Technical English - I

6th week

The Use of Computers

in

Civil Engineering

�� Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructionsof instructions

�� Computer is a device which aids humans in performing various Computer is a device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculationskinds of computations or calculations

�� Computer is programmable device with a set of instructions to Computer is programmable device with a set of instructions to perform specific tasks and generate results at a very high speed perform specific tasks and generate results at a very high speed

�� A computer is an electronic machine that can store and deal with A computer is an electronic machine that can store and deal with large amounts of information.large amounts of information.

Here are some of definitions of computersHere are some of definitions of computers

�� Computer is a programmable machineComputer is a programmable machine

�� Computer means a device that performs Computer means a device that performs computationcomputation

programmable / machine / device / computation / manipulate / instruction / tasksystem unit / input device / output device / mass storage / keyboard / screen

abacus / slide rule / invention / man made / feature / equipment / mapping

The Early YearsThe Early Years

ABACUSABACUS (Approximately 3000 BC)(Approximately 3000 BC)

SLIDE RULE SLIDE RULE

�� Invented by William Invented by William OughtredOughtred in in 16221622

�� Used primarily for “multiplication”, Used primarily for “multiplication”, “division”, “roots”, “logarithms”, “division”, “roots”, “logarithms”, “Trigonometry” “Trigonometry”

�� Not normally used for addition or Not normally used for addition or subtraction.subtraction.

abacusabacus

slide ruleslide rule

Some historians believe that the abacus Some historians believe that the abacus

was invented by the ancient Chinese while was invented by the ancient Chinese while

some believe that it was invented by some believe that it was invented by

thethe BabyloniansBabylonians or the Egyptiansor the Egyptians

invention / mechanical calculator / brand name / trade mark

MECHANICAL CALCULATORMECHANICAL CALCULATOR

�� BlaiseBlaise Pascal invented a mechanical Pascal invented a mechanical calculator (calculator (PascalinePascaline) in 1642.) in 1642.

A A PascalinePascaline at at MuséeMusée des Arts et Métiers, Parisdes Arts et Métiers, Paris

Ask your father or grandfather about “Ask your father or grandfather about “F a c i tF a c i t ”, they probably ”, they probably

remember it well. Note that “remember it well. Note that “FacitFacit” is a brand name (trade mark).” is a brand name (trade mark).

Inventions supporting the development of computersInventions supporting the development of computers

�� DrDr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, . Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punchedpunched--cardcard

datadata--processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890

U.S. census. U.S. census. His His company would eventually become International Business company would eventually become International Business

Machines (IBMMachines (IBM).).

Punched cardPunched card

PunchingPunching

machinemachine

punching machine / punched card / data compilation / data processing / census data

Triode Triode

vacuum vacuum

tubetube

Inventions supporting the development Inventions supporting the development

of computersof computers

�� The vacuum tube The vacuum tube is invented by is invented by

American physicist Lee De Forest in American physicist Lee De Forest in

1906.1906.

�� British mathematician Alan Turing British mathematician Alan Turing

developed a hypothetical device developed a hypothetical device

((Turing machineTuring machine) in 1943. The Turing ) in 1943. The Turing

machine allows to perform logical machine allows to perform logical

operation and could read and write.operation and could read and write.

�� The transistor The transistor was invented in 1947 at was invented in 1947 at

Bell Telephone Laboratories by a team Bell Telephone Laboratories by a team

led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter

Brattain, andBrattain, and William Shockley. William Shockley.

triode vacuum tube / turing machine / logical operation / transistor

Turing Turing

MachineMachine

TransistorsTransistors

�� Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers

from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital

sequencesequence--controlled computer called the controlled computer called the Harvard Harvard

Mark IMark I. This computer could handle all four . This computer could handle all four

arithmetic arithmetic operationsoperations, and had special built, and had special built--in in

programs for logarithms and trigonometric programs for logarithms and trigonometric

functionsfunctions..

