Technical Escort Information on Chemical Agents and Decontaminating Procedures

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 9-1300-275/2

MARINE CORPS TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 1300-30/2

TECHNICAL ESCORT INFORMATIONON

CHEMICAL AGENTS ANDDECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND THE MARINE CORPSJANUARY 1971

TM 9-1300-275/2 TM 1300-30

Technical ManualsNo. 9-1300-275/2 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYNo. 1300-30 Washington, D.C., 2 January 1971

TECHNICAL ESCORT INFORMATION ONCHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES

Section Paragraph Page1. INTRODUCTION

General .............................................................................................................. 1-1 3Definitions ......................................................................................................... 1-2 3

2. CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURESGeneral ............................................................................................................. 2-1 5Nerve Agents (G-Series) ................................................................................... 2-2 5Nerve Agent (V-Series) ..................................................................................... 2-3 7Blister Agents..................................................................................................... 2-4 8Choking Agents ................................................................................................. 2-5 9Blood Agents ..................................................................................................... 2-6 10Incapacitating Agent........................................................................................... 2-7 11Summary ........................................................................................................... 2-8 11

3. CHEMICAL DECONTAMINANTS: PREPARATION AND USEGeneral ............................................................................................................. 3-1 12STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry ..................................................................... 3-2 12DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2) ............................................................ 3-3 12Caustic Soda Solution ....................................................................................... 3-4 13HTH-HTB Solution (High-Test Hypochlorite) ...................................................... 3-5 13Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate) ..................................................... 3-6 14Commercial or Household Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite) .................................. 3-7 14Summary .......................................................................................................... 3-8 14

APPENDIX A-TABLES

Table1. Chemical Agent Characteristics.......................................................................... --- 152. Decontaminants for Chemical Agents ................................................................ --- 163. Application of Decontaminants ........................................................................... --- 174. Mixing of Decontaminates ................................................................................. --- 18

APPENDIX B-REFERENCES ...................................................................................... --- 19

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONSTOXIC MATERIALS1. Vapors of many decontaminating agents are toxic, if inhaled inlarge quantities for extended periods. Assure that decontaminatingagent containers are kept closed when not in actual use.

2. Wear rubber gloves when handling these materials. Ifdecontaminant gets on the skin, wash immediately and thoroughlywith soap and water.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALSDo not allow anyone to have sparks, open flames, or other sourcesof ignition nearby when using flammable materials. Use explosion-proof lighting.

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALSIn addition to chemical agents, some munitions contain highexplosives. Do not strike or drop high-explosive components. Donot have sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearbywhen handling high explosives.

CHEMICAL AGENTSSuch agents are extremely dangerous. Many are designed to causepermanent injury or death. Do not handle these agents or attempt torepair leaky containers without use of correct protective equipmentand clothing. In situations not covered by procedures herein,request aid from the CBAICO or EOD personnel.

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SECTION 1INTRODUCTION

1-1 GENERAL.This volume provides an adequate source of practicalinformation on chemical agents and decontaminationprocedures necessary for technical escort teamoperation.

1-1.1 This information is a guide for the selection ofequipment and material for detection anddecontamination of chemical agents. It also includesassociated hazards and safety precautions.

1-1.2 TM 3-215, FM 21-40 and FM 2141 containadditional detailed information on chemical agents andfirst aid; TM 3-220 on decontamination; and TM 8-285and TB MED-282 on recognition and treatment ofchemical casualties.

1-1.3 Report of errors, omissions, andrecommendations for improving this publication by theindividual user is encouraged. Reports should besubmitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changesto DA Publications) and forwarded direct toCommanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN:SMUPA-WD2, Dover, New Jersey 07801.

1-2 DEFINITIONS.

The following terms are used to describe chemicalagents and their characteristics from the viewpoint ofproblems found during technical escort.

1-2.1 Chemical Agent.

A solid, liquid, or gas that, through its chemicalproperties, either produces lethal or damaging effects onmen, animals, plants, or material, or produces ascreening or signaling smoke.

1-2.2 Decontamination.

The process .of neutralizing the harmful effects of achemical agent by covering, removing, absorbing,destroying, or by changing into harmless substancesthrough action of the chemical decontaminants. Do notconfuse decontamination with detoxification which is adepot-type operation where all traces of the agent aredestroyed.

1-2.3 Vapor Density (Compared with Air).

The weight of any gas or vapor compared with theweight of an equal quantity of air at the same

temperature and pressure. Vapor density comparedwith air is valuable in providing information on theprobable duration of effectiveness when there is little orno air movement or ventilation.

1-2.4 Liquid Density (Compared with Water).

The weight of any liquid compared with the weight of anequal quantity of water at the same temperature andpressure. Water weighs 8.3 pounds per gallon at 70°F.Any liquid's density (compared with water) is. used indetermining whether the liquid would tend to sink or floatin water or a decontaminant solution before mixing oragitating.

1-2.5 Melting Point.

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

1-2.6 Freezing Point.

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. Itis important to know the freezing point of a chemicalagent because dissemination characteristics varymarkedly with physical state.

1-2.7--Boiling Point.

The temperature of a liquid at which the vapor pressureequals the atmospheric pressure. A chemical agent'sduration of effectiveness can be estimated when itsboiling point is known. The lower the boiling point, thehigher the vapor pressure and the greater theevaporating tendency at ambient temperature.

1-2.8 Vapor Pressure.

Vapor pressure of a liquid or solid is the pressureexerted by its vapor (after enough time has passed for itto stabilize) at a given temperature. Vapor pressure isusually expressed in millimeters of mercury.

1-2.9 Volatility.

This term is used to show the tendency of a liquid toevaporate. It may be expressed as the weight of vaporpresent in a unit volume of air under balancedconditions at a specified temperature. Volatility isusually stated as milligrams of vapor per cubic meter(mg/m3) of air.

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1-2.10 Duration of Effectiveness.

This refers to the length of time a chemical agent isdangerous at point of release. It depends upon inherentproperties of the agent and varies with the method ofdispersal, the weather, and the terrain. An escort teamis concerned mainly with the length of time a chemicalagent continues to present a hazard in case ofaccidental spillage or leakage.

1-2.10.1 A nonpersistent effect agent causes mostcasualties through inhalation of its vapor. However,some can also cause casualties through contact of liquidon the skin.

1-2.10.2 A persistent agent usually causes casualtiesthrough contact of liquid on the skin. Some causecasualties by contact of vapor on the skin or byinhalation of vapor.

1-2.11 Hydrolysis.

The reaction of a chemical with water, wherebydecomposition of the chemical occurs. Such reactionreduces the effectiveness of some chemical agents. Inothers, however, the resulting product of hydrolysis maybe in itself a poison (as with agents containing arsenic).The rate of hydrolysis is the rate at which variouschemicals are decomposed by water. Therefore, itindicates the resistance of a chemical to decompositionby water.

1-2.12 Rate of Action.

The speed at which the body reacts to or is affected bythe agent.

