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Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifwkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif;n§dEIdif;olrsm;?enf;ynmqkdif&m

twkdifyifcHynm&Sifrsm;?avhvmolrsm;tjzpftrsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifrI 269

y#dyu©apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfoltrsKd;orD;rsm; 271

Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfwGift&yfbuftrsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\tcef;u@ 271

Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufoltrsKd;orD;rsm; 272

Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;\OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm; 273

7-3/ jrefrmEkdifiH\Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh

¤if;wkdY\OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ukdyg0ifapjcif;tm;

jr§ifhwifrIrsm;ESifht[efYtwm;rsm; 275

7-4/ aumufcsufrsm;ESifhtBuHjyKcsufrsm; 280

tcef; (8) aumufcsufrsm;ESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm; 285

8-1/ jrefrmEkdifiH\taxGaxGtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom

usm;?ra&;&mwef;wlnDrQrIESifhtrsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m

taMumif;t&mrsm; 286

a,bk,swkd;wufrIrsm;ESifhuGm[rIrsm; 286

8-2/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOfESifhpDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfwkdYü

usm;?rwef;wlnDrQrIESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;twGuf

tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifht[efYtwm;rsm; 288

8-3/ usm;?ra&;&mwef;wlnDrQrIESifhtrsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m

pDa'goabmwlnDrIESifhabusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTefwkdY\

tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ESifhnDñGwfaom?wm0efcHrI&Sdaom

vkyfief;rlabmifrsm;taumiftxnfazmfjcif; 292

8-4/ tBuHjyKcsufrsm;tESpfcsKyfazmfjycsuf 299

aemufqufwGJ

aemufqufwGJ (1)/ usef;rma&;u@ESifh qufET,faom &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD

wkd;wufrIrsm; 318

aemufqufwGJ (2)/ jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tvdkuf vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;xm;?

tvkyfvufrJhEIef;xm;ESifh vlOD;a&tvdkuf tvkyftudkif &&SdrI EIef;xm; (&mcdkifEIef;) 319

trSmpmo½kyfazmfyHkESifhZ,m;rsm;

pmaowåmrsm;

1/ jrefrmedkifiHtpdk;&\pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;

tajccHvkyfief;rlabmif - vlrIzGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIOD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm; 16

2/ trsKd;orD;rsm;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;tqifhr[mAsL[mpDrHudef;

(2013-2022) - OD;pm;ay; e,fy,f 12 &yf 32

3/ aus;vuftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;jr§ifhwifjcif; 71

4/ a'oqkdif&m vQyfppfrD;vif;a&; vkyfief;pDrHudef; Oyrmrsm; 83

5/ qif;&Jom; rdom;pkukd OD;wnfaom vlrItajccHtaqmuftODESifh

0efaqmifrIrsm;qkdif&m pDrHudef; 85

6/ o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;tajccHaomusm;?rqkdif&mjcm;em;rIrsm;

o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;tokH;jyKjcif;\av;eufrI 91

7/ a'otwGif;usm;?r tav;xm;aomo,f,lykdYaqmifa&;

pDrHudef;qkdif&mOyrmrsm; 95

8/ vkyfcr&aomtvkyf\0efxkyf0efykd; - xkdif;EkdifiH&SdtrsKd;orD;rsm;

a&TUajymif;vkyfom;ppfwrf; 101

9/ y½kd*&rfa&;aomrdef;uav;rsm;onfurÇmukdajymif;vJEkdifrnf 150

10/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tusKd;&Sdap&ef&yf&GmtajcjyKc&D;oGm;vkyfief;qkdif&m

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;rsm; 151

o&kyfazmfyHk

1-1/ jrefrmekdifiH\jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufrSkjzpfpOf 12

2-1/ jrefrmedkifiH jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;jzpfay:rI (2010)% 48

2-2/ jrefrmedkifiH trsKd;om;tqifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIa0pk? 2009-2010 (%) 49

3-1/ twef;ynmNyD;ajrmufrI 131

6-1/ 2004-2005 ckESpfrS 2010-2011 ckESpftwGif; tpkd;&Xmersm;ESifh

tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI (%) 224

Z,m;rsm;

2-1/ jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;tqifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;jzpfay:rI (2005 - 2010) 47

2-2/ jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;tqifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIjyrsOf;atmuf&Sdtvkyfvkyfukdifonfh

vlOD;a&tcsKd; (2004-2005ESifh2009-2010) 47

2-3/ jrefrmEkdifiHqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIuGm[csuftcsKd;(2004-2005ESifh2009-2010) 49

o&kyfazmfyHkrsm;? Z,m;rsm;ESifh pmaowåmrsm; pm&if;

2-4/ jrefrmEkdifiHpkpkaygif;pm;okH;rIwGiftqif;&JqkH;ig;pdwfwpfpdwfyg0ifrItcsKd;

(2004-2005ESifh2009-2010) 50

2-5/ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&myifukdvu©Pmrsm;t&usm;?r rnDrQrI 51

2-6/ vGefcJhaomajcmufvtwGif;vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef; (%)

(touf15ESpfESifhtxuf) 56

2-7/ jrefrmEkdifiH\tvkyftukdif&SdolESifhvlOD;a&tcsKd;