�� The giant The giant ENIACENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator (Electrical Numerical Integrator

and Calculator) machine was developed by John and Calculator) machine was developed by John

W. W. MauchlyMauchly and J. and J. PresperPresper Eckert, Jr. at the Eckert, Jr. at the

University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000

vacuums, punchvacuums, punch--card input, weighed thirty tons card input, weighed thirty tons

and occupied a thirtyand occupied a thirty--byby--fiftyfifty--foot space.foot space.

�� MauchlyMauchly and Eckert built the and Eckert built the UNIVAC IUNIVAC I, the first , the first

computer designed and sold commercially, computer designed and sold commercially,

specifically for business dataspecifically for business data--processing processing

applications. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed applications. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed

the the UNIVAC IUNIVAC I compiler.compiler.

Harvard Mark IHarvard Mark I

ENIACENIAC

digital sequence logical sequence / handle / built-in / giant /integrator / giant / space / compiler

UNIVACUNIVAC

failure / computational time / assembly language / binary / cryptic / symbolic / code coding / instruction / high-level / version / formula translation / magnetic drum & core

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS�� Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubesTransistors were used in place of vacuum tubes

�� Their sizes were smaller in comparison with the first generation computersTheir sizes were smaller in comparison with the first generation computers

�� They generated less heat and were less prone to failureThey generated less heat and were less prone to failure

�� They were faster and they took comparatively less computational timeThey were faster and they took comparatively less computational time

�� Assembly language was used for programmingAssembly language was used for programming

�� Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.

IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of

second generation computers.second generation computers.

SecondSecond--generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to

symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify

instructions in words. Highinstructions in words. High--level programming languages were also being developed level programming languages were also being developed

at this time, such as early versions of COBOL, FORTRAN (formula translation) and at this time, such as early versions of COBOL, FORTRAN (formula translation) and

BASIC (Beginners AllBASIC (Beginners All--purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). These were also the first purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). These were also the first

computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a

magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Jack Jack KilbyKilby is an American electronic engineer who is an American electronic engineer who

received the Nobel Prize for his invention of received the Nobel Prize for his invention of the the

integrated circuitintegrated circuit, which is a small electronic device , which is a small electronic device

made out of a semiconductor material and a made out of a semiconductor material and a

collection of tiny little transistors. Thecollection of tiny little transistors. The invention of invention of

the integrated circuit (or chip) which is was a mile the integrated circuit (or chip) which is was a mile

stone in the development of computers. stone in the development of computers.

This development caused to This development caused to

reduce the size and cost of reduce the size and cost of

computerscomputers and also to increase and also to increase

the speed and reliability of the speed and reliability of

computers.computers.

integrated circuit / semiconductor / chip / mile stone / size / cost / speed / reliability

�� Today, the computers seen around us belong to the fourth generation computers. Today, the computers seen around us belong to the fourth generation computers.

“Microprocessor” “Microprocessor” is the main concept behind this generation of computer.is the main concept behind this generation of computer.

�� The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of

integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in

1971, located all the components of the computer1971, located all the components of the computer--from the from the CPU (Central Processing CPU (Central Processing

Unit) Unit) and memory to input/output controlsand memory to input/output controls--on a single chipon a single chip

�� In 1975, the first In 1975, the first “microcomputer"“microcomputer" was designed. IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to was designed. IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to

develop the operating system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has develop the operating system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has

achieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MSachieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS--DOS. The DOS. The

same year, same year, MicrosoftMicrosoft was born.was born.

�� In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer with a 16In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer with a 16--bit microprocessor for the home userbit microprocessor for the home user

microprocessor / component / central processing unitmicrocomputer / memory / home user / desktop / incorporation / graphical interface

�� In 1984 In 1984 AppleApple introduced the introduced the MacintoshMacintosh. .

Microprocessors moved out into all Microprocessors moved out into all desktopdesktop computerscomputers

�� 1984: Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, 1984: Apple introduced the Macintosh computer,

which incorporated a unique graphical interface, which incorporated a unique graphical interface,

making it easy to use. The same year, IBM released the making it easy to use. The same year, IBM released the

286286--AT.AT.