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SECTION 2CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES

2-1 GENERAL.Chemical agents are classified according to their tacticaluse and physiological effects. They are also groupedaccording to their storage and shipment characteristics.

2-1.1 Classification (According to Use).

Chemical agents are classified according tophysiological effects as follows:

a. Toxic Chemical Agents (Casualty Agents).Agents capable of producing serious injury or deathwhen used in field concentrations.

b. Incapacitating Agents. Agents that producetemporary physiological or mental effects, or both,rendering individuals incapable of concerted effort in theperformance of their assigned duties.

c. Other Agents. Other chemical agents are riotcontrol agents, screening and signaling smokes,incendaries.

2-1.2 Grouping (According to Storage andShipment Characteristics).

Chemical agents and hazardous chemicals with similarstorage and shipment characteristics are grouped asfollows:

2-1.2.1 Group A includes all toxic chemical agents,especially blister and nerve agents, for whichimpermeable protective clothing and protective maskare required.

2-1.2.2 Group B comprises incapacitating agents andtoxic (including blood and choking) for which theprotective mask alone is required. Included are burningand non-burning screening smokes and burning andnonburning riot-control agents.

2-1.2.3 Group C consists of the spontaneouslyflammable agents. They include white phosphorus andplasticized white phosphorous.

2-1.2.4 Group D consists of all readily flammablematerials, such as burning mixtures of incendiaries, oils,and solvents.

2-1.2.5 Miscellaneous Chemicals involve all chemicalsthat do not fall under Group A through D. They arechemical decontaminants, industrial compressed gases,corrosive liquids, and hazardous chemicals.

2-2 NERVE AGENTS. (G-Series).

2-2.1 Symbol and Name.

a. (GA) Tabun.b. (GB) Sarin.c. (GD) Soman.

2-2.2 Description.

These agents are brown liquids at field purity withconsistency similar to that of water and they give off acolorless vapor. They are nonpersistent, highly toxic,quick-acting chemicals that cause muscular spasms.Excessive exposure to lethal dosage may result in deathwithin 1 to 10 minutes.

2-2.3 Use.

These are quick-acting casualty agents used in artilleryshells, bombs, sprays, or rockets.

2-2.4 Characteristics of G Series Agents.

a. Boiling point is above 290° F.b. Freezing point is below -50°F.c. Vapor density (compared with air) is more than

4.0.d. Liquid density (compared with water) is more

than 1.02.e. Duration of effectiveness: Evaporates at about

the same rate as water.f. Action on metal is slightly corrosive.

2-2.5 Safety Precautions.

2-2.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body.

a. By inhalation of the vapors.b. By liquid or vapor contact with the skin or

through any body opening.

2-2.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask andimpermeable protective clothing.

2-2.5.3 Symptoms. The first indication of exposure to aG-series agent may be a reaction at the point of contact(such as localized sweating, muscular twitching, orpinpointing of eye pupils). For mild exposures,symptoms may not progress beyond the local reaction;however, if exposure is severe, the following symptomscan be expected, the number and severity of which willbe determined by the degree of exposure.

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2-2.5.3.1 Early Symptoms (If exposure is from liquid orvapor).

a. Pinpointing of eye pupils and dimness of vision.(May be absent entirely in cases of skin absorption.)

b. Running nose.c. Tightness of chest.

2-2.5.3.2 Early Symptoms (If exposure is by skincontact). Localized sweating and muscular twitching.

2-2.5.3.3 Later Symptoms (Indicating severe exposure).

a. Nausea; possible vomiting.b. Diarrhea.c. Weakness.d. Coma.e. Cessation of breathing.

2-2.5.4 First Aid.

a. If any of the foregoing symptoms appear, put ona protective mask immediately, inject atropine (refer topara. e following), and withdraw to an uncontaminatedarea.

b. For liquid in the eyes, flush immediately withclear water. Absorption of G-agent through the eyes isextremely rapid.

c. If a liquid agent gets on the skin, wash it offimmediately with a stream of water and then wash thecontaminated area with soap and water. Use the skindecontaminant pad from the M13 individualdecontaminating and reimpregnating kit. Remove allcontaminated clothing quickly and carefully, takingnecessary precautions to avoid self-contamination.

d. If the victim has stopped breathing, use mask tomouth respiration or remove him to a clean atmosphereand use the mouth-to-mouth artificial respirationdescribed in TM 8-285.

e. If nerve-agent poisoning symptoms develop,inject immediately the atropine from one to threeautomatic injectors (depending on the severity ofsymptoms) into a muscle, preferably the back of thethigh muscle.

(1) After injection of atropine, dryness of themouth indicates that enough has been taken toovercome the dangerous effects of nerve agents.

NOTEAtropine injections do not relieve headacheor difficulty in focusing the eyes. Thesesymptoms are annoying but not dangerous.

(2) If more atropine is needed, two moreautomatic injections may be administered at 3 to 8-minute intervals. Should additional injections beneeded, the officer or non-commissioned officer incharge may give them.

f. Escort the decontaminated casualty to ahospital without delay.

2-2.6 Detection.

Use the chemical agent detector kit-blue-band detectortube/green-marked bottle, ABC-M8 VGH detector paper,and detector ticket. Monitoring for detection can bedone by using live, caged rabbits.

2-2.7 Decontamination (Of Liquid Agents).

Procedures are listed in order of preference for effectivedecontamination in the shortest time. Aeration iseffective for vapor.

2-2.7.1 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide,Lye). Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. Thiswill destroy G-agents immediately to 5 minutes uponcontact.

a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, andcanvas, use a 5-percent solution (5 pounds caustic sodawith 12 gallons of water).

b. Wear protective gloves and mask whenhandling.

c. This solution corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc.d. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water

(not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling andsplattering because of excessive heat formed whendissolving the caustic.

e. When decontaminating large amounts of a G-series agent, apply caustic solution slowly to prevent aviolent reaction which causes boiling and splattering.2-2.7.2 Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate).Prepare a 10-percent solution by mixing 10 pounds ofwashing soda with 12 gallons of water. Solutionnormally reacts against G-agents within 5 minutes.

2-2.7.3 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon shippingcontainer, with 6 gallons of water. Leave this slurry onthe contaminated surface for a 30-minute period. Thenwash it off with water and test for any remainingcontamination. A dry mix (2 shovels full of STB to 3shovels full of earth or similar material) may be placedunder equipment to decontaminate agents flushed fromthe equipment.

a. Toxic vapors are emitted from reaction with G-agents.

b. This slurry is corrosive to most metals andinjurious to most fabrics.

c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS-2.