(2004-2005ESifh2009-2010) (%) 57

2-8/ pD;yGm;a&;t&tvkyfvkyfukdifolvlOD;a&\tvkyftukdiftrsKd;tpm;

(&mckdifEIef;)?2010 58

2-9/ pD;yGm;a&;t&tvkyfvkyfukdifolvlOD;a&\vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;

cGJjcm;rI2010 (&mckdifEIef;) 59

2-10/ jrefrmEkdifiH\tvkyfvufrJhrIEIef; (%) 63

2-11/ tvkyfvufrJhEIef;(touf15ESpfESifhtxuf)? 2010 (%) 63

2-12/ vkyfief;wGiftrsKd;om;rsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfítrsKd;orD;ykHrSefvkyfom;rsm;\

wpfem&DvkyfctcsKd;(2000-2008) 64

2-13/ tdrfaxmifpktrsKd;tpm;tvkdufoD;ESHpkdufysKd;ajrykdifqkdifonfhtdrfaxmifpk

trsKd;tpm;?2010 67

2-14/ vkyfc r&aom tdrfrIudpövkyftm;yrmP (wpfaeYwmvkyftm;em&Drsm;) 69

2-15/ 2010-2011ckESpfysrf;rQwefzkd;ukdtajccHxm;aomt"dujynfyykdYukefrsm; 77

2-16/ {NyDv1&ufwGifpwifonfhb@mESpftwGufESpftvkdufaps;EIef;

(usyfbDvD,H)t&trsKd;om;tqifhpm&if;rsm; 86

2-17/ xkdif;EkdifiHwGiftvkyftukdiftrsKd;tpm;?EkdifiHom;ESifhusm;?rtvkduf

rSwfykHwifxm;onfh uarÇm'D;,m;?vmtkdESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwkdYrS

a&TUajymif;tvkyform;rsm; ('DZifbm?2009) 99

3-1/ ynma&;tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;rSausmif;ol (trsKd;orD;) &mckdifEIef;(2009) 127

3-2/ tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;ESifhausmif;xGufaomuav;oli,f

touftkyfpkESifhvdiftvkdufyg0ifrItcsKd; 127

3-3/ 2008-2012ckESpfwuúokdvf0ifwef;pmar;yGJajzqkdolESifhatmifjrifol

ta&twGuf 133

3-4/ tqifhjrifhynma&;tqifhrsm;rSausmif;ol?ausmif;om;rsm;\

&mckdifEIef;2012ckESpf 137

3-5/ tqifhjrifhynma&;ESifhoifwef;rsm;wGifyg0ifrIESifhpyfvsOf;í IHLCStajccHaomcefYrSef;csufrsm; 137

3-6/ pD;yGm;a&;u@rSmtvkyfvkyfukdifEkdifaomvlOD;a&(%)ESifhtvkyftukdif

trsKd;tpm;2009-2010 141

3-7/ tqifhtoD;oD;wGifa,musfm;av;?rdef;uav;rsm;\ausmif;xGuf&jcif;

taMumif;&if;rsm; 144

ps

jrefrmEdkifiH\ usm;?ra&;&m wef;wlnDrßSjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tajctaeqef;ppfrI

4-1/ usef;rma&;qkdif&m&v'frsm;tay:MoZmvTrf;rkd;aomtajccH

taMumif;&if;rsm;jzifhcGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onfht"duusef;rma&;qkdif&m

tñTef;udef;rsm; 168

5-1/ e,fpyfqufqHa&;½kH;rsm;ESifh vlukeful;rIwm;qD;a&;vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;\

cGJjcm;azmfxkwfonfh vlukeful;cH& olrsm;eSifh vlukeful;cH&Ekdifolrsm;\

ta&twGuf 203

5-2/ ESpftvkdufESifh c&D;qkH; OD;wnfEkdfifiHrsm;tvkduf w&m;0ifjyefvnfvTJajymif;

ykdYay;onfh vlukeful;cH&ol jrefrmrsm; 203

6-1/ trsKd;orD;rsm;jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfESifhwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh

jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGifukd,fpm;jyKrI (2013) 220

6-2/ vTwfawmfESifhtrsKd;om;nDvmcH(1993?2005-2008)wkdYwGif

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;\ukd,fpm;jyKrI 222

6-3/ t"duusaomvTwfawmfaumfrwDrsm;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;\

ukd,fpm;jyKrI(2011ckESpf) 223

6-4/ vTwfawmftwGif;&SdEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rStrsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;pm&if; 229

n

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trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm; tjynfht0&&Sda&;? usm;?ra&;&m

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taumiftxnfazmf aqmif½Guf&mwGif ta&;ygvSonfh usm;?r wef;wlnDrßSa&;ESifh

trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tajctae qef;ppfrIonf trsdK;orD;rsm; twGuf

tvif;opfudk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfh qef;ppfrIjzpfonfh tjyif wdk;wufajymif;vJvmonfh acwf?

pepfESifhtnD jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlrIpD;yGm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapa&; twGuf taxmuftuljyKvdrfhrnf[k

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vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifhjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;|me

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jrefrmEdkifiH vlrSk0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnf ae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;|meonf abusif;

vkyfief;vrf;nTef\ e,fy,f 12 &yfudktajccHaom trsdK;orD;rsm; zGHhNzdK;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&m trsdK;om;