�� 1986: Compaq released the 1986: Compaq released the DeskProDeskPro 386 computer, the 386 computer, the

first to use the 80036 microprocessor.first to use the 80036 microprocessor.

�� 1987: IBM announced the OS/2 operating1987: IBM announced the OS/2 operating--system technology.system technology.

�� 1988: A nondestructive virus was introduced into the Internet network bringing 1988: A nondestructive virus was introduced into the Internet network bringing

thousands of computers to a halt.thousands of computers to a halt.

�� 1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.

�� 1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency 1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power

consumption guidelines. When guidelines are met, equipment displays the Energy Star consumption guidelines. When guidelines are met, equipment displays the Energy Star

logo. The same year, Several companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium logo. The same year, Several companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium

microprocessor from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112 microprocessor from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112

million instructions per second (MIPS).million instructions per second (MIPS).

�� As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form

networks, which eventually led to the development of the networks, which eventually led to the development of the InternetInternet. Fourth generation . Fourth generation

computers also saw the development of computers also saw the development of GUIs (Graphical User Interface)GUIs (Graphical User Interface), the mouse and , the mouse and

handheld devices.handheld devices.

nondestructive virus / halt / guideline / instructioninternet / graphical user interface / mouse / handheld /artificial intelligence

The next generation computer will possess The next generation computer will possess

artificial intelligence and it would be able artificial intelligence and it would be able

to take self decisions like a human being.to take self decisions like a human being.

structural analysis / conversion / preliminary design / data entry / monitoring

�� Educational useEducational use

Introduction to basics of computers; Application and use of computers in civil engineering. Software to be covered includes Word, PowerPoint, Excel and Access

�� Calculation and analysisCalculation and analysis

Engineers have been using the computer since the early 1950 when structural engineers began applying the computer to structural analysis problems. Over the years, a great number of computer programs of all types have been written for building design engineering applications

�� Design and draftingDesign and drafting

More computer programs (software) are becoming available for use by civil engineers. Computer programs have been developed for sophisticated computer graphics system to translate structural engineering and environmental data into pictures. The graphics display can show the preliminary design with and without interior lines displayed.

�� Data processingData processing

Data processing is simply the conversion of raw data to meaningful information through a process. The process includes activities like data entry, summary, calculation, storage, etc. Useful and informative output is presented in various appropriate forms such as diagrams, reports, graphics, etc.

�� MonitoringMonitoring

The computers can be used for monitoring of civil engineering systems; they can also estimate energy consumption, given occupancy and geographical location of buildings

HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC

ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICALGEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERINGENGINEERINGOTHER FIELDOTHER FIELD

SMADASMADA

HYDRAULIC CALCULATORHYDRAULIC CALCULATOR

LOOPSLOOPS

PIPE FLOW EXPERTPIPE FLOW EXPERT

KYPIPEKYPIPE

FLOW 3DFLOW 3D

CRITICAL DEPTH CALCULATOR CRITICAL DEPTH CALCULATOR

IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWSIN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

