Technology in Service of Technology in Service of SocietySociety

Raj ReddyRaj ReddyCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University

MSRA Talk November 4, 2008MSRA Talk November 4, 2008

Technology TrendsTechnology Trends A Giga-PC in 2000A Giga-PC in 2000

Billion operations per second, Billion operations per second, Billion bits of memoryBillion bits of memory Billion bits per second Network bandwidthBillion bits per second Network bandwidth Less than $2 kLess than $2 k

A Tera-PC by the year 2015A Tera-PC by the year 2015 A Peta-PC by the year 2030A Peta-PC by the year 2030

Exponential Growth Trends in Computer Performance

102400

100

200

400

800

1600

3200

6400

12800

25600

51200

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year

MIPS

Giga PC

10G PC

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

204800

409600

819200

1638400 Tera PC

100G PC

Doubling every 15 months

Doubling every 2 years

What do we do with all this power?What do we do with all this power? Social systems not affected:Social systems not affected:

Food we eat Food we eat Clothes we wear Clothes we wear Mating rituals Mating rituals

The computing will transform the way, The computing will transform the way, wewe LiveLive LearnLearn Work, andWork, and CommunicateCommunicate

Using Technology In Service of Using Technology In Service of HumanityHumanity

Helping Aging populationHelping Aging population Disaster RescueDisaster Rescue Accident-Avoiding Cruise ControlAccident-Avoiding Cruise Control Access to Information and Digital LibrariesAccess to Information and Digital Libraries Access to EducationAccess to Education

LiteracyLiteracy Urban/Rural DivideUrban/Rural Divide

Access to HealthcareAccess to Healthcare LifelineLifeline Emergency HealthcareEmergency Healthcare

Helping Aging PopulationHelping Aging Population

US population is aging at an alarming rate.US population is aging at an alarming rate. 10% of the population will be over the age of 7010% of the population will be over the age of 70 By 2030, it is estimated to be 20%By 2030, it is estimated to be 20%

Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the last decadelast decade Home nursing costs between $30k and $60k annuallyHome nursing costs between $30k and $60k annually

Explore the use of robots for elder careExplore the use of robots for elder care?? 70+ age group is likely to have 70+ age group is likely to have minor disabilities minor disabilities

impacting their quality of life. impacting their quality of life. The The three broad three broad categories arecategories are Sensory disabilitiesSensory disabilities Cognitive disabilities, andCognitive disabilities, and Motor disabilitiesMotor disabilities

Role of Technology in Elder CareRole of Technology in Elder Care RemindingReminding

visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the doctordoctor

Connecting with caregivers Connecting with caregivers Use tele-presence technology Use tele-presence technology Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote

patientspatients Reducing the frequency of doctor visits.Reducing the frequency of doctor visits.

Monitoring the well-being of patientsMonitoring the well-being of patients Emergency conditions can be avoidedEmergency conditions can be avoided

e.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levelse.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levels Help Move Objects for Arthritic PatientsHelp Move Objects for Arthritic Patients

Manipulating objects around the home such asManipulating objects around the home such as RefrigeratorRefrigerator Washing machine, or Washing machine, or Microwave. Microwave.

Help with Social FunctionsHelp with Social Functions Many elderly live aloneMany elderly live alone Deprived of social contactsDeprived of social contacts

Encouraging Social Activity Encouraging Social Activity view view video-clip

Robotics and Disaster RescueRobotics and Disaster Rescue Disaster sites are often unreachable and too Disaster sites are often unreachable and too

dangerous dangerous for human explorationfor human exploration

In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims withinwithinabout 48 hours about 48 hours

Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures

collapsed collapsed though they were believed to be earthquake resistantthough they were believed to be earthquake resistant

Rescue Robot Ecology: Rescue Robot Ecology: Environment, Platforms, & Role of PeopleRobots of International Rescue System Institute •Information Collection from Above

