Technological Advancement and Emission Control

Dr. Badar Munir Khan GhauriRemote Sensing and Geo-Information

Science Institute of Space Technology - Karachi

Automobiles

1900: essentially no automobiles

1920s: due to paved roads and mass production of automobiles there was more travel by automobiles than be railroads

Health Effects Are Extremely Serious

» World Health Organization Concludes ~ 800,000 Premature Deaths Each Year From Urban PM

» Numerous Studies Consistently Link PM With Premature Deaths, Hospital Admissions, Asthma Attacks, Etc.

» No Evidence of a Threshold» Ozone, NO2, Toxics Also A Serious

Health Concern

Why Are Fuels Important?» Fuel Constituents Directly Affect

Emissions» Fuel Changes Can Immediately

Impact on Emissions/Air Quality» Fuel Composition Can

Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology

Motivation For Improved Fuel Qualities - Gasoline

Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen oxides (NOX) Lead (Pb) Sulfur (SO2) Polyaromatic

hydrocarbons (PAH) Greenhouse Gases

Improvedfuel qualities

Improvedair quality

Environmental benefits

Reducedemissions

Gasoline - Lead Gasoline –Sulfur Gasoline – Other

RVP Benzene Olefins, etc

Improved human health

Reduced corrosion

Improved crop yield

Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage

Climate Change

Compliance with standards:Improved fuels

•500 ppm needed for EGR•500 ppm needed for DOC•50 ppm needed for DPF

DPFs ceases to reduce PM emissions with fuels containing 150 ppm sulphur

DPFs become source of PM emissions with 350 ppm sulphur fuel

Alternative Fuels:•Diesel, Biodiesel, Natural Gas, Ethanol•Combination of fuel and technology

Hybrid Electric

The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and

Underfloor Applications

• Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability

• Integrated HC adsorption functions

• Mounting materials with improved durability

• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates

• Insulation schemes for heat management

Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel

2626

PM and NOx Reduction Technologies

Majority of Engine Manufacturers will use Diesel Particulate Filters and SCR to meet

US 2010 and Euro VI standards

from www.factsaboutscr.com

Future Trends

Light rail transit (LRT)-Less-massive than other rail systems (street cars and trolleys)

-Trolley is an electric streetcar that draws power from a live suspended wire

-1998: state legislature in Minnesota approved $40 million towards a light rail project in Minneapolis

Buses-Buses are beginning to run more and more on biodiesel and natural gas

-Ballard Power Systems of Vancouver has developed and demonstrated the world’s first hydrogen fuel cell-powered city transit bus

-Compressed natural gas vs. hybrid buses vs. diesel buses

-Hydrogen is most abundant element in universe, easy to produce

-Converts hydrogen and oxygen to water, heat, and electricity

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

-Less pollutants and emissions because not a combustion reaction

-Safety is uncertain- H2 is highly flammable, hazardous to ingest

-Challenges include: cost; durability; size; air, thermal, and water management; heat recovery systems

Electric Vehicles

Toyota Rav-4 EV: over300 operating in US today,collectively traveled over1 million miles, reach 80 mph

-Energy from direct connection to land-based generation plant

-Chemical energy stored on board

-Propelled by electric motor

-Generator converts fuel and repowers battery

-Saves money (gas)-Uses recyclable materials-90% conversion efficiency-Better control-Regenerative breaking-90% cleaner than gas-powered cars-Eliminate smog checks, tune ups, oil changes, gears, torque converters, differentials

The GM EV1

Pros

Cons-Fragile

-Sensitive to contamination

-Require external reactants such as hydrogen

-Batteries requireunstable chemicals and must be recycled

The Nissan Altra

Hybrid Cars-Mix between gasoline-powered car and an

electric car

-Rising fuel costs and better designs are making hybrids more and more competitive

Hybrids have smaller, more efficient gas engines

Gas engines on conventional cars are sized for peak power requirement which is used by drivers less than 1% of the time

Regenerative breaking—hybrid cars capture some of the energy usually lost through heat when a car breaks and stores it in the battery

Summary

It may be a long process, however:

» Improved fuel and technologies are very important for public health, the environment and climate change

» Because emissions in the transport sector are growing rapidly this is one of many important ways to reduce emissions.

THANK YOU