Technology of Rocket

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Technology of Rocket

By

Abdul Salam


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Parts of Rocket

There are four major parts of rocket

Structural system

Propulsion system

Guidance system

Payload system


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Structural system

The structural system of a rocket includes all of theparts which make up the frame of the rocket; thecylindrical body, the fairings, and any control fins.

The function of the structural system is to transmitthe loads from the forces generated during the flightand to provide low aerodynamic drag for flightthrough the atmosphere.


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Forces are vector quantities having both a magnitudeand a direction. In flight, a rocket is subjected to fourforces; weight, thrust, and the aerodynamic forces, liftand drag.


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A model rocket is a combination of many parts; the nosecone, payload, recovery system, body tube, engine, andfins. Each part has a weight associated with it which youcan estimate, or calculate, using Newton's weight

equation:w = m * g


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Thrust is the force which moves the rocket through theair, and through space. Thrust is generated by thepropulsion system of the rocket through the applicationof Newton's third law of motion; For every action thereis an equal and opposite re-action.

The thrust equation shown above works for bothliquid rocket and solid rocket .


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The amount of thrust produced by the rocket depends onthe mass flow rate through the engine, the exit velocity ofthe exhaust, and the pressure at the nozzle exit. All of thesevariables depend on the design of the nozzle. The smallestcross-sectional area of the nozzle is called the throat of thenozzle.


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The hot exhaust flow is choked at the throat, which meansthat the Mach number is equal to 1.0 in the throat and themass flow rate m dot is determined by the throat area. The

area ratio from the throat to the exit Ae sets theexit velocity Ve and the exit pressure pe.


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Transonic-As the speed of the rocket approaches thespeed of sound, the flight Mach number isnearly equal to one, M = 1, and the flow is

said to be transonic.

SupersonicThese conditions occur for Mach numbersgreater than one 1 < M< 5.

Subsonic-These conditions occur for Mach numbers lessthan one, M < 1 . For the lowest subsonicconditions, compressibility can be ignored.

Hypersonic-For speeds greater than five times thespeed of sound, M > 5, the flow is said tobe hypersonic.


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Aerodynamic forces are generated and act on a rocket as itflies through the air.

The magnitude of the aerodynamic forces depends on theshape, size and velocity of the rocket and some propertiesof the air through which it flies.

Aerodynamic forces are not generated by a force field, inthe sense of the gravitational field,or an electromagneticfield.

The single aerodynamic force is broken into twocomponents: the drag force which is opposed to thedirection of motion, and the lift force which actperpendicular to the direction of motion.


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Propulsion system

Fins- Stabilizes rocket during flight. Without fins, therocket would wobble in flight and would land in anunpredicted spot.

Nozzle-The function of the nozzle is to direct the hotexhaust gases out the back of the engine.

Fuel- It is divided in to three types1.Solid type fuel2.Liquid type fuel3.Hybrid type fuel


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Solid type fuel Rocket-Gun powder is used and it is amixture of Sulphur,Charcoal and Potassium nitrate. Thegun powder is also called as black powder

Gun powder was invented and documented and used inancient china but Now modern firearms doesnt use gun

powder instead of that smokeless powder was used.

Solid type fuel


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Liquid type fuel

Liquid fuel rocket-Liquid rocket with an engine thatuses propellants in liquid form.

Liquid rockets have been built as monopropellantrocket using a single type of propellant, bipropellantrockets using two types of propellant.

Liquid propellant are liquid oxygen and liquidhydrogen.


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A liquid-propellant rocket carriesfuel and an oxidizer in separatetanks. The fuel circulates throughthe engine's cooling jacket beforeentering the combustion chamber.This circulation preheats the fuel

for combustion and helps cool therocket.


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Hybrid type fuel

Hybrid rocket uses two types of propellants i.e. one in solid propellant andthe other is either gas or liquid propellant.

Hybrid rockets exhibit advantages over both liquid rockets and solidrockets especially in terms of simplicity, safety, and cost.

The specific impulse (Isp) performance of hybrids is generally higherthan solids and roughly equivalent to hydrocarbon-based liquids.


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Guidance system

The guidance system of a rocket includes verysophisticated sensors, on-board computers, radars, andcommunication equipment.

The guidance system has two main roles during thelaunch of a rocket; to provide stability for the rocket, andto control the rocket during maneuvers.


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The motion of any object in flight is a combination of thetranslation of the center of gravity and the rotation of theobject about its center of gravity. Many different methods

have been developed to control rockets in flight.


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An orthogonal coordinate s stem has each of its coordinate


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An orthogonal coordinate system has each of its coordinatedirections perpendicular to all other coordinate directions.Initially, our rocket is at point "0", with coordinates x0, y0,and z0 at time t0. In general, the rocket moves through the

domain until at some later time t1 the rocket is at point "1"with coordinates x1, y1, and z1. We can specify thedisplacement - d in each coordinate direction by thedifference in coordinate from point "0" to point "1". The x-

displacement equals (x1 - x0), the y-displacement equals(y1 - y0), and the z-displacement equals (z1 - z0).

d = y1 - y0

The velocity -V of the rocket through the domain is thederivative of the displacement with respect to time. In the Y- direction, the average velocity is the displacement dividedby the time interval:

V = (y1 - y0) / (t1 - t0)


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As a rocket flies through the air, it both translates androtates. The rotation occurs about a point called the centerof gravity. The center of gravity is the average location of

the weight of the rocket.


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All of the control methods produce a torque about therocket's center of gravitywhich causes the rocket to rotate

in flight.
http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktcg.htmlhttp://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktcg.html


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where V is the velocity for a circular orbit, g0 is the surfacegravitational constant of the Earth (32.2 ft/sec^2), Re is themean Earth radius (3963 miles), and h is the height of the

orbit in miles.


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Payload is the net carrying capacity of an aircraft orspacecraft

warhead refers to the explosive material and detonator thatis delivered by a missile, rocket, or torpedo


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Technology of Rocket

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