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avQmhcsxm;onf/

14 UNDP. 2012. Democratic Governance in Myanmar: Preliminary Situational Analysis. July. p. 10.15 jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf0ufbfqkd'f www.myanmarparliament.gov.mm/page_id.1342916 2011 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif Universal Period Review (UPR) üjrefrmEdkifiHudk oHk;oyfxm;NyD; tBuHjyKcsuf 190 &&SdcJhNyD;

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tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;oGm;rnf[k ajymcJh onf/

17 Government of Myanmar. 2013. Framework for Economic and Social Reforms: Policy Priorities for 2012–2015 Towards the Long-Term Goals of the National Comprehensive Development Plan. Nay Pyi Taw.

18 txufygtwkdif;/ Radio Free Asia. 2013. jrefrmygvDrefu Battle Graft twGuf aumfr&Sif cefYxm; jcif; Mo*kwfv 16

&ufwGifvnf; Munfhyg/ http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/commission-02252014181203.html

UN

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20 M. Crouch ]jrefrmEdkifiHwGif Oya'zGHUNzdK;a&; tvTmrsm;} Melissa Crouch and Tim Lindsey (eds) Oya'? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

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21 Human Rights Watch. 2012. “Untold Miseries”. Wartime Abuses and Forced Displacement in Burma’s Kachin State. New York. pp. 22–23.

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30 R. Htin. 2013. Efforts to Address Women’s Concerns in the Peace Process in Myanmar: Gains, Gaps and the Way Forward. pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm; wifjyrI (jrefrmEkdifiHwGif

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yHk -1.1 jrefrmekdifiH\jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufrSkjzpfpOf

Union Peace-making Central Committee

Union Peace-making

Working Committee

Ethnic ArmedGroups

Myanmar PeaceCenter

NBF’s PeaceCommittee

INGOs

DASSK

G88

Peace Structure in progress (Not mapping)

1) People’s Assembly2) Nationalities Assembly

Ethnic armed groups Parliamentary

committees on peace &

ethnic a�airs:

Insider community

CSFoP

WGEC/NOCT

LocalNGOs

Community-based peace

support networks

Border-based NGOs

IPSG

MPSINorway

UnitedNationalities

Federal Council

International community

PDSG

pmudk; - Power point presentation, "Looking at the current Peace Process in Myanmar through a Gender Lens", Salai Isaac Khen and Muk Yin Haung Nyoi, Gender and Development Initiative, Myanmar, March 8, 2014, Myanmar Peace Center, Yangon.


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40 Aung Naing OO. 2015. The Peace Process, Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Rehabilitation. Paper presented by Myanmar Peace Center at Myanmar Development Co-operation Forum, 7–8 February.

41 T.O. Quintana. 2014. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar (A/HRC/25/64) 12 March.


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42 T.O. Quintana. 2013. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar (A/HRC/22/58) 6 March. p. 8.

43 Government of Myanmar. 2013. Draft Millennium Development Goals Report. Nay Pyi Taw.44 atmufajcrSwfpk 42/

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rl0g'wkdY tygt0if rufc½kdtBuD;pm; pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ukd pwifazmfaqmifcJhNyD jzpf

ygonf/ ,if;okdY azmfaqmif&mwGif aiGazmif;yGrIEIef;udk EIef;&Sifpepfjzifh tpm;xkd;ajymif;vJjcif;?

EkdifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fEIEf; wnDwñGwfwnf; jzpfapjcif;? jrefrmEkdifiH A[kdbPfukd ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcGifh

tmPmay;tyf&ef Oya'Murf;a&;qGJjcif;? ykdrkdí ajymif;vG,f? jyifvG,f&Sdaom bPftyfaiGwkd;

EIef;? acs;aiGqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI tMuyftwnf;rsm;ukd ajzavQmhay;jcif;? 2012-2013 ckESpftwGuf

&okH;cefYrSef;ajc aiGpm&if;twnfjyK&ef vTwfawmfwGif tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jcif;? v,f,mu@

wkd;csJUa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; vG,fulacsmarGUa&;twGuf Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;

ponfwkdY yg0ifygonf/45

a'owGif;ESifh awmifykdif;a'orsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI

a'owGif;ESifh awmifykdif;a'orsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIu jrefrmEkdifiHtm; tvGefxl;jcm;

aom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;aeygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ t&Sdeft[kefjzifh BudK;yrf;vkyf

aqmifaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf a'ocGJtwGif;? a'otwGif;ESifh urÇmvkH;qkdif&m pD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGif;okdY xdxda&mufa&muf yl;aygif;yg0ifvm&ef ta&;BuD;NyD; tmqD,Honf

45 International Monetary Fund. 2013. Myanmar: Staff-Monitored Program. IMF Country Report No. 13/13. Yangon.


¤if;twGuf ta&;ygaom yxrtqifhwpfqifh jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf rMumao;rDu

tmqD,HtzGJU\Ouú|wm0efudkvufcHcJhNyD;¤if;tajctaeonfjrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifhpD;yGm;a&;

zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmaom xGef;opfp EkdifiHwpfcktjzpf rdrdukd,frdrd ae&may;&ef tcGifhtvrf;wpfck

jzpfygonf/46 jrefrmEkdifiHonf r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIpDrHudef;