•Robotic Helicopter•Infoballoon

•Information Collection on the Rubble•Information Collection in the Rubble

•Snake Robot •Wide-Area Information Collection

•Drop-in Cell-phone Tower•Database for Rescue Management

Autonomous Cars as Eco-TechnologyAutonomous Cars as Eco-Technology Unsafe driving conditions Unsafe driving conditions

1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents Over 40,000 in the US aloneOver 40,000 in the US alone

Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Majority of road accidents caused by human errors Majority of road accidents caused by human errors

and reduced visibilityand reduced visibility Driver fatigue, drunken driving, speedingDriver fatigue, drunken driving, speeding 42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions

Traffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculationTraffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculation Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Majority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilotsMajority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilots

Passengers disconcerted by irregular drivingPassengers disconcerted by irregular driving Sudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengersSudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengers Also leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicleAlso leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicle

Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between vehiclesvehicles

Accident Avoiding Cruise Accident Avoiding Cruise ControlControl

Collision warning systemsCollision warning systems Frontal and sideways collision warnings for Frontal and sideways collision warnings for

buses/trainsbuses/trains Adaptive cruise control systemsAdaptive cruise control systems

Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto-Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto-park, switch lanespark, switch lanes

Autonomous driving systemsAutonomous driving systems Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander, Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander,

StanleyStanley Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11 Lane keeping and headway maintenanceLane keeping and headway maintenance Obstacle avoidance by swerving and stoppingObstacle avoidance by swerving and stopping

Path planning systems based on GPS and Path planning systems based on GPS and navigation mapsnavigation maps

Close vehicle following on automated highways – Close vehicle following on automated highways – platooningplatooning

Watch Watch Video-Clip

Access to Information and Access to Information and Knowledge:Knowledge:

Technology to the RescueTechnology to the Rescue Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the PyramidPyramid Annual estimated global spending - $42 BillionAnnual estimated global spending - $42 Billion Annual estimated US spending - $12 BillionAnnual estimated US spending - $12 Billion Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less

than $1 Billion!than $1 Billion! Most of it goes to Salaries not CollectionsMost of it goes to Salaries not Collections

Creating universal digital library containing all the Creating universal digital library containing all the books ever published is feasible todaybooks ever published is feasible today Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000

Language Divide ProblemLanguage Divide Problem Unfortunately most of these books are in EnglishUnfortunately most of these books are in English

Not readable by over 80% of the populationNot readable by over 80% of the population

Most People cannot read books in other languagesMost People cannot read books in other languages Current translation systems are not yet perfectCurrent translation systems are not yet perfect

The Million Book Digital The Million Book Digital LibraryLibrary

Collaborative venture among many Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and countries including USA, China and IndiaIndia

So far 400,000 books have been So far 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in scanned in China and 200,000 in IndiaIndia

Content is made freely available Content is made freely available around the globearound the globe

Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig-Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig-Veda.Veda.

Urdu book by Khader Badesh Urdu book by Khader Badesh (1919)(1919)

Watch Watch Video-Clip of of Universal Digital Library Universal Digital Library

ConceptsConcepts

Status: The Million Book Status: The Million Book Digital LibraryDigital Library

Collaborative venture among many Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and countries including USA, China and IndiaIndia

So far over books have been scanned So far over books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in Indiain China and 200,000 in India

Content is made freely available Content is made freely available around the globearound the globe

Problems of EducatingProblems of Educatingthe Youth at Bottom of the Pyramidthe Youth at Bottom of the Pyramid

In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low income rural communitiesincome rural communities

Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10thth gradegrade The urban top students, usually get 90% plus marksThe urban top students, usually get 90% plus marks The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending

on the backwardness of the areaon the backwardness of the area As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected

into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come from low income rural communitiesfrom low income rural communities

Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural students second rate, the country is leaving wasting students second rate, the country is leaving wasting 70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth

Rather than select students based a national rank, we Rather than select students based a national rank, we propose that use the local-best rank to identify the propose that use the local-best rank to identify the gifted students gifted students independent of how their marks compare with marks of the independent of how their marks compare with marks of the

students in other local communities.students in other local communities.

