Technology in Service of Society Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University MSRA Talk November 4, 2008.
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Transcript of Technology in Service of Society Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University MSRA Talk November 4, 2008.
Technology in Service of Technology in Service of SocietySociety
Raj ReddyRaj ReddyCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University
MSRA Talk November 4, 2008MSRA Talk November 4, 2008
Technology TrendsTechnology Trends A Giga-PC in 2000A Giga-PC in 2000
Billion operations per second, Billion operations per second, Billion bits of memoryBillion bits of memory Billion bits per second Network bandwidthBillion bits per second Network bandwidth Less than $2 kLess than $2 k
A Tera-PC by the year 2015A Tera-PC by the year 2015 A Peta-PC by the year 2030A Peta-PC by the year 2030
Exponential Growth Trends in Computer Performance
102400
100
200
400
800
1600
3200
6400
12800
25600
51200
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
MIPS
Giga PC
10G PC
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
204800
409600
819200
1638400 Tera PC
100G PC
Doubling every 15 months
Doubling every 2 years
What do we do with all this power?What do we do with all this power? Social systems not affected:Social systems not affected:
Food we eat Food we eat Clothes we wear Clothes we wear Mating rituals Mating rituals
The computing will transform the way, The computing will transform the way, wewe LiveLive LearnLearn Work, andWork, and CommunicateCommunicate
Using Technology In Service of Using Technology In Service of HumanityHumanity
Helping Aging populationHelping Aging population Disaster RescueDisaster Rescue Accident-Avoiding Cruise ControlAccident-Avoiding Cruise Control Access to Information and Digital LibrariesAccess to Information and Digital Libraries Access to EducationAccess to Education
LiteracyLiteracy Urban/Rural DivideUrban/Rural Divide
Access to HealthcareAccess to Healthcare LifelineLifeline Emergency HealthcareEmergency Healthcare
Helping Aging PopulationHelping Aging Population
US population is aging at an alarming rate.US population is aging at an alarming rate. 10% of the population will be over the age of 7010% of the population will be over the age of 70 By 2030, it is estimated to be 20%By 2030, it is estimated to be 20%
Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the Cost of eldercare has grown dramatically over the last decadelast decade Home nursing costs between $30k and $60k annuallyHome nursing costs between $30k and $60k annually
Explore the use of robots for elder careExplore the use of robots for elder care?? 70+ age group is likely to have 70+ age group is likely to have minor disabilities minor disabilities
impacting their quality of life. impacting their quality of life. The The three broad three broad categories arecategories are Sensory disabilitiesSensory disabilities Cognitive disabilities, andCognitive disabilities, and Motor disabilitiesMotor disabilities
Role of Technology in Elder CareRole of Technology in Elder Care RemindingReminding
visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the doctordoctor
Connecting with caregivers Connecting with caregivers Use tele-presence technology Use tele-presence technology Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote Professional caregivers can interact directly with remote
patientspatients Reducing the frequency of doctor visits.Reducing the frequency of doctor visits.
Monitoring the well-being of patientsMonitoring the well-being of patients Emergency conditions can be avoidedEmergency conditions can be avoided
e.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levelse.g. heart failure or high blood sugar levels Help Move Objects for Arthritic PatientsHelp Move Objects for Arthritic Patients
Manipulating objects around the home such asManipulating objects around the home such as RefrigeratorRefrigerator Washing machine, or Washing machine, or Microwave. Microwave.