(Greater Mekong Sub-region Economic Cooperation Programme)? bif;rfpwuftzGJU (Bay

of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation-BIMSTEC)ESifh

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Phraya- Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy) wkdYwGifvnf; tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Guf

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axmifrIwkdYukd wkd;csJUaqmif&Guf&ef pDrHcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf/47 ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh awmiftm&S

a'oESpfckpvkH;&Sd ¤if;\ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh ukef;wGif;ykdYaqmifa&;vrf;aMumif;rsm;onf

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tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/

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,if;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;onf vufiif;tusKd;&v'ftcsKdUukd xGufay:apcJhygonf/

2012-13 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIEIef;onf t"duarmif;ESiftm;jzpf

aom obm0"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrI wkd;wufvmojzifh 0efaqmifrI? aqmufvkyfrI? EkdifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh vlokH;ukefypönf; jynfywifykdYrIonf 6.5 &mckdifEIef; wkd;wufcJhygonf/ obm0



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"mwfaiGU xkwfvkyfrI? ukefoG,frI? v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u@ zGHUNzdK;rIwkdYjzifh 2013-14 ckESpfwGif

6.8 &mckdifEIef;ESifh qufvufí ESpfv,fumvwGif 6.9 &mckdifEIef; wkd;wuf&ef pDrHudef;csrSwf

xm;ygonf/48 qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifh ukvor*¾axmifpkESpfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;qkdif&m

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aqG;aEG;rIrsm;pGm\ tajzt& 2005-2010 ckESpftwGif; wkd;wufrI&Sdrnf[k azmfñTef;ygonf/49

2005-2010 ckESpftwGif; wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef; 32 &mckdifEIef;rS 26

&mckdifEIef;txd usqif;cJhNyD;50 usef;rma&;qkdif&m ñTef;udef;rsm;u wkd;wufrI&SdaMumif; jyovsuf51

t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom aomufokH;a&ESifh rdv’mpepf vufvSrf;rDokH;pGJEkdifrIonf 69 &mcdkif

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&mckdifEIef; wkd;wufcJhygonf/52

tpkd;&onf aus;vufa'o acs;aiG0efaqmifrIukd vuform;rsm; vufvSrf;rDa&;

wkd;jr§ifhaqmif&GufEkdif&ef yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ 2011-12 ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;

usyf 359 bDvD,Hausmftxd acs;aiG xkwfay;cJhygonf/53 xkdYjyif or0g,r0 efBuD;Xmeu v,f

orm;rsm;tm; acs;aiG0efaqmifrIESifh aus;vufor0g,rtoif;rsm;rSwpfqifh t&if;tESD;xkwf

ay;ygonf/ jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme? aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme? e,fpyfa&;&m 0efBuD;Xme? v,f

,mpkdufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;XmewkdYu aus;vufvrf;rsm;? v,f,mvrf;rsm;? qnfrsm;?

a&avSmifuefrsm;? wl;ajrmif;rsm;? a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm; ponfh tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;tay:

txl;OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufvmNyDjzpfygonf/ ¤if;tcsufu ukefoG,frI ykdrkdaumif;rGefvmjcif;?

v,form;rsm;\ o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;p&dwf avsmhenf;vmjcif;? aumufyJoD;ESH xkwfvkyfrIESifh

t&nftaoG; ykdrkdwkd;wufaumif;rGefvmjcif;? rkd;acgifrI\ qkd;&Gm;aom tusKd;qufrsm;avsmhenf;

vmjcif;? oD;xyfoD;n§yfpkdufysKd;rI wkd;jrifhvmjcif;? a'otwGif; obm0ywf0ef;usif pdrf;vef;pkdjynf

vmjcif; ponfh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;ygonf/54 tvkyform;? tvkyftukdifESifh

vlrIzlvkHa&;0efBuD;Xmeonf EkdifiHwpf0ef;rSm tvkyftukdif&SmazGa&;Xme 77 ckukd zGifhvSpfum

vli,frsm;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhrsm;tm; jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy tvkyftukdifaps;uGufokdY vufvSrf;rD

48 World Bank Group. 2013. Myanmar Economic Monitor. October. Yangon. p. 1.49 Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2012. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012. 43rd edition. Manila.50 Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development with the Swedish International Development

Cooperation Agency (SIDA), UNICEF and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2011. Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey in Myanmar (2009–2010) MDG Data Report. Yangon: MNPED and United Nations Development Program. Cited in UN Women. 2013. Resilience for All? Towards Gender-responsive Social Protection in Southeast Asia. Appendix 5: Gender and Social Protection in Myanmar. p. 79.

51 Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Health and UNICEF. 2011. Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009–2010: Final Report. Nay Pyi Taw. Cited in UN Women. 2013. Resilience for All? Towards Gender-responsive Social Protection in Southeast Asia. Appendix 5: Gender and Social Protection in Myanmar. p. 80.


53 Information from Foreign Economic Relations Department, 2013, cited in Government of Myanmar. 2013. Draft Millennium Development Goals Report. Nay Pyi Taw. p. 27.