Step I: The Literacy ProblemStep I: The Literacy Problem

Illiteracy cost around $225 b per yearIlliteracy cost around $225 b per yearOver a billion people cannot read or Over a billion people cannot read or

writewriteOver 2 billion people in the world are Over 2 billion people in the world are

functionally illiteratefunctionally illiteratelack of comprehension of the sentence and lack of comprehension of the sentence and

the meaning of the wordsthe meaning of the wordsChildren and people who live in villages Children and people who live in villages

need extra help to become good readersneed extra help to become good readers

Project Listen Reading Project Listen Reading Tutor Tutor

• Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help children improve their reading skills children improve their reading skills

At their own pace, in their own way.At their own pace, in their own way. Installed in several schools Installed in several schools Used by hundreds of children every day Used by hundreds of children every day Handles students all the way from pre-school level to Handles students all the way from pre-school level to

grade 5 or beyond.grade 5 or beyond. Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon

UniversityUniversity• Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as

effective than the conventional techniqueseffective than the conventional techniques• The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software

is freeis free Uses Sphinx-II speech recognition engineUses Sphinx-II speech recognition engine Computer recognizes what you speak and corrects youComputer recognizes what you speak and corrects you Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of

memorymemory

Reading Tutor pilot in Ghana.

Reading Tutor being Used in a Class Room Watch Videoclip

Step II: Educating Youth from Step II: Educating Youth from Low Income Rural CommunitiesLow Income Rural Communities

Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National ExamsExams Urban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centersUrban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centers Most rural kids can’t afford and/or Most rural kids can’t afford and/or

Most Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of StudentsMost Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of Students Quality Teachers not availableQuality Teachers not available Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning

modelsmodels No Access To Computer Literacy No Access To Computer Literacy Can’t commute and can’t afford Can’t commute and can’t afford Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Early Specialization into Math, Physics and ChemistryEarly Specialization into Math, Physics and Chemistry

leads to narrow uni-dimensional students leads to narrow uni-dimensional students One Class Fits All? One Class Fits All?

Quick Learners and Slow learnersQuick Learners and Slow learners No Incentives for Broad-based EducationNo Incentives for Broad-based Education

Limitations of Using Marks as a Limitations of Using Marks as a Metric of GiftednessMetric of Giftedness

SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for selecting the most deserving candidatesselecting the most deserving candidates

Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Task”Task”

If all the candidates had the same training at If all the candidates had the same training at school and at home then Marks can be seen school and at home then Marks can be seen as a Fair and Equitable method of selectionas a Fair and Equitable method of selection

Marks are a function ofMarks are a function of Time on TaskTime on Task Quality of the TeachersQuality of the Teachers Education level of the ParentsEducation level of the Parents Ability to Pay for Coaching ClassesAbility to Pay for Coaching Classes

Local Best ModelLocal Best Model Select Students based on Performance based Select Students based on Performance based

on Local (County) Rankingon Local (County) Ranking Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rich vs. Poor Divide Rich vs. Poor Divide Urban Vs Rural DivideUrban Vs Rural Divide Time on Task Time on Task

Teaching to TestTeaching to Test Tutorial College SyndromeTutorial College Syndrome Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning)Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning)

In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good measure of talent and abilitymeasure of talent and ability

ResidentialResidential

Variable Performance within Local Variable Performance within Local RankingRanking

Mandal (County) Best?Mandal (County) Best?Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal

of Nellore Dt. of Nellore Dt. LITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKURLITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKUR 511511APSWRS BOYS CHILLAKURAPSWRS BOYS CHILLAKUR 461461Z P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAMZ P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAM 376376Z P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLIZ P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLI 362362Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKURZ P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKUR 360360Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAMZ P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAM 360360Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDUZ P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDU 356356Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALIZ P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALI 352352ZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDUZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDU 263263

New Rural University in IndiaNew Rural University in India Catering primarily to Rural Students Catering primarily to Rural Students

Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each

yearyear 6500 students admitted in 2008 August6500 students admitted in 2008 August

Students selected using the local best model Students selected using the local best model Admission is by invitation and not by ApplicationAdmission is by invitation and not by Application

No Entrance Examination. No Entrance Examination. The program consists of a six year integrated The program consists of a six year integrated

curriculum after 10th gradecurriculum after 10th grade leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization. leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization.

