Techniques for cloning plants
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Techniques for Cloning Plants
Asexual Reproduction and Transgenic Plant Culture
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Finding the right genes
• Just like for animals and humans, once we find an individual plant with a desired trait, we can try to find the gene for that trait using gel electrophoresis and PCR.
• Examples of naturally occurring traits scientists might like to use include: genes for disease resistance and drought resistance.
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Disease ResistanceSusceptible tree Resistant Tree
American Chestnut Restoration Project; US Forest Service; University of Tennessee; http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/chestnut/history.php; Last edited 4-30-2010; Accessed 1-03-2014.
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Drought Resistance
Drought resistant Drought susceptible
Batra, Karen; “Biotech Corn Stands Tall;” BiotechNOW; http://www.biotech-now.org/food-and-agriculture/2012/08/biotechs-drought-tolerant-corn-stands-tall?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=0808; 8-02-2012; Accessed 1-3-2014
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Traits• Once the traits have been isolated, scientists
want to grow plants that have both the desired trait and all of the other good traits their strain has. For example – you wouldn’t want resistant corn or chestnuts that tasted bad.
• Traditional breeding, where each offspring has a mother and father, can bring in bad traits with the good ones.
• However, we can use biotech tools to see which organisms have the genes and which do not – we don’t have to wait for them to grow up.
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Genetic engineering
• As with animals, we can use vectors to put the desired gene, with a marker, into plant cells.
• A vector that is often used by genetic engineers working with plants is a bacterium called agrobacterium.
• Natural agrobacterium already would work by injecting DNA into plant cells.
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Cloning• Unlike with animals, plants respond very
naturally to being cloned. Plant clones occur in nature when a stem or leaf are buried in soil, they can develop roots from the stem of leaf and grow a new plant. Almost all plant cells can act as stem cells and produce other plant tissues.
• This is called vegetative propagation and has been used by farmers and gardeners for centuries.
• The new plant is genetically identical to the parent plant.
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Vegetative Propagation
Meritnation; http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/what-is-vegitative-propagation/science/1759172; edited 10-2012; Accessed 1-3-2014.
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In the lab:• Samples are often grown on a nutrient
medium, similar to the agar used to grow bacteria.
• The nutrient is different that bacterial media – it provides the plant minerals, nutrients and hormones that will help young plant clones grow.
• Hormones like auxins and cytokinins help the plant cells grow into young “plantlets” or baby plants.
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Agrobacterium
iGEM 2010; Team Nevada/Agrobacterium Transformations; http://2010.igem.org/wiki/images/d/d0/Agro_theory.png; Accessed 1-3-2014.
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In the lab:• Like when bacterial cultures were
grown – it is important to use sterile technique to prevent unwanted funguses or other cells from growing.
• Use sterilized tools, surfaces, media and clean plant samples.
• As with bacteria, you can use flame or steam sterilization for tools and use 70% alcohol or 10% bleach for surfaces.
• Avoid touching any samples or tools to anything that is not sterile – this includes you.
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Plant tissue culture:
Biotech Hobbyist Magazine; http://www.nyu.edu/projects/xdesign/biotechhobbyist/tree_cloning.html; Accessed 1-3-2014.