54 atmufajcrSwfpk 43? pmrsufESm 28/


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t0ifopfrmyifrsm; tpm;xkd;pkdufysKd;jcif;wkdYtwGuf jrefrmEkdifiH\ trsKd;om;tqifh Oya'rsm;ESifh


56 World Food Programme. 2012. WFP in Myanmar: Looking forward 2013–2017. Rome. Cited in UN Women. 2013. Resilience for All? Towards Gender-responsive Social Protection in Southeast Asia. Appendix 5: Gender and Social Protection in Myanmar. p. 80.



ed'gef;


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59 K. Woods. 2013. Timber Trade Flows and Actors in Myanmar: The Political Economy of Myanmar’s Timber Trade. Forest Trends Report Series: Forest Trade and Finance: Forest Trends and UK Aid. November. p. 5.




63 EkdifiHjcm;wdkuf½dkuf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSm 2011-12 wGif tar&duefa':vm 1 'or 9 oef; &Sd&mrS 2012-13 wGif tar&duefa':vm

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pmrsufESm 2/

64 J. Ghosh. 2012. Inclusive Growth Strategies for Myanmar. Paper Presented at Conference on Development Policy Options in Myanmar, 13–15 February, Nay Pyi Taw.


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,if;v,form;rsm; wpfOD;pD\ tdrf&m? usef;rma&;? ynma&;? toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIESifh vkHNcHK

a&;wkdYtay: tEkwfoabmaqmifaom tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;ukd jzpfapygonf/69 tjcm;

a,bk,spdefac:rIrsm;rSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ESifh z,fMuOfcHtkyfpkrsm;tm; tav;ay;aom vlrI

pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm;? Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;qkdif&m vkyfief;rlabmifrsm;? pDrHudef;rsm;

a&;qGJ&efESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&eftwGuf tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwif

jcif;? BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom tpkd;&ykdifvkyfief;rsm;\ xda&mufrI jr§ifhwifjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh aiGa&;

aMu;a&;u@ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; jr§ifhwifjcif;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ESifh z,fMuOfcH&olrsm;

tm; txl;ojzifh tav;ay;aom? xda&mufaom? yGifhvif;jrifomaom? wef;wl&nfwljzpfaom

tpkd;&aiGa&;aMu;a&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIpepf jr§ifhwif&ef vdktyfaejcif; ponfh pdefac:rIrsm; yg0if

ygonf/ rnfokdYjzpfap jrefrmEkdifiHonf vwfwavmumvtwGif; EITI (Extractive Industries

Transparency Initiative) tzGJU0ifEkdifiHjzpfa&;twGuf jyifqifaqmif&Guf&mwGif aumif;pGmwkd;

wufrI&Sdygonf/ tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;taejzifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS &&Sdaom tcGefb@mrsm;ukd

pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh ,kHMunftm;xm;rI wkd;wufa&;wkdYtwGuf taxmuftul

ay;ygvdrfhrnf/70

pdefac:rIrsm; &Sdvifhupm; a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&\ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; BudK;

yrf;rIrsm;onf rQwaom taumif;jrifoabmxm;ukd jzpfapNyD; tajymif;tvJwpfcktwGuf jzpf


66 atmufajcrSwfpk 42/ See also The Carter Center, Electoral Reform International Services, and Democracy Reporting International. 2013. Myanmar Needs Assessment Report. Yangon, Atlanta, London, and Berlin. June. pp. 7–8.

67 New Light of Myanmar. 2014. 745 land grabbing cases happened in 5 decades as successive governments implemented projects in interests of country and people in accordance with rules, regulations. 21 February.

68 Democratic Voice of Burma. 2014. Govt urged to settle land grab claims by September. 21 February.69 atmufajcrSwfpk 41/


ed'gef;


aumif;jzpfEkdifygonf/ rMumao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI&Sdvifhupm;

jrefrmEkdifiH\ vlrIa&;qkdif&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfwGif trsKd;orD;

rsm; wef;wlnDrQ tusKd;cHpm;cGifh &&Sda&; aocsmap&eftwGuf ykdrkdBuD;rm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;

vkdtyfvsuf&Sdygonf/

1.3/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; NcHKikHokH;oyfcsuf

tpkd;&\ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOf\ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;

tpdk;&\ t&Sdeft[kefjzifh BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifaeonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOf okH;

&yf - pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;? trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wkdYrSm a,bk,staejzifhom &Sdaeyg

onf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI rlabmifESifhbufpkHyg0ifaom EkdifiHawmfzGHUNzdK;a&;vkyf

ief; pDrHcsuf (2011-2030)wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk oD;jcm;tkyfpktjzpf azmfjyygonf/ Oyrmtm;

jzifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI rlabmifonf trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufjcif;ESifh

vlukeful;rIwkdYtay: wkHYjyefvkyfaqmif&ef OD;wnfaqmif&GufNyD; ukd,f0efaqmifrsm;ESifh uav;

i,frsm;\ usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI? ckdukd;&mrJh rdcifrsm;? ukd,f0efaqmifrsm;? uav;i,frsm;\

usef;rma&;wkdYukd ykdrkdvkyfaqmifEkdif&eftwGuf ajypmpepfjyKvkyfEkdif&ef usef;rma&;tokH;p&dwf

wkd;jr§ifhxm;ygonf/71 okdYaomfvnf; xkdtcsufonf usm;? r wef;wlnDrQ&Sdjcif;ESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifh

ta&;wkdYtwGuf u@tm;vkH;? tvTmtm;vkH; yg0ifatmif axmifhpkH jynfhpkHatmif xnfhoGif;xm;

jcif;r&Sdyg/ vufawGUb0wGif trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;? a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav;wkdYtMum; usm;?