RIVERFLOW2DRIVERFLOW2D

CADRE FLOWCADRE FLOW

SWANSWAN

EPANETEPANET

QPFCALCQPFCALC

CHANNELDESIGNCHANNELDESIGN

HYDROFLOHYDROFLO

GISWATERGISWATER

WATERNETWATERNET--CADCAD

HCALCHCALC

PIPE FLOW WIZARDPIPE FLOW WIZARD

PUMPBASEPUMPBASE

PMWINPMWIN

AQUIFERWIN32AQUIFERWIN32

DFLOWDFLOW

BASINSBASINS

IWEMIWEM

ARGUS ONEARGUS ONE

PROCESSING MODFLOWPROCESSING MODFLOW

STRATERSTRATER

GW ASSISTGW ASSIST

HECHEC--EFMEFM

MODFLOWMODFLOW--USGUSG

MODFLOWMODFLOW--20052005

HECHEC--HMSHMS; ; HECHEC--RASRAS

ALLPILEALLPILE

GEO5GEO5

SRWALLSRWALL

POLEFDNPOLEFDN

ASDIP FOUNDATIONASDIP FOUNDATION

DEEPXCAVDEEPXCAV

PILEGRPPILEGRP

ASDIP RETAINASDIP RETAIN

SAFESAFE

SHORING SUITESHORING SUITE

AEC CUTFILLAEC CUTFILL

PYPILEPYPILE

FBFB--DEEPDEEP

DIPSDIPS

LIQUEFYPROLIQUEFYPRO

SOSO--FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION

NOVOSPTNOVOSPT

SUPERLOGSUPERLOG

FASTTERRAINFASTTERRAIN

GEO.SPREADGEO.SPREAD

LATERALKLATERALK

NOVOFORMULANOVOFORMULA

RISAFOOTRISAFOOT

REDI ROCK WALLREDI ROCK WALL

RS2RS2

RISAFOUNDATIONRISAFOUNDATION

ALE ADVANCED LAND EDITORALE ADVANCED LAND EDITOR

EXAMINE2DEXAMINE2D

ROCTOPPLEROCTOPPLE

NOVOCPTNOVOCPT

SURCHARGE EARTH PRESSURESURCHARGE EARTH PRESSURE

ROCDATAROCDATA

STRUCTURAL MASONRYSTRUCTURAL MASONRY

SAP2000SAP2000

WEST POINT BRIDGE DESIGNERWEST POINT BRIDGE DESIGNER

TRUSS4TRUSS4

GALA REINFORCEMENTGALA REINFORCEMENT

ETABSETABS

LTBEAMLTBEAM

EBPLATEEBPLATE

CALC4FEMCALC4FEM

BAPBAP

ANALYSIS FOR WINDOWSANALYSIS FOR WINDOWS

BEAM PROBEAM PRO

AXISVMAXISVM

ADVANCE DESIGNADVANCE DESIGN

PORTALPORTAL

STEEL CONNECTSTEEL CONNECT

CONCRETEDESIGNCONCRETEDESIGN

BASEPLT9BASEPLT9

FTOOLFTOOL

2D TRUSS ANALYSIS2D TRUSS ANALYSIS

CBA CBA -- CONTINUOUS BEAM CONTINUOUS BEAM

ANALYSISANALYSIS

QUICKBRIDGEQUICKBRIDGE

ACOBRIACOBRI

PGSUPERPGSUPER

FBFB--MULTIPIERMULTIPIER

EC PRAXIS 3JEC PRAXIS 3J

RISACONNECTIONRISACONNECTION

ASDIP CONCRETEASDIP CONCRETE

BRUFEMBRUFEM

PROKONPROKON

ACUDOACUDO

BOEFBOEF

ATLASATLAS

TransportationTransportation

PAVEMENT CALCULATORPAVEMENT CALCULATOR

ROADENGROADENG

SUMOSUMO

DIOLKOSDIOLKOS

BARLISTBARLIST

SWSW--11

RMCALCRMCALC

HEADS PROHEADS PRO

HIGHROADHIGHROAD

HEADS RAILHEADS RAIL

CADCAD

MICROSTATIONMICROSTATION

AUTOCADAUTOCAD

A9CADA9CAD

ADVANCE CONCRETEADVANCE CONCRETE

ARCHICADARCHICAD

CYPECADCYPECAD

SURFERSURFER

ADVANCE STEELADVANCE STEEL

GRAPHERGRAPHER

VOXLERVOXLER

RISARISA--3D3D

REVITREVIT

DIDGERDIDGER

CADSTD LITECADSTD LITE

PROGECADPROGECAD

ZWCADZWCAD

CAD POCKETSCAD POCKETS

SCARMSCARM

DIRECT DESIGNDIRECT DESIGN

PROGECAD ARCHITECTUREPROGECAD ARCHITECTURE

AllPileAllPile is a Windowsis a Windows--based analysis program that handles virtually all types of piles, based analysis program that handles virtually all types of piles,

including steel pipes, Hincluding steel pipes, H--piles, prepiles, pre--cast concrete piles, augercast concrete piles, auger--cast piles, drilled shafts, timber cast piles, drilled shafts, timber

piles, jetted piles, tapered piles, piers with bell, piles, jetted piles, tapered piles, piers with bell, micropilesmicropiles ((minipilesminipiles), uplift anchors, uplift ), uplift anchors, uplift

plate, and shallow foundations.plate, and shallow foundations.