The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems. using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems.

Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and

Learning to live".Learning to live".

Access to HealthcareAccess to Healthcare

Under 5 Mortality RateUnder 5 Mortality Rate One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of

55 Underlying causes of many of these deathsUnderlying causes of many of these deaths

Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during pregnancy and delivery, etc…pregnancy and delivery, etc…

Currently, village health workers make home visits Currently, village health workers make home visits to provide Neonatal careto provide Neonatal care As hospitals are not accessible and costlyAs hospitals are not accessible and costly

Scalability and sustainability of current solutions Scalability and sustainability of current solutions has been a problemhas been a problem Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training

health workers and providing timely support and medicinehealth workers and providing timely support and medicine

Each year over 100 million infants Each year over 100 million infants worldwide need immunizing against six worldwide need immunizing against six different diseases. different diseases.

Education and immunization Education and immunization campaigns have reduced child campaigns have reduced child and maternal mortality rates in and maternal mortality rates in

chinachina

300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M 300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M p.a.) p.a.) 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid

80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour

4 M deaths p.a.4 M deaths p.a. Absence of 4 AsAbsence of 4 As

AccessAccess

AvailabilityAvailability

Affectionate CareAffectionate Care

AffordabilityAffordability Satyam Foundation Satyam Foundation

Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI to attack this problem in 2005to attack this problem in 2005

Initial funding of $50 Million Initial funding of $50 Million

Emergency Scenario in India until 2004

Emergency Management Research Emergency Management Research Institute (NPO) and Public Private Institute (NPO) and Public Private

Partnership (PPP)Partnership (PPP) EMRI architecture and performance EMRI architecture and performance

leads to leads to the following PPP (Public Private the following PPP (Public Private

Partnership) framework Partnership) framework 95% of operational expenses by 95% of operational expenses by

Government (Public) Government (Public) EMRI to contribute balance 10% of EMRI to contribute balance 10% of

expenses and all costs of Leadership, expenses and all costs of Leadership, Innovation, Research & Training, Innovation, Research & Training, Technology Technology

Management by EMRI to sustain long term Management by EMRI to sustain long term performance at International quality and performance at International quality and speedspeed

P P PassionPatience

Professionalism

+

withPeople, Process and Performance

capabilities

Partnershipdelivers targeted

Outcomes

P

Govt. ofA.P.

Govt. ofGujarat

Govt. ofMP

Govt. ofUttarakhand

Govt. of Tamilnadu

Govt. ofRajasthan

Govt. ofGoa

Govt. ofAssam

Govt. ofKarnataka

Poor PregnantPediatrics

• 24X7 Unique Emergency

Response Center staffed

with trained Communication,

Medical and Police

personnel

Emergency Response Center

Computer Telephony Integration Computer Telephony Integration Call Centers: Voice LoggersCall Centers: Voice Loggers

GIS / MapsGIS / Maps

GPS / AVLTGPS / AVLT

Mobile CommunicationMobile Communication

Application software for Sense, Reach and CareApplication software for Sense, Reach and Care

ePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) FormePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) Form

Technology

Sense Reach Careprev

entio

n

Technology enhanced competitive advantage of EMRI

One Emergency Response Center per State One Emergency Response Center per State against 6,500 in the USAagainst 6,500 in the USA

Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-old )old )

Call handling , dispatching and ambulance control Call handling , dispatching and ambulance control are under one roofare under one roof

Availability of doctors and police in the response Availability of doctors and police in the response centercenter

Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic commences since call is receivedcommences since call is received

• Ambulance design based on best of class - Indianized

Ambulance

• 9,000 + EMRI Associates

• 6,800 + Private Hospitals / Nursing homes

• 2,000 Police / Fire Stations

• 280 M population covered in 6 States

• 6,500 emergencies handled ( 2.4 Million annualized)