r wef;wlnDrQrIr&Sdjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rl0g'ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;\ trsKd;om;?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: rwlnDpGm oufa&mufrIrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh

xda&mufpGm wkHYjyef&ygrnf/ Oyrm-usm;? r wef;wlnDrQa&;udk xnfhoGif;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh

qif;&JrIwkdufzsufa&;qkdif&m wkd;wufajymif;vJrI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif usm;? r wef;wlnDrQrI

qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;xm;yg

onf/ rufc½kdtBuD;pm;pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh AsL[mrsm;onf ,ckvuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyf

ief;rsm;ü usm;? r wef;wl nDrQrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh ,if;tusKd;quftjzpf tjcm;qufpyfaeaom

vlrI qkdif&mu@rsm;wGifvnf; xdckdufrI&Sdjcif;wkdYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf

aumif;rGefaom? wnfNidrfaom tvkyftukdifwkd;wufrIqkdif&m rl0g'? enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfvkyf

aqmifrIrsm; ryg&Sdygu xda&mufaomatmifjrifrIukd r&&SdEkdifyg/ rufc½kdtBuD;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyf

ief;qkdif&m rl0g'ESifh enf;AsL[mrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; tvkyfvkyfukdifaeMuaom u@rsm;

(Oyrm-pkdufysKd;a&;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfykdifvkyfief;u@rsm; ponf)wGif t&if;tjrpfrsm; jr§KyfESHay;&ef?

qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom trsKd;orD;rsm; aexkdifonfh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIedrfhusaom wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynf

e,frsm;ukd OD;wnfcsufxm;&ef? trsKd;orD;rsm; tvkyfvkyfukdifaeaom tvTmrsm; (uRrf;usifrI

edrfhaom vkyfom;rsm;tvTm)ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; pm;okH;aom ukefypönf;rsm; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfaom? ykHrSefr[kwfaom ukefxkwfvkyfrI tcef;u@\

71 Government of Myanmar. 2013. Framework for Economic and Social Reform. Nay Pyi Taw.


tvm;tvmukd jr§ifhwifay;&efwkdY vkdtyfygonf/72

vlrIumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t"du tusKd;cHpm;olrsm;

tjzpf azmfjyaomfvnf; vlrIa&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd pepfwus azmf

aqmif&eftwGuf usm;? r a&;&m tav;xm;aom ½IaxmifhrS azmfjyjcif; rawGU&Sd&ao;yg/73

2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDrQrIukd jy|mef;

xm;aomfvnf2008ckESpfpDa'gtBuHjyKcsuft&¤if;wGifa&SUaemufnDñGwfjcif;r&Sdaomjy|mef;

csufrsm;ESifh ta&;ygaom uGm[csufrsm;u usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIukd zsufqD;apaMumif;

axmufjyxm;ygonf/74 usef;rma&;? ynma&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm;wGif usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrI

ESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;wkdYukd tjcm;u@rsm;xuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; a&;qGJxm;um wpfEkdifiH

vkH;twkdif;twmESifh a'otvkduf twkdif;twmjzifh tzGJUtpnf;vkyfief; ,EÅ&m;rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;

EkdifcJhygonf/¤if;\tusKd;quftjzpftrsKd;orD;rsm;\b0wGiftxl;ojzifhusef;rma&;e,fy,f

ESifh ynma&;e,fy,fwkdYwGif wkd;wufrItcsKdUukd awGUjrifEkdifNyDjzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif þtcef;\

aemufykdif;rSm tus,fazmfjyxm;ouJhokdY pdefac:rIrsm; &SdqJjzpfygonf/

2013 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;

a&;0efBuD;XmerS trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;tqifh r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;

(2013-2022) ukd xkwfjyefaMunmcJhNyD; ,if;onf tpkd;&\ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOfü

usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef r[mAsL[majrmuf

aomtcGifhtvrf;wpfckukd jznfhqnf;ygonf/¤if;r[mAsL[monfabusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTef

wGif azmfjyxm;onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ b0e,fy,f 12 &yfukd tajccHNyD; tpkd;&0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh

OD;pD;Xmersm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY yg0ifaqmif&GufrIudk azmfjyxm;onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;

wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;tqifh r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;udk xdxda&mufa&muf taumiftxnfazmf

aqmifjcif;onf tpkd;&0efBuD;XmetoD;oD;wGif tcef;u@tvkduf rl0g'rsm;? pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh

pDrHcsufrsm;wGif usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrItjrifukd vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIwkdif;wGif xnfh

oGif;pOf;pm;vsuf aocsmatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh tpkd;&\ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOf

wGif usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;wkdYonf ckdifckdifrmrm tjrpfwG,f

vmrnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;ukd trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;rIyaysmufa&; uGefAif;

&Sif;jyefvnfokH;oyfrI tpD&ifcHpmwGif tpkd;&\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pDa'g

aumfrwD\ ed*kH;csKyftBuHjyKcsufrsm;ESifhtnD trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;

tqifh r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwDrS wpfqifh 0efBuD;

Xmersm;twGif;¤if;wkdY\Xmeqkdif&mtpDtpOfrsm;wGifxnfhoGif;taumiftxnfazmfjcif;tm;

jzifhvnf;aumif; jr§ifhwiftm;ay;&ma&mufygonf/


73 UN Women. 2013. Resilience for All? Towards Gender-responsive Social Protection in Southeast Asia. Appendix 5: Gender and Social Protection in Myanmar. p. 88.