MicroStationMicroStation is a CAD software product for two and three dimensional design and drafting, is a CAD software product for two and three dimensional design and drafting,

developed and sold by Bentley Systems. The latest versions of the software are released developed and sold by Bentley Systems. The latest versions of the software are released

solely for Microsoft Windows operating systems, but historically solely for Microsoft Windows operating systems, but historically MicroStationMicroStation was available was available

for Macintosh platforms and a number of Unixfor Macintosh platforms and a number of Unix--like operating systems. like operating systems. MicroStationMicroStation is the is the

platform architectural and engineering software package developed by Bentley Systems, platform architectural and engineering software package developed by Bentley Systems,

Incorporated. Among a number of things, it generates 2D/3D vector graphics objects and Incorporated. Among a number of things, it generates 2D/3D vector graphics objects and

elements. Current version is elements. Current version is MicroStationMicroStation CONNECT Edition.CONNECT Edition.

AutoCADAutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computeris a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer--aided design (CAD) aided design (CAD)

and drafting and drafting -- available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile

webweb-- and cloudand cloud--based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is an industry leader in 2D based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is an industry leader in 2D

and 3D CAD software, and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and and 3D CAD software, and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and

engineering software.engineering software.

Autodesk Autodesk RevitRevit is building information modeling software for architects, structural engineers, is building information modeling software for architects, structural engineers,

MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) engineers, designers and contractors. It allows MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) engineers, designers and contractors. It allows

users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with

2D drafting elements, and access building information from the building model's database. 2D drafting elements, and access building information from the building model's database.

RevitRevit is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle,

from concept to construction and later demolition.from concept to construction and later demolition.

RevitRevit is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM) and has comprehensive is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM) and has comprehensive

features that make it an idea solution for the entire building team. features that make it an idea solution for the entire building team. RevitRevit building design building design

software is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM), empowering design and software is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM), empowering design and

construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to construction with a coordinated and construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to construction with a coordinated and

consistent modelconsistent model--based approach. based approach. RevitRevit is a single application that includes features for is a single application that includes features for

architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.

The The SAP2000SAP2000 name has been synonymous with statename has been synonymous with state--ofof--thethe--art analytical methods since its art analytical methods since its

introduction over 30 years ago. SAP2000 follows in the same tradition featuring a very introduction over 30 years ago. SAP2000 follows in the same tradition featuring a very

sophisticated, intuitive and versatile user interface powered by an unmatched analysis sophisticated, intuitive and versatile user interface powered by an unmatched analysis

engine and design tools for engineers working on transportation, industrial, public works, engine and design tools for engineers working on transportation, industrial, public works,

sports, and other facilities.sports, and other facilities.

From its 3D object based graphical modeling environment to the wide variety of analysis From its 3D object based graphical modeling environment to the wide variety of analysis

and design options completely integrated across one powerful user interface, SAP2000 has and design options completely integrated across one powerful user interface, SAP2000 has

proven to be the most integrated, productive and practical general purpose structural proven to be the most integrated, productive and practical general purpose structural

program on the market today. This intuitive interface allows you to create structural models program on the market today. This intuitive interface allows you to create structural models

rapidly and intuitively without long learning curve delays. Now you can harness the power rapidly and intuitively without long learning curve delays. Now you can harness the power

of SAP2000 for all of your analysis and design tasks, including small dayof SAP2000 for all of your analysis and design tasks, including small day--toto--day problems. day problems.

Complex Models can be generated and meshed with powerful built in templates. Integrated Complex Models can be generated and meshed with powerful built in templates. Integrated

design code features can automatically generate wind, wave, bridge, and seismic loads with design code features can automatically generate wind, wave, bridge, and seismic loads with

comprehensive automatic steel and concrete design code checks per US, Canadian and comprehensive automatic steel and concrete design code checks per US, Canadian and

international design standards.international design standards.