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2-2.7.4 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).This is the recommended decontaminant for smallquantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solutionthat does not require any mixing. However, it requiresrelatively large quantities of DS-2 (about 2.4 gallon perpound of agent) to neutralize the agent. Only oneapplication on the contaminated surface is required.After a 30minute wait, flush off with water and test forany remaining contamination.

a. Wear protective gloves and mask whenhandling this solution.

b. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dryHTH-HTB or STB.

c. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitter-outlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 willdestroy the mylar in this valve immediately uponcontact.2-2.7.5 Hot Soapy Water. Mix 1 pound of soap with 1gallon of water. This solution will decontaminate as longas suds are maintained. Use for personneldecontamination.2-3 NERVE AGENT (V-Series).2-3.1 Symbol VX.2-3.2 Description.This agent is generally a brown liquid at field purity, isslightly thicker than water, and does not evaporaterapidly. Because of its low volatility, the vapor effect islimited, and the duration of effectiveness can be up to 6days. A persistent, highly-toxic, moderately quick-actingchemical, it causes muscular spasms and, if in the eyes,it may result in death within 1 to 10 minutes.2-3.3 Use.This is a moderately quick-acting casualty agent with anormally long duration of effectiveness. It is used inlarge-caliber artillery shells, sprays, rockets, and mines.2-3.4 Characteristics.

a. Boiling point is 572°F.b. Freezing point is -38°F.c. Duration of effectiveness can be up to 6 days,

depending upon conditions and contamination density.d. Additional details on VX are outlined in FM 3-

10B, classified CONFIDENTIAL.2-3.5 Safety Precautions.2-3.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By liquid contact withthe skin or through any body opening.2-3.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask andimpermeable protective clothing.2-3.5.3 Symptoms. In liquid or droplet form, VX affectsthe body in a manner similar to that of G-agentsabsorbed through the skin (para. 2-2.5.3)..

2-3.5.4 First-Aid. First-aid treatment is similar to thatused for G-agents (para. 2-2.5.4), except that V-agentsmay be removed effectively from the skin by using theM5 protective ointment. (Never use M5 protectiveointment in or around the eyes as it is extremelyirritating to the eyes.) Hot soapy water or householdbleach may also be used for personnel decontamination.2-3.6 Detection.Use the chemical detector kit detector tickets and ABC-M8-VGH detector paper.2-3.7 Decontamination.Solutions are listed in order of preference for effectivedecontamination in the shortest time.2-3.7.1 HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite; High-Test Bleach).

a. Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water. Applyto contaminated surface and, after a 5-minute wait,wash it off with water. Test for any remainingcontamination.

b. Wear a protective mask and gloves duringhandling because this solution gives off toxic vapors andwill burn the skin.

c. HTH-HTB solution is corrosive to most metalsand will destroy fabrics.

d. Dry HTH-HTB will cause oil-grease or DS-2 toburn on contact.2-3.7.2 Commercial or Household Bleach (SodiumHypochlorite).No mixing is required; use the full-strength solution.Commercial laundry solutions are 10to 14-percentconcentrations. Household brands are 3 to 6-percent.They are effective in decontamination of V-agents onthe skin. Solutions normally decontaminate V-agentswithin 5 minutes after contact.2-3.7.3 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).This is the recommended decontaminant for smallquantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solutionthat does not require any mixing. However, it requiresrelatively large quantities of DS-2 (approx. 1.2 gal per lbof agent) to neutralize the agent. Only one applicationon the contaminated surface is required. After a 30-minute wait, flush off with water and test for anyremaining contamination.


b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitteroutlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 willdestroy the mylar in this valve immediately uponcontact.

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c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dryHTH-HTB or STB.2-3.7.4 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon drum, with 6gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminatedsurface for a 30-minute period. Then wash it off withwater and detect for any remaining contamination. Adry mix (2 shovels full of STB to 3 shovels full of earthor similar material) may be placed under equipment todecontaminate agents flushed from the equipment.

a. This slurry is corrosive to metal and injurious tomost fabrics.

b. Avoid the contact of slurry concentrations on theskin.

c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS-2.2-4 BLISTER AGENTS.2-4.1 Symbol and Name.

a. (H) Levinstein Mustard.b. (HD) Distilled Mustard.c. (HT) Mustard-T-Mixture.

2-4.2 Description.24.2.1 Blister agents are dark-brown oily liquids at fieldpurity and of relatively low volatility. They are delayed-action, persistent, toxic chemical agents that burn andblister the skin or injure internal parts of the body.2-4.2.2 HD is obtained by distilling H which has sulfurimpurities. HT is a mixture of HD and a sulfur andchlorine compound. All these agents have similarproperties.2-4.3 Use.They are delayed-action casualty agents used in artilleryshells, mortar shells, and rockets.2-4.4 Characteristics.

a. The boiling point is above 440°F.b. The freezing point of HD is 58°F. HT freezing

point is below 10°F.c. Vapor density (compared with air) is 5.4.d. Liquid density (compared with water) is 1.27.e. Duration of effectiveness: liquid remains 1 to 2

days under temperate weather conditions and a week ormore under cold conditions.2-4.5 Safety Precautions.2-4.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body.

a. By inhalation of the vapors.b. By liquid contact with the body or through any

body opening.

2-4.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask andpermeable protective clothing for protection againstvapor. Wear impermeable clothing and a protectivemask when exposed to any liquid agent.

2-4.5.3 Symptoms (In Order of Appearance).a. There is little or no pain upon exposure to blister

agents. Symptoms usually appear in 4 to 6 hours; thehigher the concentration, the shorter the intervalbetween exposure and first symptoms.

b. The eyes are very susceptible to lowconcentrations and become inflamed, causing "red eye"and a sensation of grit in the eyes.

c. The nose and throat become inflamed, causingsensations of having a head cold.

d. The skin reddens and water blisters maydevelop.2-4.5.4 First-Aid.

a. Liquid mustard in the eyes must be flushed outwith water within the first few seconds after exposure.Treatment is of little value after 2 minutes of exposure.Hold the eyes open and flush with clear water for 2minutes.

b. For the skin, use the skin decontaminating padfrom the M13 individual decontaminating andreimpregnating kit, or protective ointment from the M5protection and treatment kit.2-4.6 Detection.From the ABC-M18A2 detector kit, use M7A1 vesicantdetector crayons and ABC-M8-VGH detector paper; forvapor, use the blue-band detector tube/blue-markedbottle. Mustard agent has an odor like that of garlic orhorseradish.2-4.7 Decontamination.Solutions are listed in order of preference for effectivedecontamination within the shortest time.2-4.7.1 HTH-HTB Slurry or Solution (CalciumHypochlorite; High-Test Bleach).

a. Prepare a slurry of 50 pounds HTH-HTB with 6gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminatedsurface for 5-minute period. Then wash it off with waterand retest for any remaining contamination. Too stiff aslurry will cause a fire when in contact with blisteragents.

b. Prepare a 10 percent concentration by mixing10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water. Applyto contaminated surface and, after a 5-minute wait,wash off with water and test for any remainingcontamination.

c. Wear protective mask and gloves whenhandling HTH-HTB because this slurry or solution givesoff toxic vapors and will burn the skin.

d. HTH-HTB solution is corrosive to most metalsand will destroy fabrics.