Help with Social FunctionsHelp with Social Functions Many elderly live aloneMany elderly live alone Deprived of social contactsDeprived of social contacts
Encouraging Social Activity Encouraging Social Activity view view video-clip
Robotics and Disaster RescueRobotics and Disaster Rescue Disaster sites are often unreachable and too Disaster sites are often unreachable and too
dangerous dangerous for human explorationfor human exploration
In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims In most cases, rescue workers need to retrieve victims withinwithinabout 48 hours about 48 hours
Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help Pre-Disaster technology alone doesn’t help e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures e.g. In Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan) many structures
collapsed collapsed though they were believed to be earthquake resistantthough they were believed to be earthquake resistant
Rescue Robot Ecology: Rescue Robot Ecology: Environment, Platforms, & Role of PeopleRobots of International Rescue System Institute •Information Collection from Above
•Robotic Helicopter•Infoballoon
•Information Collection on the Rubble•Information Collection in the Rubble
•Snake Robot •Wide-Area Information Collection
•Drop-in Cell-phone Tower•Database for Rescue Management
Autonomous Cars as Eco-TechnologyAutonomous Cars as Eco-Technology Unsafe driving conditions Unsafe driving conditions
1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents1 million casualties worldwide every year from road accidents Over 40,000 in the US aloneOver 40,000 in the US alone
Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Annual repair bill of $55 Billion for cars in the US Majority of road accidents caused by human errors Majority of road accidents caused by human errors
and reduced visibilityand reduced visibility Driver fatigue, drunken driving, speedingDriver fatigue, drunken driving, speeding 42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions42% of vehicle crashes due to poor visibility conditions
Traffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculationTraffic jams caused by driver panic or miscalculation Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Excessive braking causes stop-and-go traffic Majority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilotsMajority of jams can be avoided if 20% of cars use auto-pilots
Passengers disconcerted by irregular drivingPassengers disconcerted by irregular driving Sudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengersSudden speeds and stops highly disturbing to passengers Also leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicleAlso leads to high fuel consumption and wearing of vehicle
Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between Underutilization of roads due to huge gaps between vehiclesvehicles
Accident Avoiding Cruise Accident Avoiding Cruise ControlControl
Collision warning systemsCollision warning systems Frontal and sideways collision warnings for Frontal and sideways collision warnings for
buses/trainsbuses/trains Adaptive cruise control systemsAdaptive cruise control systems
Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto-Maintain speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, auto-park, switch lanespark, switch lanes
Autonomous driving systemsAutonomous driving systems Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander, Autonomous racing vehicles – Sandstorm, Highlander,
StanleyStanley Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11Highway driving for extended time periods – Navlab 11 Lane keeping and headway maintenanceLane keeping and headway maintenance Obstacle avoidance by swerving and stoppingObstacle avoidance by swerving and stopping
Path planning systems based on GPS and Path planning systems based on GPS and navigation mapsnavigation maps
Close vehicle following on automated highways – Close vehicle following on automated highways – platooningplatooning
Watch Watch Video-Clip
Access to Information and Access to Information and Knowledge:Knowledge:
Technology to the RescueTechnology to the Rescue Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the Unequal Access to Libraries at the Bottom of the PyramidPyramid Annual estimated global spending - $42 BillionAnnual estimated global spending - $42 Billion Annual estimated US spending - $12 BillionAnnual estimated US spending - $12 Billion Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less Annual estimated spending of Developing Countries – Less
than $1 Billion!than $1 Billion! Most of it goes to Salaries not CollectionsMost of it goes to Salaries not Collections
Creating universal digital library containing all the Creating universal digital library containing all the books ever published is feasible todaybooks ever published is feasible today Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000Non-destructive scanning of books possible since 2000
Language Divide ProblemLanguage Divide Problem Unfortunately most of these books are in EnglishUnfortunately most of these books are in English
Not readable by over 80% of the populationNot readable by over 80% of the population
Most People cannot read books in other languagesMost People cannot read books in other languages Current translation systems are not yet perfectCurrent translation systems are not yet perfect
The Million Book Digital The Million Book Digital LibraryLibrary
Collaborative venture among many Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and countries including USA, China and IndiaIndia
So far 400,000 books have been So far 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in scanned in China and 200,000 in IndiaIndia
Content is made freely available Content is made freely available around the globearound the globe
Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig-Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig-Veda.Veda.
Urdu book by Khader Badesh Urdu book by Khader Badesh (1919)(1919)
Watch Watch Video-Clip of of Universal Digital Library Universal Digital Library
ConceptsConcepts
Status: The Million Book Status: The Million Book Digital LibraryDigital Library
Collaborative venture among many Collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and countries including USA, China and IndiaIndia
So far over books have been scanned So far over books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in Indiain China and 200,000 in India
Content is made freely available Content is made freely available around the globearound the globe
Problems of EducatingProblems of Educatingthe Youth at Bottom of the Pyramidthe Youth at Bottom of the Pyramid
In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low In India, 70% of the 20 million children are born in low income rural communitiesincome rural communities
Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10Of these only 50% pass the national exam at 10thth gradegrade The urban top students, usually get 90% plus marksThe urban top students, usually get 90% plus marks The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending The top rural students get 10 to 20% points less depending
on the backwardness of the areaon the backwardness of the area As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected As a result, less than 1% of the candidates selected
into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come into the elite national programs like IIT or IAS come from low income rural communitiesfrom low income rural communities
Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural Unless all the urban students are brilliant and rural students second rate, the country is leaving wasting students second rate, the country is leaving wasting 70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth70% of the national resource of equally gifted youth
Rather than select students based a national rank, we Rather than select students based a national rank, we propose that use the local-best rank to identify the propose that use the local-best rank to identify the gifted students gifted students independent of how their marks compare with marks of the independent of how their marks compare with marks of the
students in other local communities.students in other local communities.