• 1,140 Ambulances - 6+ trips a day

• < 3 minutes Ambulances assigned

• < 14 minutes (urban) and < 21 minutes (rural) Ambulances reached

• 100% virtual handholding (in ambulance) by EMTs and physicians

• 130+ lives were saved daily(45,000+ till now) and 6,370 victims received timely, high-quality pre-hospital care

Today at EMRI

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Sikkim

Karnataka

Orissa

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Chatti

sgar

h

JharkhandWest Bengal

Bihar

Arunachal Pradesh

Meghalaya

Tripura

Manipur

Nagaland

Mizoram

Uttarakhand

Madhya Pradesh

Tamil NaduKerala

Jammu & Kashmir

Maharashtra

RajasthanAssam

Goa

Delhi

Medical Emergency % of Total

Rural

%

Female

%

AgeYrs

Pregnancy related 22 82 100 22

Injuries 18 57 18 31

Acute Abdomen 8 77 35 32

Suicide related 6 72 43 27

Cardiac related 5 66 38 42

Respiratory related 4 66 36 46

Medical Emergencies

Follow-up after 48 hours

Discharged 49 %

Stable and still in Hospital 45 %

Critical and still in Hospital 1 %

Expired 5 %

Robbery – Thief requested wife to dial 108 after 10 minutes to take the injured husband to hospital

3 Hour Neonate (Baby Girl) Buried

Firing - Between Army Commanders and Naxalites

Cyclist– Fell on road divider rod

Extraordinary Performance fromOrdinary People

Bomb Blasts AhmedabadSnake BiteSuicide Attempt

Candle Light Delivery 35 Ambulances to Bihar

Extraordinary Performance fromOrdinary People

Caring, Valuing and Respecting LifeCaring, Valuing and Respecting Life

Humaneness Humaneness Humility &Humility & Commitment to Commitment to

serveserve

Leading to Reduction in Poverty, Increase in Quality of Health and Life

What is Stopping Us?: What is Stopping Us?: Digital Divide IssuesDigital Divide Issues

Connectivity DivideConnectivity DivideAccess to free Internet for basic services?Access to free Internet for basic services?

Computer Access DivideComputer Access DivideAccessibility: Less than 5 minute walk?Accessibility: Less than 5 minute walk?Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee

per day? per day? Digital Literacy DivideDigital Literacy Divide

Language DivideLanguage DivideLiteracy DivideLiteracy Divide

Content DivideContent DivideAccess to information and knowledgeAccess to information and knowledgeAccess to education and learningAccess to education and learningAccess to health careAccess to health careAccess to jobsAccess to jobsAccess to entertainmentAccess to entertainment

Necessary Conditions for Inclusive Necessary Conditions for Inclusive TechnologyTechnology

Almost Free Access to InternetAlmost Free Access to Internet Basic services free Basic services free

up to 10 email and web exchanges per dayup to 10 email and web exchanges per day Value added services at affordable ratesValue added services at affordable rates

access to movies access to movies Clear Value PropositionClear Value Proposition

To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is not obviousnot obvious

A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information appliance? appliance?

Accessible Accessible No more than a 5 minute walk from home?No more than a 5 minute walk from home?

AffordableAffordable No more than the price of a cup of coffeeNo more than the price of a cup of coffee

Initiatives for Initiatives for Scalable and Sustainable DevelopmentScalable and Sustainable Development

Connectivity: Fiber to the VillageConnectivity: Fiber to the Village AP Broadband ProjectAP Broadband Project

Computer Access: Multi-Function Information Computer Access: Multi-Function Information ApplianceAppliance PCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phonePCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phone

Capacity Building: eLearning for the MassesCapacity Building: eLearning for the Masses Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities

ContentContent Million Book Digital LibraryMillion Book Digital Library eLearning modules for rural enterprises eLearning modules for rural enterprises Village GoogleVillage Google