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e. Dry HTH-HTB will cause oil-grease, DS-2, ormustard agents to burn on contact.2-4.7.2 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This isthe recommended decontaminant for small quantities ofagent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does notrequire any mixing. However, it requires relatively largequantities of DS-2 (approx. 6 gal per lb of agent) toneutralize the agent. Only one application on thecontaminated surface is required. After a 30 minutewait, flush off with water and test for any remainingcontamination.


b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitter-outlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 willdestroy the mylar in this valve immediately uponcontact.

c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dryHTH-HTB or STB.2-4.7.3 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon drum, and 6gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminatedsurface for a 30-minute period. Then wash it off withwater and test for any remaining contamination. A drymix (2 shovels full of STB to 3 shovels full of earth orsimilar material) may be placed under equipment todecontaminate agents flushed from the equipment.

a. This slurry is corrosive to metal and injurious tomost fabrics.

b. Avoid the contact of slurry concentration on theskin.

c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS-2 and mustard agents.2-4.7.4 Commercial or Household Bleach (SodiumHypochlorite). No mixing is required; use the full-strength solution. Commercial laundry solutions are 10-to 10-percent concentrations. Household brands are 3-to 6-percent.

2-5 CHOKING AGENTS2-5.1 Symbol and Name.

(CG) Phosgene.2-5.2 Description.Agent is a colorless gas above 49°F. and a liquid below49°F. It is normally a nonpersistent toxic agent thatcauses the lungs to fill with liquid. This results in deathfrom lack of oxygen (dryland drowning) within 24 hours.2-5.3 Use.A delayed-action casualty agent used in mortar shellsand cylinders.

2-5.4 Characteristics.a. Boiling point, 49°F.b. Freezing point, -155°F.c. Vapor density (compared with air) is 3.4.d. Liquid density (compared with water) is 1.38.e. Duration of effectiveness: Normally, liquid

evaporates within a very few minutes, although thevapor may remain for days in low places or in confinedareas.

2-5.5 Safety Precautions.2-5.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of thevapors, causing injury to the nose, throat, and lungs.There is no damage to the eyes and skin.2-5.5.2 Symptoms. Exposure causes uncontrollablecoughing, tightness of the chest, choking sensation, andheadache. The severity of poisoning cannot beestimated from the immediate symptoms because thefull effect is not apparent usually until 3 to 4 hours afterexposure. Symptoms may appear immediately afterexposure to a high concentration. Most deaths occurwithin 24 hours.2-5.5.4 First-Aid. If exposed to CG vapor, move intofresh air. Seek rest and keep comfortably warm. In allcases, get medical care.

2-5.6 Detection.2-5.6.1 CG may be detected by its odor which is similarto that of new-mown hay or grass.2-5.6.2 The fumes from a bottle of ammonia will causephosgene to form white fumes.2-5.6.3 Use the chemical agent detector kit-green-banddetector tube.

2-5.7 Decontamination.Solutions are listed in order of preference for effectivedecontamination of liquid agents in the shortest time.Normally, aeration or venting is suitable for CG vapor.2-5.7.1 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This isthe recommended decontaminant for small quantities ofagent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does notrequire any mixing. However, it requires relatively largequantities of DS-2 to neutralize the agent. Only oneapplication on the contaminated surface is required.After a 30-minute wait, flush off with water and test forany remaining contamination.



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c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dryHTH-HTB or STB.2-5.7.2 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide; Lye).Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. Leavethe solution on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes,then wash off and test for any remaining contamination.

a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, andcanvas, use a 5-percellt solution (5 pounds caustic sodato 12 gallons of water).

b. Wear protective gloves and mask whenhandling this solution.

c. Caustic soda corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc.d. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water

(not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling andsplattering because of excessive heat formed whendissolving the caustic.

2-6 BLOOD AGENTS2-6.1 Symbol and Name.

a. (AC) Hydrogen Cyanide.b. (CK) Cyanogen Chloride.

2-6.2 Description.Blood agents are colorless gases or liquids that arenormally nonpersistent, quick-acting, toxic, chemicalagents. They are absorbed into the body, primarily, bybreathing, and prevent transfer of oxygen from blood tobody.

2-6.3 Use.These are quick-acting casualty agents used in mortarshells and artillery shells.

2-6.4 Characteristics.a. Boiling Point: (AC) is 79°F; (CK) is 59°F.b. Freezing Point: (AC) is 7°F; (CK) is 23°F.c. Vapor Density (Compared with Air): (AC) is .93;

(CK) is 2.1.d. Liquid Density (Compared with Water): (AC)

is.7; (CK) is 1.2.e. Duration of Effectiveness: Agents are highly

volatile; therefore, they have a duration of only 1 to 10minutes. As a vapor, AC is lighter than air and willdisperse rapidly. CK may remain in low places orconfined areas.

2-6.5 Safety Precautions.2-6.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of thevapors. These vapors are highly irritating to the eyes,nose and throat.2-6.5.2 Protection Required. Use a protective mask forthe AC-agent vapors. Use the M20 oxygen breathingapparatus or M15 compressed air breathing apparatus

for CK-agent vapors as mask filters deteriorate rapidly instrong concentrations of CK. Use impermeableprotective clothing for the liquid agents.2-6.5.3 Symptoms. Exposure to AC causes animmediate increase in the breathing rate. This isfollowed by violent convulsions within 30 seconds andcessation of breathing within 1 minute. Moderateexposure causes immediate dizziness, nausea, andheadache followed by convulsions and coma. CK hassimilar reactions: It also irritates the eyes, nose, andthroat and causes coughing.2-6.5.4 First-Aid. If exposed to blood agents, move intofresh air immediately. Then crush two ampuls of amylnitrate and hold them close to the nose. Repeat everyfew minutes until eight ampuls have been used.Administer artificial respiration to victim, if necessary.Get medical aid immediately for injections of sodiumnitrate and sodium thiosulfate. Seek rest, keepcomfortably warm, and drink liquids.

2-6.6 Detection.Use the chemical agent detector kit ABC-M18A2: ForAC, the red-band detector tube; for CK, the blue-banddetector tube. AC has an odor like that of bitteralmonds. CK irritates the eyes, nose, and throat.

2-6.7 Decontamination.Solutions are listed in order of preference for effectivedecontamination of liquid agent in the shortest time.Normally, aeration or venting is suitable for the agentvapors.2-6.7.1 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This isthe recommended decontaminant for small quantities ofagent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does notrequire any mixing. However, it requires relatively largequantities of DS-2 to neutralize the agent. Only oneapplication on the contaminated surface is required.After a 30-minute wait, flush off with water and test forany remaining contamination.



c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dryHTH-HTB or STB.2-6.7.2 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide;Lye). Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. Leavethe solution on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes,then wash off and test for any remaining contamination.

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a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, andcanvas, use a 5-percent solution (5 pounds caustic sodato 12 gallons of water).

b. Wear protective gloves and mask whenhandling these solutions.

c. Caustic soda corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc.d. When mixing, add the soda to the water (not the

water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling and splatteringbecause of excessive heat formed when dissolving thecaustic.