Step I: The Literacy ProblemStep I: The Literacy Problem
Illiteracy cost around $225 b per yearIlliteracy cost around $225 b per yearOver a billion people cannot read or Over a billion people cannot read or
writewriteOver 2 billion people in the world are Over 2 billion people in the world are
functionally illiteratefunctionally illiteratelack of comprehension of the sentence and lack of comprehension of the sentence and
the meaning of the wordsthe meaning of the wordsChildren and people who live in villages Children and people who live in villages
need extra help to become good readersneed extra help to become good readers
Project Listen Reading Project Listen Reading Tutor Tutor
• Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help Project Listen’s Reading Tutor is designed to help children improve their reading skills children improve their reading skills
At their own pace, in their own way.At their own pace, in their own way. Installed in several schools Installed in several schools Used by hundreds of children every day Used by hundreds of children every day Handles students all the way from pre-school level to Handles students all the way from pre-school level to
grade 5 or beyond.grade 5 or beyond. Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon Developed by Prof. Jack Mostow, Carnegie Mellon
UniversityUniversity• Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as Using the Reading Tutor a student is twice as
effective than the conventional techniqueseffective than the conventional techniques• The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software The Reading Tutor is affordable and the software
is freeis free Uses Sphinx-II speech recognition engineUses Sphinx-II speech recognition engine Computer recognizes what you speak and corrects youComputer recognizes what you speak and corrects you Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of Uses Windows XP on an ordinary PC with 256MB of
memorymemory
Reading Tutor pilot in Ghana.
Reading Tutor being Used in a Class Room Watch Videoclip
Step II: Educating Youth from Step II: Educating Youth from Low Income Rural CommunitiesLow Income Rural Communities
Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National Rural youth cannot successfully compete in National ExamsExams Urban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centersUrban rich kids are specially trained in coaching centers Most rural kids can’t afford and/or Most rural kids can’t afford and/or
Most Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of StudentsMost Solutions not Scalable to Large Number of Students Quality Teachers not availableQuality Teachers not available Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning Existing Universities unable to introduce new learning
modelsmodels No Access To Computer Literacy No Access To Computer Literacy Can’t commute and can’t afford Can’t commute and can’t afford Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Rural Parents do not know options available for their kids Early Specialization into Math, Physics and ChemistryEarly Specialization into Math, Physics and Chemistry
leads to narrow uni-dimensional students leads to narrow uni-dimensional students One Class Fits All? One Class Fits All?
Quick Learners and Slow learnersQuick Learners and Slow learners No Incentives for Broad-based EducationNo Incentives for Broad-based Education
Limitations of Using Marks as a Limitations of Using Marks as a Metric of GiftednessMetric of Giftedness
SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for SAT, JEE, IAS all use marks as a measure for selecting the most deserving candidatesselecting the most deserving candidates
Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Marks are primarily a function of “Time on Task”Task”
If all the candidates had the same training at If all the candidates had the same training at school and at home then Marks can be seen school and at home then Marks can be seen as a Fair and Equitable method of selectionas a Fair and Equitable method of selection
Marks are a function ofMarks are a function of Time on TaskTime on Task Quality of the TeachersQuality of the Teachers Education level of the ParentsEducation level of the Parents Ability to Pay for Coaching ClassesAbility to Pay for Coaching Classes
Local Best ModelLocal Best Model Select Students based on Performance based Select Students based on Performance based
on Local (County) Rankingon Local (County) Ranking Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rather than National Ranking as in SAT Tests Rich vs. Poor Divide Rich vs. Poor Divide Urban Vs Rural DivideUrban Vs Rural Divide Time on Task Time on Task
Teaching to TestTeaching to Test Tutorial College SyndromeTutorial College Syndrome Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning)Learning Vs. Memorizing (Rote Learning)
In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good In the case of unequal training, marks are not a good measure of talent and abilitymeasure of talent and ability
ResidentialResidential
Variable Performance within Local Variable Performance within Local RankingRanking
Mandal (County) Best?Mandal (County) Best?Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal Average Marks by School in Chillakur Mandal
of Nellore Dt. of Nellore Dt. LITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKURLITTLE ANGEL'S (EM) H S, CHILLAKUR 511511APSWRS BOYS CHILLAKURAPSWRS BOYS CHILLAKUR 461461Z P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAMZ P P HIGH SCHOOL THIKKAVARAM 376376Z P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLIZ P HIGH SCHOOL, N. RETTAPALLI 362362Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKURZ P P HIGH SCHOOL CHILLAKUR 360360Z P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAMZ P P HIGH SCHOOL CHINTAVARAM 360360Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDUZ P P HIGH SCHOOL VALLIPEDU 356356Z P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALIZ P P HIGH SCHOOL VARAGALI 352352ZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDUZP HIGH SCHOOL KADIVEDU 263263
New Rural University in IndiaNew Rural University in India Catering primarily to Rural Students Catering primarily to Rural Students
Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Named Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each Residential – Top 1% of the graduating class admitted each
yearyear 6500 students admitted in 2008 August6500 students admitted in 2008 August
Students selected using the local best model Students selected using the local best model Admission is by invitation and not by ApplicationAdmission is by invitation and not by Application
No Entrance Examination. No Entrance Examination. The program consists of a six year integrated The program consists of a six year integrated
curriculum after 10th gradecurriculum after 10th grade leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization. leading to a dual degree in IT and a domain specialization.
