European Distance Learning Week: Digital skills in teaching and learning: the case of Spain
Teaching Case of the Week
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Transcript of Teaching Case of the Week
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Teaching Case of the Week
Dr. W. A. Ciccotelli
Sept 14, 2005
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The Patient
82 y M Past Hx
Low grade B cell lymphoma Pancytopenia/transfusion dependent Interstitial lung dz HTN Ex-smoker
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The Patient
Meds Amlodipine Prednisone (taperingx 4 mos)
NKDA 2-4x EtOH/wk
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The Case
Referred to ID for peri-orbital cellulitis 3 day Hx of progressive
R eye swelling R frontal headache Reactive clear discharge FB sensation
No fever/chills No other ocular symptoms Vision ok On cefotaxime 36 hrs
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The Case
Afebrile, VSS Peri-orbital cellulitis R eye proptosis, mild ptosis, chemosis Loss of EOM R eye CNs normal otherwise Visual acuity normal
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The Case
WBC 4.9, Hgb 99, plts 54, grans 1.7 Lytes N Cr 123 TSH 1.1 Panculture neg CXR: unchanged chronic interstitial
pattern
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The Case
CT scan head R pre-septal edema Minimal proptosis R eye R Maxillary & ethmoidal sinusitis R nasal septum deviation No bony lesions No retro-orbital masses
ENT consulted
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The Case
Not responding on Cefotaxime Febrile New diplopia Worsening peri-orbital cellulitis
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The Case
Abx changed to Clinda/Cipro MRI head
Small fluid collection lat. R eye ?abscess Maxillary & ethmoid sinusitis (L & R) Meninges inflammatory changes in R middle
cranial fossa No cavernous vein thrombosis
Nasal culture: commensal flora
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The Case
Now really bad! Delirious Febrile Clonus in lower ext. R Facial droop
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The Case
Urgent ethmoidectomy necrotic sinus painless procedure
LP aseptic meningitis ANCAs neg Lipo Ampho B started 5 mg/kg/day
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The Case
Repeat MRI Early cerebritis R temporal operculum Ongoing inflammatory changes of all sinuses Inflammatory changes around R orbit,
masticator space, cavernous sinus
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Case Resolution
Further CNS deterioration Sinus Bx
Broad ribbon like non-septate fungal filament on microscopy
ZN & PAS stains confirm non-septate hyphae Dx of Rhinocerebral zygomycosis Lipo Ampho B to 10 mg/kg/day Family withdrew care given degree of surgery
needed
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Zygomycosis
Mucorales order Ubiquitous in environment Thick walled non-septate hyphae with right
angle branching Rare & mimics other invasive mould infections Inherent resistance to antifungal agents Angioinvasive disease
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Zygomycosis
Multiple clinical forms Cutaneous Pulmonary Gastrointestinal Rhinocerebral Sino-orbital Disseminated
Direct inoculation, inhalation, ingestion of spores
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Zygomycosis
Immunocompromised state hallmarks DM ketoacidosis Neutropenia Chemotherapy BMT patients Lymphoma/leukemia Trauma with exposure to contaminated soil
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Zygomycosis
Dx is difficult & delayed Poor recovery from culture Non specific presentation Not on everyone’s DDx Mimics other invasive molds (Aspergillus) Dx generally made with invasive testing for
histopathological sampling Dx commonly made at autopsy
Yet increasingly problematic in Heme-Onc patients over 1990s
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Zygomycosis
Treatment is multifaceted Immune reconstitution Aggressive surgical debridement Ampho B Prayer
Posaconazole as oral alternative Despite this still highly fatal (mortality 50-
80%)
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Zygomycosis
Prognosis is poor Late Dx Not able to recover immune system Disseminated Death usually from hemorrhage
Best prognosis Limited disease Early surgery Non Heme-Onc patients
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Zygomycosis
Tip offs Right patient population (esp neutropenia) Unexplained thrombosis Necrotic eschar Unexplained hemorrhage Common clinical situations
Culture neg despite real disease Not responsing to reasonable Abx