2-7 INCAPACITATING AGENT.2-7.1 Symbol (BZ).2-7.2 Description.BZ is a solid, persistent chemical agent which affectsthe brain, causing temporary physical and mentalconfusion when inhaled. Normally, it does not seriouslyendanger life or cause permanent injury. It is packed inmunitions as a white or offwhite powder.

2-7.3 Use.BZ agents are used to produce limited-time, delayed-action incapacitation of personnel. There is eventually acomplete recovery. These agents are used in burningtype ordnance to disseminate the aerosol.

2-7.4 Characteristics.BZ is a solid and packed in munitions in micro-pulverized powder. These particles can becomesuspended in air, and, in dry areas, can remain for anindefinite time.

2-7.5 Safety Precautions.2-7.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of theparticles.2-7.5.2 Protection Required. Protective mask only.2-7.5.3 Symptoms (In Order of Appearance). Effectswill begin to become evident 30 to 60 minutes afterexposure. Its maximum effect is within 4 to 8 hours.

a. Small doses of BZ cause an increased heartrate, dry skin and mouth, increased eye pupil size, andincreased skin temperature.

b. Inhalations of high concentrations causedizziness, vomiting, dry mouth, blurred vision,confusion, and the inability to respond effectively ormove about. If untreated, symptoms may last up to 4days before gradual return to normal.2-7.5.4 First-Aid.

a. Wash contaminated skin with soap and water.Flush the eyes with clean water. Contaminated clothingshould be wetted with water and removed.

b. Personnel exposed to BZ cannot sweat so thatimmediate and vigorous cooling, as for a heat stroke,must be performed.

c. Move into fresh air immediately; maintain closeobservation and restrictive care to prevent the victimfrom injuring himself or others.

2-7.5.5 Fire Protection. If munition is involved in a fire,it may function as designed and disseminate the agent.

2-7.6 Detection.BZ is packed (in powdered form) in munitions and iswhite or off-white. At present, no reliable field test fordetection is available.2-7.7 Decontamination.2-7.7.1 Before starting decontamination, pack up allvisible BZ and put it in plastic bags. Seal these bags inthe M494, or similar container, for shipment.2-7.7.2 BZ can be removed by scrubbing or drenchingwith a solution of .5- to 1-percent nonionic detergent or5-percent acetic acid solution. (This solution willremove but will not detoxify the agent; the drainagemust be contained for treatment and disposal.)Treatment of the wash solution from thedecontaminating operation will normally be handled at adepot by mixing with 5- to 15-percent caustic solution,maintaining a caustic for 1 hour at ambient temperaturewith more time at a lower temperature.

2-8 SUMMARY.Characteristics of the foregoing chemical agents are -summarized in Table 1 of Appendix A. For eachchemical agent, the recommended decontaminants arelisted in order of preference in Table 2 of Appendix A.

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SECTION 3CHEMICAL DECONTAMINANTS: PREPARATION AND USE

3-1 GENERAL.This section covers the chemical decontaminants withwhich technical escort personnel would normally beinvolved. Included are those used alone as stored andthose that must, before use, be mixed with water.

3-2 STB (Supertropical Bleach) SLURRY.3-2.1 Composition.STB consists of commercial bleach with about 6 percentof calcium oxide added.

3-2.2 Packaging and Storage.3-2.2.1 STB is usually shipped in tightly-closed, 8-gallon (50 pound) metal containers.3-2.2.2 It is fairly stable but decomposes when heated;it loses about 1-percent of its 30- to 35-percent availablechlorine content each month. Therefore, it should bestored in a cool dry place and discarded after expirationtime. This chemical can explode when heated above300°F.2-2.2.3 When placed in damp areas, it will corrodemetal and destroy most fabrics.

3-2.3 Safety Precautions.3-2.3.1 Detection. STB is a white powder with achlorine odor.3-2.3.2 Protection. No special protection is required,except when STB is in dust form in the air. In suchinstance, wear a mask and impermeable apron, gloves,and boots.3-2.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts ofwater and wash with soap containing lanolin.3-2.3.4 First-Aid. STB dust is irritating to skin, eyes,and throat. It should be flushed out or off immediately,using plenty of plain water.

3-2.4 Preparation and Use.

3-2.4.1 Slurry for applications prescribed in this manualis prepared by mixing one can (50 pounds) of STB with6 gallons of water. A "dry mix" can be prepared bymixing 2 shovelsfull of STB with 3 shovelsfull of earth orsimilar material.

3-2.4.2 This slurry is used to decontaminate G-series,V-series, and blister agents by leaving it on thecontaminated surface for a 30-minute period and thenwashing it off with water, and testing for any remainingcontamination. A .dry mix may be placed underequipment to decontaminate any agents flushed fromthe equipment. (Handle dry STB carefully; it burns oncontact with blister agents and DS-2 and gives off toxicvapors from G-agents).

3-3 DS-2 (DECONTAMINATING SOLUTION No. 2).3-3.1 Composition.DS-2 is a general-purpose decontaminant consisting ofa 70-percent active agent, 28-percent solvent, and a 2-percent active-agent booster.

3-3.2 Packaging and Storage.3-3.2.1 DS-2 is available in 1 1/3-quart cans for fillingthe M11 portable decontaminating apparatus. It ispacked in 5-gallon drums for application with brooms,swabs, or brushes.3-3.2.2 This solution is stable in storage, if protectedfrom temperature extremes.3-3.2.3 DS-2 is flammable and should not be used withSTB or HTH-HTB.3-3.2.4 It will discolor, soften, or blister paintedsurfaces, and corrode tin, zinc, and aluminum onprolonged contact.

3-3.3 Safety Precautions.3-3.3.1 Detection. DS-2 is a light-amber liquid with aslightly sweet odor.3-3.3.2 Protection. Wear rubber gloves and aprotective mask when handling this solution. Do notallow DS-2 to contact the voicemitter-outlet valve in theM17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in thisvalve immediately upon contact. DS-2 will cause a fireupon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB.3-3.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts ofwater. Excess DS-2 may be disposed of by burning.3-3.3.4 First-Aid. DS-2 will irritate the skin and eyes.Treatment is the same as for any chemical burn. It canbe removed readily from the skin, without harmfuleffects, by washing immediately with water.

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3-3.4 Preparation and Use.

WARNINGDo not use DS-2 near open flames.

3-3.4.1 DS-2 is a ready-to-use preparation that does notrequire any mixing. It is effective from -25°F. to 125°F.3-3.4.2 This is a general-purpose decontaminant that iseffective against all toxic agents; however, it requiresrelatively large quantities to neutralize the agent(approx. 2.4 gal/lb of G-series agent; 1.2 gal/lb of V-series agent; 6 gal/lb of blister agent). It reacts againstG-series and blister agents to reduce their hazardseffectively within 5 minutes. Only one application isrequired on contaminated surfaces. After 30 minutes,flush the decontaminated surface thoroughly with water.

