985(**) .935(**) .988(**) .990(**) .981(**) .969(**) .986(**) .958(**) .966(**) .936(**) .989(**) .982(**) .992(**)

bahir dar .938(**) .985(**) 1 .930(**) .974(**) .984(**) .985(**) .942(**) .982(**) .947(**) .967(**) .963(**) .984(**) .979(**) .974(**)

bale robe .926(**) .935(**) .930(**) 1 .954(**) .960(**) .954(**) .937(**) .952(**) .869(**) .963(**) .889(**) .924(**) .955(**) .950(**)

debrebirhan

.962(**) .988(**) .974(**) .954(**) 1 .991(**) .988(**) .962(**) .987(**) .938(**) .974(**) .938(**) .986(**) .977(**) .992(**)

dire dawa .964(**) .990(**) .984(**) .960(**) .991(**) 1 .989(**) .956(**) .990(**) .945(**) .989(**) .939(**) .985(**) .987(**) .994(**)

dessie .951(**) .981(**) .985(**) .954(**) .988(**) .989(**) 1 .944(**) .979(**) .925(**) .982(**) .964(**) .991(**) .983(**) .980(**)

debre

markos.942(**) .969(**) .942(**) .937(**) .962(**) .956(**) .944(**) 1 .971(**) .923(**) .944(**) .860(**) .949(**) .963(**) .965(**)

gonder .954(**) .986(**) .982(**) .952(**) .987(**) .990(**) .979(**) .971(**) 1 .942(**) .971(**) .926(**) .977(**) .981(**) .987(**)

jimma .874(**) .958(**) .947(**) .869(**) .938(**) .945(**) .925(**) .923(**) .942(**) 1 .922(**) .885(**) .944(**) .945(**) .935(**)

mekele .947(**) .966(**) .967(**) .963(**) .974(**) .989(**) .982(**) .944(**) .971(**) .922(**) 1 .935(**) .973(**) .978(**) .967(**)

nazareth .880(**) .936(**) .963(**) .889(**) .938(**) .939(**) .964(**) .860(**) .926(**) .885(**) .935(**) 1 .957(**) .922(**) .919(**)

nekempt .955(**) .989(**) .984(**) .924(**) .986(**) .985(**) .991(**) .949(**) .977(**) .944(**) .973(**) .957(**) 1 .976(**) .982(**)

shashemene .945(**) .982(**) .979(**) .955(**) .977(**) .987(**) .983(**) .963(**) .981(**) .945(**) .978(**) .922(**) .976(**) 1 .978(**)

ziway .977(**) .992(**) .974(**) .950(**) .992(**) .994(**) .980(**) .965(**) .987(**) .935(**) .967(**) .919(**) .982(**) .978(**) 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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