The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm The program uses the learning-by-doing paradigm using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems. using personalized mentors and intelligent tutoring systems.
Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Each student is provided a Laptop from the beginning. Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and Motto: "Learning to learn, Learning to think and
Learning to live".Learning to live".
Access to HealthcareAccess to Healthcare
Under 5 Mortality RateUnder 5 Mortality Rate One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of One out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of
55 Underlying causes of many of these deathsUnderlying causes of many of these deaths
Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during Poor pre-pregnancy health, Inadequate care during pregnancy and delivery, etc…pregnancy and delivery, etc…
Currently, village health workers make home visits Currently, village health workers make home visits to provide Neonatal careto provide Neonatal care As hospitals are not accessible and costlyAs hospitals are not accessible and costly
Scalability and sustainability of current solutions Scalability and sustainability of current solutions has been a problemhas been a problem Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training Accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training
health workers and providing timely support and medicinehealth workers and providing timely support and medicine
Each year over 100 million infants Each year over 100 million infants worldwide need immunizing against six worldwide need immunizing against six different diseases. different diseases.
Education and immunization Education and immunization campaigns have reduced child campaigns have reduced child and maternal mortality rates in and maternal mortality rates in
chinachina
300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M 300,000 emergencies occur per day (108 M p.a.) p.a.) 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid 80% are at the bottom of the pyramid
80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour80% deaths occur in hospitals in the first hour
4 M deaths p.a.4 M deaths p.a. Absence of 4 AsAbsence of 4 As
AccessAccess
AvailabilityAvailability
Affectionate CareAffectionate Care
AffordabilityAffordability Satyam Foundation Satyam Foundation
Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI Establishes a Not-For-Profit Organization (NPO) called EMRI to attack this problem in 2005to attack this problem in 2005
Initial funding of $50 Million Initial funding of $50 Million
Emergency Scenario in India until 2004
Emergency Management Research Emergency Management Research Institute (NPO) and Public Private Institute (NPO) and Public Private
Partnership (PPP)Partnership (PPP) EMRI architecture and performance EMRI architecture and performance
leads to leads to the following PPP (Public Private the following PPP (Public Private
Partnership) framework Partnership) framework 95% of operational expenses by 95% of operational expenses by
Government (Public) Government (Public) EMRI to contribute balance 10% of EMRI to contribute balance 10% of
expenses and all costs of Leadership, expenses and all costs of Leadership, Innovation, Research & Training, Innovation, Research & Training, Technology Technology
Management by EMRI to sustain long term Management by EMRI to sustain long term performance at International quality and performance at International quality and speedspeed
P P PassionPatience
Professionalism
+
withPeople, Process and Performance
capabilities
Partnershipdelivers targeted
Outcomes
P
Govt. ofA.P.