3-4 CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION3-4.1 Composition.This is a white solid that dissolves easily in water. Thechemical name is sodium hydroxide (NaOH); it is alsoknown as lye or sodium hydrate.3-4.2 Packaging and Storage.Sodium hydroxide is stable when stored in tightly sealedmetal drums. It will absorb moisture and carbondioxide, and corrode aluminum, tin, or zinc. While not afire hazard, it liberates considerable heat when mixedwith water.

3-4.3 Safety Precautions.3-4.3.1 Detection. Caustic soda is a white solid in theform of flakes, powder, beads, or lumps that dissolveeasily in water.3-4.3.2 Protection. During handling, wear a protectivemask, rubber gloves, and rubber apron.3-4.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts ofwater.3-4.3.4 First-Aid. Caustic soda is a very caustic alkaliwhich, on contact, burns the skin and eyes. Wash it offthe skin immediately with water followed by a 2-percentsolution of acetic acid. Flush it out of the eyes withlarge amounts of water, and seek medical aidimmediately.

3-4.4 Preparation and Use.3-4.4.1 Preparation.

a. Water solutions of caustic soda are effective inmost concentrations. Normally, the more concentratedthe solution, the faster the decontamination. Hotsolutions decontaminate faster than cold ones.

b. A 10-percent solution is usually enough fordecontamination. It is prepared by mixing 10 pounds ofcaustic soda with 12 gallons of water. A 5-percentsolution is recommended for decontamination of fabrics,leather, and canvas. Prepare it by mixing 5 pounds ofthe soda with 12 gallons of water.

c. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water(not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling andsplattering because of excessive heat formed whendissolving the caustic.3-4.4.2 Use.

a. Caustic soda solution destroys G-agentsimmediately to 5 minutes after contact.

b. It decontaminates choking and blood agentsafter a 30-minute contact time.3-5 HTH-HTB SOLUTION (High-Test Hypochlorite).3-5.1 Composition.High-test hypochlorite is also known as high-test bleachand is a stable, water-soluble solid. It is usually ingranular or tablet form. This chemical contains at least70-percent calcium hypochlorite. It is similar to STB(supertropical bleach) but has more chlorine and is,therefore, more corrosive.

3-5.2 Packaging and Storage.HTH-HTB is packaged in 5-pound cans and 100-pounddrums. It is fairly stable but decomposes when heated.HTH-HTB loses its chlorine content rapidly when open.Therefore, it should be sealed and stored in a cool, dryplace. When moist, it corrodes metals, and destroysmost fabrics. When dry, it causes oils, grease, and DS-2 to burn.

3-5.3 Safety Precautions.3-5.3.1 Detection. HTH-HTB is a white tablet orgranular solid with a chlorine odor.3-5.3.2 Protection. Wear a protective mask, apron,boots, and rubber gloves when handling this solution.3-5.3.3 Decontamination. Flush off with large quantitiesof water.3-5.3.4 First-Aid. If HTH-HTB comes in contact withthe skin or clothing, flush the area with a large amountof water.

3-5.4 Preparation and Use.3-5.4.1 A 10-percent solution or slurry is recommended.Mix 10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water forthe solution and 50 pounds of HTH-HTB with 6 gallonsof water for slurry.3-5.4.2 This solution is used to decontaminate blisteragents (H, HD, and HT) and V-agents.

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Slurry can be used to decontaminate blister agents.Apply the solution or slurry to the contaminated surfaceand, after a 5-minute wait, flush off with water and testfor any remaining contamination.

3-6 WASHING SODA SOLUTION. (SodiumCarbonate).

3-6.1 Composition.3-6.1.1 Washing soda is a white powder with alkalineproperties. Common names include soda ash, sal soda,and laundry soda.3-6.1.2 Commercial grades may contain large amountsof sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).

3-6.2 Packaging and Storage.Normally, washing soda is packed in 100-pound papersacks. It is stable in dry storage.

3-6.3 Safety Precautions.3-6.3.1 Detection. Washing soda is a white powder.3-6.3.2 Protection. Washing soda has no serious effecton the skin or eyes, or on clothing. Do not breathe itsdust as it is irritating to the respiratory tract. No specialprotection is required, except when the soda is in the airin dust form.3-6.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large quantities ofwater.3-6.3.4 First-Aid. If washing soda solution or dust getsinto the eyes, wash them with water.

3-6.4 Preparation and Use.3-6.4.1 A 10-percent solution is recommended. Mix 10pounds of soda with 12 gallons of water.3-6.4.2 This washing soda solution is an effectivedecontaminant for G-agents. It reacts within 5 minutesafter contact with the agent.

3-7 COMMERCIAL OR HOUSEHOLD BLEACH(Sodium Hypochlorite).

3-7.1 Composition.

Commercial or household bleach is normally a solutionand is more stable than the solid form. Commercialsolutions usually contain a 10 to 14-percentconcentration and household brands, a 3- to 6-percentconcentration.

3-7.2 Packaging and Storage.Commercial or household bleach solution is usuallypacked in 1-quart or 1-gallon airtight containers. It isstable when stored in a cool, dry place.

3-7.3 Safety Precautions.3-7.3.1 Detection. In solid form, sodium hypochloritehas a disagreeable, sweet odor.3-7.3.2 Protection. Sodium hypochlorite solution maybe handled without danger. However, it is a strongbleaching agent and will damage fabrics, if notremoved.3-7.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts ofwater.3-7.3.4 First-Aid. If the solution gets into the eyes,wash them out with water.

3-7.4 Preparation and Use.3-7.4.1 Normally, the commercial or household bleachcan be used in a full-strength solution.3-7.4.2 The full-strength solution is an effectivedecontaminant for V-agents and blister agents, reactingwithin 5 minutes after contact with either agent.

NOTEPure bleach will burn on contact with

liquid blister agent.3-8 SUMMARYThe instructions on recommended mixing andapplication of the chemical decontaminants aresummarized in Table 3 of Appendix A. To assist in thepreparation of the recommended concentrations of thechemical decontaminating solutions, a graph indicatingpounds of decontaminant vs. gallons of water isincluded as Table 4 of Appendix A.

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TM 9-1300-275/2

APPENDIX A

TABLES

Table 1. Chemical Agent CharacteristicsAGENT NERVE

(GA, GB, GD)NERVE

(VX)BLISTER

(H, HD, HT)Choking

(CG)BLOOD(AC, AK)

INCAPACITATING(BZ)

USE Quick-ActingCasualty Agt

Quick-ActingCasualty Agt

Delay-ActingCasualty Agt



Delayed-ActionTemporary In-pacitating Agt.

DESCRIPTION Brown Liquid Brown Liquid Dark-BrownOily Liquid

Colorless Gas Colorless Gas White Powder

BOILING POINT Above 290° F. 572° F. Above 370° F. 49° F. (AC) 79° F.(CK) 59° F

------------------------

FREEZING POINT Below -50° F. -38° F. (H, HD) -58° F. -155° F. (AC) 7° F.(CK) 23° F

---------------------------

VAPOR DENSITY 4.0 (See FM 3-10B) 5.4 3.4 (AC) -.93(CK) - 2.1

---------------------------

LIQUID DENSITY 1.02 (See FM 3-10B) 1.27 1.38 (AC) - .7(CK) -.12

---------------------------

DURATION OFEFFECTIVENESS

(Normally)

Nonpersistent1-2 Days

Persistent Persistent NonpersistentWithin Min.