RoadEngRoadEng is a site and road design software package. It works either as an addis a site and road design software package. It works either as an add--on to other on to other

civil design software or as a standalone system. It includes functions for data collection, civil design software or as a standalone system. It includes functions for data collection,

terrain terrain modellingmodelling, contouring, volumes, profiles, sections, and road design., contouring, volumes, profiles, sections, and road design.

Clean and simple and highly interactive, Clean and simple and highly interactive, RoadEngRoadEng can be used by anyone. can be used by anyone. RoadEngRoadEng focuses focuses

on engineering, not CAD. on engineering, not CAD. RoadEngRoadEng was designed from the ground up to work with objects was designed from the ground up to work with objects

such as surfaces, cross sections, alignments, drainage structures, and templates. such as surfaces, cross sections, alignments, drainage structures, and templates. RoadEngRoadEng is is

extremely easy to use. More than 90% of customers do not require formal training.extremely easy to use. More than 90% of customers do not require formal training.

SWANSWAN is a thirdis a third--generation wave model that computes random, shortgeneration wave model that computes random, short--crested windcrested wind--

generated waves in coastal regions and inland waters.generated waves in coastal regions and inland waters.

SWAN accounts for the following physics:SWAN accounts for the following physics:

�� Wave propagation in time and space, shoaling, refraction due to current and depth, Wave propagation in time and space, shoaling, refraction due to current and depth,

frequency shifting due to currents and nonfrequency shifting due to currents and non--stationary depthstationary depth

�� White capping, bottom friction and depthWhite capping, bottom friction and depth--induced breakinginduced breaking

�� ThreeThree-- and fourand four--wave interactionswave interactions

�� Wave generation by windWave generation by wind

�� Dissipation due to vegetationDissipation due to vegetation

�� WaveWave--induced setinduced set--upup

�� Wave PropagationWave Propagation

�� Wave reflection against obstaclesWave reflection against obstacles

�� DiffractionDiffraction

FLOWFLOW--3D3D is a CFD (Computational fluid dynamic) software which offers the greatest level of is a CFD (Computational fluid dynamic) software which offers the greatest level of

accuracy. It is developed by Flow Science and distributed all around the world since 1985.Its accuracy. It is developed by Flow Science and distributed all around the world since 1985.Its

unique features make FLOWunique features make FLOW--3D the best instrument for R&D, at the design stage and to 3D the best instrument for R&D, at the design stage and to

improve all the production processes involving the dynamics of fluids.improve all the production processes involving the dynamics of fluids.

SurferSurfer is a fullis a full--function 3D visualization, contouring and surface modeling package that runs function 3D visualization, contouring and surface modeling package that runs

under Microsoft Windows. Surfer is used extensively for terrain modeling, bathymetric under Microsoft Windows. Surfer is used extensively for terrain modeling, bathymetric

modeling, landscape visualization, surface analysis, contour mapping, watershed and 3D modeling, landscape visualization, surface analysis, contour mapping, watershed and 3D

surface mapping, gridding, volumetric, and much more.surface mapping, gridding, volumetric, and much more.

Surfer’s sophisticated interpolation engine transforms your XYZ data into publicationSurfer’s sophisticated interpolation engine transforms your XYZ data into publication--quality quality

maps. Surfer provides more gridding methods and more control over gridding parameters, maps. Surfer provides more gridding methods and more control over gridding parameters,

including customized including customized variogramsvariograms, than any other software package on the market., than any other software package on the market.

If you have a personal computer (notebook or desktop) If you have a personal computer (notebook or desktop)

check the following features of your computer.check the following features of your computer.

Name of Feature Brand name / Capacity / Availability

Type of computer

Operation system

Processor

Installed memory (RAM)

Screen size

Screen resolution

Keyboard

Mouse

Printer/Plotter

Digitizer

Others (please specify)