Govt. ofGujarat
Govt. ofMP
Govt. ofUttarakhand
Govt. of Tamilnadu
Govt. ofRajasthan
Govt. ofGoa
Govt. ofAssam
Govt. ofKarnataka
Poor PregnantPediatrics
• 24X7 Unique Emergency
Response Center staffed
with trained Communication,
Medical and Police
personnel
Emergency Response Center
Computer Telephony Integration Computer Telephony Integration Call Centers: Voice LoggersCall Centers: Voice Loggers
GIS / MapsGIS / Maps
GPS / AVLTGPS / AVLT
Mobile CommunicationMobile Communication
Application software for Sense, Reach and CareApplication software for Sense, Reach and Care
ePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) FormePCR (Electronic Patient Case Record) Form
Technology
Sense Reach Careprev
entio
n
Technology enhanced competitive advantage of EMRI
One Emergency Response Center per State One Emergency Response Center per State against 6,500 in the USAagainst 6,500 in the USA
Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-Employs latest technology (9-1-1 is a 30+ year-old )old )
Call handling , dispatching and ambulance control Call handling , dispatching and ambulance control are under one roofare under one roof
Availability of doctors and police in the response Availability of doctors and police in the response centercenter
Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic Virtual handholding by doctor/paramedic commences since call is receivedcommences since call is received
• Ambulance design based on best of class - Indianized
Ambulance
• 9,000 + EMRI Associates
• 6,800 + Private Hospitals / Nursing homes
• 2,000 Police / Fire Stations
• 280 M population covered in 6 States
• 6,500 emergencies handled ( 2.4 Million annualized)
• 1,140 Ambulances - 6+ trips a day
• < 3 minutes Ambulances assigned
• < 14 minutes (urban) and < 21 minutes (rural) Ambulances reached
• 100% virtual handholding (in ambulance) by EMTs and physicians
• 130+ lives were saved daily(45,000+ till now) and 6,370 victims received timely, high-quality pre-hospital care
Today at EMRI
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Sikkim
Karnataka
Orissa
Haryana
Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Chatti
sgar
h
JharkhandWest Bengal
Bihar
Arunachal Pradesh
Meghalaya
Tripura
Manipur
Nagaland
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil NaduKerala
Jammu & Kashmir
Maharashtra
RajasthanAssam
Goa
Delhi
Medical Emergency % of Total
Rural
%
Female
%
AgeYrs
Pregnancy related 22 82 100 22
Injuries 18 57 18 31
Acute Abdomen 8 77 35 32
Suicide related 6 72 43 27
Cardiac related 5 66 38 42
Respiratory related 4 66 36 46
Medical Emergencies
Follow-up after 48 hours
Discharged 49 %
Stable and still in Hospital 45 %
Critical and still in Hospital 1 %
Expired 5 %
Robbery – Thief requested wife to dial 108 after 10 minutes to take the injured husband to hospital
3 Hour Neonate (Baby Girl) Buried
Firing - Between Army Commanders and Naxalites
Cyclist– Fell on road divider rod
Extraordinary Performance fromOrdinary People
Bomb Blasts AhmedabadSnake BiteSuicide Attempt
Candle Light Delivery 35 Ambulances to Bihar
Extraordinary Performance fromOrdinary People
Caring, Valuing and Respecting LifeCaring, Valuing and Respecting Life
Humaneness Humaneness Humility &Humility & Commitment to Commitment to
serveserve
Leading to Reduction in Poverty, Increase in Quality of Health and Life
What is Stopping Us?: What is Stopping Us?: Digital Divide IssuesDigital Divide Issues
Connectivity DivideConnectivity DivideAccess to free Internet for basic services?Access to free Internet for basic services?
Computer Access DivideComputer Access DivideAccessibility: Less than 5 minute walk?Accessibility: Less than 5 minute walk?Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee Affordability: Costing less than a cup of coffee
per day? per day? Digital Literacy DivideDigital Literacy Divide
Language DivideLanguage DivideLiteracy DivideLiteracy Divide
Content DivideContent DivideAccess to information and knowledgeAccess to information and knowledgeAccess to education and learningAccess to education and learningAccess to health careAccess to health careAccess to jobsAccess to jobsAccess to entertainmentAccess to entertainment
Necessary Conditions for Inclusive Necessary Conditions for Inclusive TechnologyTechnology
Almost Free Access to InternetAlmost Free Access to Internet Basic services free Basic services free
up to 10 email and web exchanges per dayup to 10 email and web exchanges per day Value added services at affordable ratesValue added services at affordable rates
access to movies access to movies Clear Value PropositionClear Value Proposition
To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is To an illiterate person in a village, the need for a PC is not obviousnot obvious
A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value A TV and/or a telephone represent a better value proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information proposition: a PCtvt, 5 in 1 multi-function information appliance? appliance?
Accessible Accessible No more than a 5 minute walk from home?No more than a 5 minute walk from home?
AffordableAffordable No more than the price of a cup of coffeeNo more than the price of a cup of coffee
Initiatives for Initiatives for Scalable and Sustainable DevelopmentScalable and Sustainable Development
Connectivity: Fiber to the VillageConnectivity: Fiber to the Village AP Broadband ProjectAP Broadband Project
Computer Access: Multi-Function Information Computer Access: Multi-Function Information ApplianceAppliance PCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phonePCtvt – PC, TV, PVR, Video Phone and IP phone
Capacity Building: eLearning for the MassesCapacity Building: eLearning for the Masses Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities Software for use by illiterate people in rural communities
ContentContent Million Book Digital LibraryMillion Book Digital Library eLearning modules for rural enterprises eLearning modules for rural enterprises Village GoogleVillage Google