NonpersistentWithin Min.

Persistent

RATE OF ACTION Very RapidWithin 15 Min.

Rapid Hours to Days Immediate to4 Hours

Immediate.Within 1 Min.

Minutes To Hours

DETECTION M18A2 Blue-BandTube, Paper, and

Tickets

M18A2 Detector. M18A2 Blue-BandTube, Crayon, &

Paper

M18A2 GreenBand Tube;

Odor

M18A2(AC) Red-Band(CK) Blue-Band

None

PHYSIOLOGICALACTION

Breath StoppedDeath

Breath- StoppedDeath

Blisters Skin &Inflames Eyeand Throat

Damages andFlood Lungs

Stops Transfer ofOxygen fromBlood to Body

Temporary Mental &Physical Confusion

PROTECTIONREQUIRED

Mask & Impermeable Clothing-

Mask & Impermeable Clothing w/Impregnated underwear or Liner

Mask Mask Mask

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Table 2. Decontaminants for Chemical Agents(Listed in order of Preference)

Agents DecontaminantsNERVE (GA, GB, GD) 1. Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide).

2. Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate).3. STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry.4. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).

NERVE (VX) 1. HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite).2. Commercial or Household Bleach Solution (Sodium Hypo-Chlorite).-3. DS 2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).4. STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry.

BLISTER (H, HD, HT) 1. HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite).2. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).3. STB Slurry (Supertropical Bleach).4. Commercial or Household Bleach Solution Sodium Hypo-Chlorite.

CHOKING (CG) and 1. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).BLOOD (AC-CK) 2. Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide).

INCAPACITATING (BZ) 1. Detergent or 5-percent Acetic Acid Solution to remove Agent.Contain wash solution for disposal.

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Table 3. Application of DecontaminantsDECONTAMINANT AGENT DE-

CONTAMI-NATED

MIXINGPROCEDURES

CONTACTTIME

REMARKS

STB (SupertropicalBeach) SOLUTION

G-AgentBlister

V-Agent

Slurry: 50 lbs ofbleach to 6 gal. ofwater. Dry Mix: 2shovelsfull bleach to 3shovelsfull of earth.

30 Min. 1. Pure bleach will burn on contact w/liquid

2. Toxic vapors given off on contact w/G-Agent.

3. Will burn on contact w/DS-2.DS -2 (DecontaminatingSolution No. 2).

G-AgentV-AgentBlister

ChokingBlood

A Ready-to-UseSolution; no mixingrequired

30 Min. 1. Used at Temperatures -25° F. to 125° F.

2. Will discolor, soften, or blister painted surfaces.

3. Will cause color change on contact w/detector paper and crayon.

4. Will burn on contact w/STB and HTH.

CAUSTIC SODASOLUTION (SodiumHydroxide).

G-AgentChokingBlood

10 lbs caustic - 12gal. water (10%solution).

30 Min.except

forG-Agent

whichis imme-

diate.

1. Solution corrodes aluminum, tin, & zinc. Use a steel container.

2. When mixing, add caustic to water to prevent splattering fromheat formed when dissolving caustic.

HTH OR HTB SOLU-TION (CalciumHypochlorite)

V-AgentBlister

10 lbs HTH w/12 gal.water (10% SolutionSlurry: 50 lbs HTHw/6 gal. water).

5 Min. 1. Solution or slurry gives off toxic vapors, and is corrosive to most metals.

WASHING SODASOLUTION (SodiumCarbonate).

G-Agent 10 lbs soda - 12 gal.water (10 % solution).

5 Min.

COMMERCIAL HOUSEHOLD BLEACH SO-SOLUTION (SodiumHypochlorite).

V-AgentBlister

No mixing requiredCommercial brands:10-14% Householdbrands: 3-6%

5 Min.

ACETIC ACIDSOLUTION.

BZ 5-Percent. 1. Solution will remove, but not detoxify agent.

2. Contain wash solution for disposal.

17

TM 9-1300-275/2

POUNDS OF DECONTAMINANT

NOTES: a. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2) - Ready-To-Use. Solution - No Mixing Required.b. COMMERCIAL OR HOUSEHOLD BLEACH ( Sodium Hypochlorite) SOLUTION - Ready-To-Use Solution - No Mixing Required.

MU-C12135Table 4. Mixing of Decontaminants.

1. CAUSTIC SODA (Sodium Hydroxide) 10-Percent Solution.2. HTH-HTB (Calcium Hypochlorite) 10-Percent Solution3. WASHING SODA (Sodium Carbonate) 10-Percent Solution.NOTE: These solutions consist of .8 pounds of decontaminant for

each 1 gallon of water.

1. HTH-HTB- (Calcium Hypochlorite) Slurry2. STB - SUPERTROPICAL BLEACH (Sodium Hypochlorite with

Calcium Oxide) SLURRYNOTE: These slurrys consist of 8.3 pounds of decontaminant for each

1 gallon of water.

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TM 9-1300-275/2

APPENDIX B

REFERENCES

1. ARMY.

AR 11-17 Chemical and Biological Weapons Surety Program.AR 55-8 Transportation of Biological Materials.AR 55-56 Transportation of Chemical Ammunition, Chemical Agents and Other

Dangerous Chemicals.AR 75-14 Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.AR 740-32 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiologi-

cal Agents.AMCR 385-27 Safety Regulations for Disposal of Bulk Chemical Agents and Munitions.AMCR 385-28 Safety Regulation for Agent BZ.AMCR 385-101 Shipping Criteria for Etiological Agents and Material.AMCR 385-102-1 Safety Guide for the Processing, Filling, Handling, and Decontamination

of VX.AMCR 385-232 Shipping Criteria for Chemical Agents, Chemical Ammunition, Poisons

and Other Dangerous Articles.AMCR 385-233 Safety Criteria for Processing, Filling, Handling and Decontamination.TM 3-215 Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents.TM 3-216 Military Biology and Biological Agents.TM 3-220 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Decontamination.TM 3-240 Field Behavior of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents.TM 3-250 Storage, Shipment and Handling of Chemical Agents and Hazardous

Chemicals.TM 3-522-15 Mask, Protective, Field, M9 and Mask, Protective, Field, M9A1.TM 3-4240-202-14 Organizational, DS, GS, and Depot Maintenance Manual: Mask Protective,

Field ABC-M17.TM 3-4240-212-15 Breathing Apparatus, Oxygen Generating, M20 Operator, Organizational

Field and Depot Maintenance Manual.TM 3-4240-258-14 Operator, Organizational, DS and GS Maintenance Manual Mask, CBR:

Field M17A1 and Accessories.TM 3-6665-254-12 Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Detector Kit, Chemical

Agent ABC M18A2.TM 8-285 Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties.TM 9-1300-206 Care, Handling, Preservation and Destruction of Ammunition.TM 9-1300-275/1 Technical Escort Movement Procedures.TM 9-1300-275/3 Technical Escort Containment Procedures.FM 21-40 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense.FM 21-41 Soldier's Handbook for Defense Against Chemical and Biological Opera-

tions and Nuclear Warfare.FM 3-10B Employment of Chemical Agents (MINIP 36-4/AFM 355-9/FMFM11-

3B).TM 9-1900 Ammunition, General.TM 10-277 Protective Clothing for Chemical Operations.

19

TM 9-1300-275/2

TM 38-250 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation byMilitary Aircraft.

TM 743-200 Storage and Materials Handling.TB 3-4230-207-10 Decontaminating and Reimpregnating Kit-Individual M13.TB CML 83 Calculator, Downwind Toxic Vapor Hazard Point Source ABC M2.TB MED 114 Immunization.TB MED 223 Respiratory Protective Devices.TB MED 273 Collection and Preparation of Specimens for Shipment to Medical Labo-

ratories.SB 3-24 Shipping Chart for Chemical Corps Ammunition, Ammunition Components,

and Military Chemical Agents.SB 3-30 Serviceability Standard for CB Material.SB 3-30-2 Protective Mask Canisters: Serviceability Lists.SB 3-30-10 Field Protective Masks, M3, M14, and M9 Services and Protective Mask

Canisters, M10A1 and M11: Serviceability Standard.SB 3-30-13 Decontaminating Apparatus, Portable: 3-gallon M1; 11/2, quart M2; 1 1/2

quart M11; Serviceability Standard.SB 3-30-24 Breathing Apparatus, Compressed Air, M15 and ABC M15A1: Service-

ability Standard.

2. NAVY.

OPNAVINST 8070.1 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etio-logical Agents.

OPNAVINST 8027.1C Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.NAVAIR 15-03-500 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by

Military Aircraft.NAVORD OP 2239 Drivers' Handbook Ammunition, Explosives, and Dangerous Articles.NAVORD OP 2165 Vol I. Navy Transportation Safety Handbook.NAVORD OP 5 Vol I. Ammunition Ashore Handling, Stowing, and Shipping.

3. AIR FORCE.

AFR 136-8 Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.TO 11A-1-42 General Instructions-Disposal of Ammunition.TO 11A-1-46 Ammunition Complete Round Chart and Transportation and Storage Guide.TO 11A-1-55 General Manual-Fire Fighting and Withdrawal, Time, Distance and

Related Criteria for Explosives (Except Nuclear Weapons).TO 11C-1-8-0 Technical Escort-Chemical, Biological and Etiological Material.AFM 71-4 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Materials for Transportation by

Military Aircraft.AFM 127-100 Explosives Safety Manual.AFR 136-4 Responsibilities for Technical Escorts of Chemical, Biological and Etiological

Agents.AFR 205-1 Safeguarding Classified Information.AFR 20r-17 Special Security Procedures, Classification Guide for Sensitive Controlled

Fragmentation Munitions.AFM 207-1 Doctrine and Requirements for Security of Aerospace Systems.AFM 355-1 The AF Disaster Preparedness Program.AFM 355-5 Employment of Biological Agents.AFM 355-6 Military Biology and Biological Agents.AFM 355-7 Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents.

20

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AFR 355-7 Response to Major Peacetime Accidents Involving Nuclear Weapons andNon-Nuclear Weapons, and Other Dangerous Materials.

4. MARINE CORPS.

MCO 4030.25 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and EtiologicalAgents.

MCO 8027.1 Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.

5. CIVIL PUBLICATION.

T. C. George's Tariff #23 Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation.CG 108 Rules and Regulations for Military Explosives and Hazardous Munitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Parts 146-149.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Parts 71-91.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Section 72.75.Bureau of Explosives Pamphlets No. 6/6A/6C.Tariff 6-D (CAB No. 82).

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TM 9-1300-275/2

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

W. C. WESTMORELAND,General, United States Army,

Official: Chief of Staff.KENNETH G. WICKHAM,Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.

Distribution:Special.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 - 342-421/80832

The Metric System and Equivalents

Linear Measure Liquid Measure

1 centiliter = 10 milliters = .34 fl. ounce1 centimeter = 10 millimeters = .39 inch 1 deciliter = 10 centiliters = 3.38 fl. ounces1 decimeter = 10 centimeters = 3.94 inches 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 33.81 fl. ounces1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches 1 dekaliter = 10 liters = 2.64 gallons1 dekameter = 10 meters = 32.8 feet 1 hectoliter = 10 dekaliters = 26.42 gallons1 hectometer = 10 dekameters = 328.08 feet 1 kiloliter = 10 hectoliters = 264.18 gallons1 kilometer = 10 hectometers = 3,280.8 feet

Square MeasureWeights

1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters = .155 sq. inch1 centigram = 10 milligrams = .15 grain 1 sq. decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters = 15.5 sq. inches1 decigram = 10 centigrams = 1.54 grains 1 sq. meter (centare) = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.76 sq. feet1 gram = 10 decigram = .035 ounce 1 sq. dekameter (are) = 100 sq. meters = 1,076.4 sq. feet1 decagram = 10 grams = .35 ounce 1 sq. hectometer (hectare) = 100 sq. dekameters = 2.47 acres1 hectogram = 10 decagrams = 3.52 ounces 1 sq. kilometer = 100 sq. hectometers = .386 sq. mile1 kilogram = 10 hectograms = 2.2 pounds1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds Cubic Measure1 metric ton = 10 quintals = 1.1 short tons

1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters = .06 cu. inch1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters = 61.02 cu. inches1 cu. meter = 1000 cu. decimeters = 35.31 cu. feet

Approximate Conversion Factors

To change To Multiply by To change To Multiply by

inches centimeters 2.540 ounce-inches Newton-meters .007062feet meters .305 centimeters inches .394yards meters .914 meters feet 3.280miles kilometers 1.609 meters yards 1.094square inches square centimeters 6.451 kilometers miles .621square feet square meters .093 square centimeters square inches .155square yards square meters .836 square meters square feet 10.764square miles square kilometers 2.590 square meters square yards 1.196acres square hectometers .405 square kilometers square miles .386cubic feet cubic meters .028 square hectometers acres 2.471cubic yards cubic meters .765 cubic meters cubic feet 35.315fluid ounces milliliters 29,573 cubic meters cubic yards 1.308pints liters .473 milliliters fluid ounces .034quarts liters .946 liters pints 2.113gallons liters 3.785 liters quarts 1.057ounces grams 28.349 liters gallons .264pounds kilograms .454 grams ounces .035short tons metric tons .907 kilograms pounds 2.205pound-feet Newton-meters 1.356 metric tons short tons 1.102pound-inches Newton-meters .11296

Temperature (Exact)

°F Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celsius °Ctemperature subtracting 32) temperature

PIN: 027367-000

Technical Escort Information on Chemical Agents and Decontaminating Procedures

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