74 ¤if;wkdYudkþu@wGifaemufydkif;ütao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;onf/

ed'gef;


jrefrmEkdifiHü usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;wkd;wufrI vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;

usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg uwdu0wfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;yg uwdu0wfrsm;

jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' tykd'f 347 wGif EkdifiHawmfonf rnfolYukdrqkd Oya'

t&mwGif wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&;&&Sdap&rnf/ xkdYjyif Oya'\ tumtuG,fukdvnf; wef;wl

nDrQpGm &,lykdifcGifh ay;&rnf[k tmrcHNyD; tykd'f 348 ü EkdifiHawmfonf jynfaxmifpkor®w

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ rnfonfhEkdifiHom;ukdrQ tjcm;taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhtwl ]trsKd;om;? trsKd;

orD;wkdYukd taMumif;jyKí cGJjcm;rI r&Sdap&}[k jy|mef;xm;ygonf/75 jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&onf 1979

ckESpf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;qufqHrIyaysmufa&; uGefAif;&Sif; (Conven-

tion the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979)? 1989 ckESpf

uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Rights of the Child,1989) ESifh

2000 jynfhESpf vlukeful;rIumuG,fwm;qD;a&;? ESdrfeif;a&;ESifh ta&;,ltjypfay;a&; y#dnmOf

(txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;) (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish

Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, 2000) wkdYukd 1991 ckESpf? 1997 ckESpf

ESifh 2004 ckESpfwkdYwGif oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonfh uwdu0wfjyKxm;onfh EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH

jzpfygonf/76 jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&onf abusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTef 1995 (Beijing Declaration and

Platform for Action, 1995)? tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlOD;a&ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIvkyfief;pDrHcsuf 1994

(Interna tional Conference on Population and Development Program of Action, 1994) ESifh

axmifpkESpfaMunmcsufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; 2000 (Millennium Declaration and Goals, 2000)

ukdvnf; oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf tmqD,HtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumf

rwD (ASEAN Committee on Women) ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;um

uG,fa&;ESifh jr§ifhwifa&; tmqD,Haumfr&Sif 2010 (ASEAN Commission on Protection and

Promotion of the Rights of Women and Children, 2010) wkdYwGif wuf<uaom tzGJU0ifwpfEkdifiH

jzpfygonf/

usm;? r a&;&mukd aqmif&GufrIwkdif;wGif xnfhoGif;jcif;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; ,EÅ&m;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHonf usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdvmap

75 wifjyxm;onfh wlnDrIESifh {&d,mrsm;qkdif&m tjcm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk þtcef;ESifh vmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif wpfydkif; csif;pD

&Sif;vif;oGm;vdrhfrnf/

76 w&m;0ifvufcHrIrSm oufqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf\ pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifh w&m;0if vufcH&eftwGuf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHu

oabmwlaMumif;jyorI jzpfonf/ twnfjyK vufrSwfxdk;jcif;ESifh Oya'aMumif;t& oufa&mufrItwlwljzpfonf/ odkYaomf

,if;rSm vufrSwfxdk;jcif;jzifh pwifjyKvkyf&onfr[kwfay/ w&m;0ifvufcHrItwGuf enf;vrf;wus vkyf aqmifcsufrsm;rSm EkdifiH\

Oya'vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvdkufí trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;onf/ vlYtcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfwpfck udk vufcH&eftwGuf EkdifiH\ oifhavsmfaom

EkdifiHqkdif&m ,EÅ&m;- ygvDref? Oya'jyKtxufvTwfawmf? tkyfcsKyfonfhrif;? EdkifiHacgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf tpdk;&? odkYr[kwf ,if;wkdYudk

aygif;pyfxm;jcif;/ t&ifqHk; jynfwGif;axmufcHrI vkyfief;pOfudk vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfNyD; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif yg0if&eftwGuf

w&m;0if qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&rnf/ xdkYaemuf w&m; 0ifvufcHrI pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzpfaom EdkifiH\ wm0ef&Sd tmPmydkifu qHk;jzwfNyD;

vufrSwfxm;xm;onfh pepfwus ydwfxm;onfh pmudk jyifqifum e,l;a,mhcf&Sd ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfxH tyfESH&onf/


jcif;qkdif&m uwdu0wfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif taxmuftuljyK&ef tzGJU

tpnf;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; ,EÅ&m;rsm; csrSwfxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;

ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme\ OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif vlrI0efxrf;OD;pD;Xmeonf

usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í OD;aqmiftqifh tpkd;&Xme

tjzpf aqmif&Gufygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD (MNCWA) ukd jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;? vlrI0efxrf;?

u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xme\ OD;aqmifvrf;ñTefrIjzifh 1996 ckESpfwGif

zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf/77 ,if;aumfrwDonf oufqkdif&m0efBuD;Xmersm;tMum; trsKd;orD;

rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;rIyaysmufa&; uGefAif;&Sif;ESifh abusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTefwkdYukd

taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif rl0g'ESifh qkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef &nf&G,fí jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&\

wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twm trsKd;orD;a&;&m ,EÅ&m; (The Government's National Women's

Machinery) tjzpf zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/78 vlrI0efxrf;OD;pD;Xme? vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyef

vnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeonf EkdifiHawmftpkd;&\ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;

orD;tcGifhta&;rsm; azmfaqmif&mwGif t"dutcef;urS wm0ef,lxm;onfh Xmejzpfygonf/

EkdifiHawmftpkd;&rS tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh jrefrmEkdifiH

trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJUcsKyf (MWAF) ukd 2003 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;

77 pDa'gESifhabusif;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwkdYudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef NrefrmEldifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD (MNCWA)udk 1996 ckESpfwGif vlrIzlvHka&;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xme (trftufpf'AvsLtm&ftm&f)u pwif

wnfaxmifcJhonf/ tpdk;&opfvufatmuf 2012 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfwnfaxmifcJhonf/

78 vlrIzlvHka&;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xme (trftufpf'AvsLtm&ftm&f) 0efBuD;u obmywd tjzpf

aqmif&Gufaom trftefpD'AvsLatu t"du0efBuD;Xmersm;rS tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh ('kwd,0efBuD;tqifh)? trsKd;orD;rsm;\

tifef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJUcsKyf (trf'AvsLattufzf) wdkYjzihf yg0ifaqmif&Gufol aygif;pHkyg0ifaaom aumfrwDwpfck

jzpfonf/

UN

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tvkyform;tiftm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifrI?79 v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;rSty jzpfaom vkyfc

79 CEDAW Committee. 2007. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Combined Second and Third Periodic Reports of States Parties (CEDAW/C/MMR/3). Yangon.


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81 atmufaNcrSwfpk 79 ESifh pDa'gaumfrwD 2011/ aumfrwD\tESpfcsKyfokH;oyfcsuftay:tcsuftvufrsm;yHhykd;Ncif;/ 2008 ckESpf

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tay:NrefrmrS wkHYNyefcsuf (CEDAW/C/MMR/CO/3/Add 3) &efukef/

82 UNDP. 2011. Human Development Initiative 2010. Yangon. Cited in UN Women. 2013. Resilience for All? Towards Gender-Responsive Social Protection in Southeast Asia. Appendix 5: Gender and Social Protection in Myanmar. p. 81.


84 World Health Organization (WHO) et al. 2012. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2010. Geneva.85 CEDAW Committee. 2011. Information Provided in Follow Up to the Concluding Observations of the

Committee: Response by Myanmar to the Recommendations Contained in the Concluding Observations of the Committee Following the Examination of the Combined Second and Third Periodic Report of Myanmar on 3 November 2008 (CEDAW/C/MMR/CO/3/Add 3). p. 11.


87 atmufajcrSwfpk 79?/

88 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 2008. Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women: Myanmar (CEDAW/C/MMR/CO/3). p. 3.


ed'gef;


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Equality Network-GEN) wkdYu ulnDyHhykd;cJhygonf/ ]trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;

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90 www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index wGif Munfhyg/

91 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2012. Social Institutions and Gender Index: Understanding the Drivers of Gender Inequality. Paris: OECD Development Centre.

92 Government of Myanmar. 2006. Myanmar Millennium Development Goals Report 2006. Nay Pyi Taw.93 atmufajcrSwfpk 88/



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(5) ta&;ay:tajctae umuG,fapmifha&SmufrItwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;ukd

aocsmatmifaqmif&Guf&ef? ta&;ay:tajctae BudKwifjyifqifrIESifh

wkHYjyefaqmif&GufrIwkdYwGif¤if;wkdYyg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhaocsmatmifaqmif&Guf&ef?

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f ESifh y#dyu©tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&; aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(6) tvkyftukdifcefYtyfjcif;? acs;aiG? t&if;tjrpfrsm;? ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m

tusKd;cHpm;cGifhrsm; vufvSrf;rDrIwkdYESifh pyfvsOf;í trsKd;orD;rsm;onf w&m;rQwrIESifh

wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&;&&Sda&; aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(7) vlrItzGJUtpnf;twGif; tqifhtm;vkH;wGif qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrIESifh acgif;aqmifrIwkdYwGif

trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDrQ yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(8) trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m ,EÅ&m;ukd xlaxmif&efESifh

wkd;csJU&ef? trsKd;om;tqifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; r[mAsL[mESifh qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfaom

vkyfief;pOfwkdYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wef;wlnDrQ rdwfzufrsm;tjzpf

yg0ifvkyfaqmifEkdif a&; aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(9) trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,f&G,frsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m? vlrIa&;qkdif&m? ,Ofaus;rI

qkdif&m? EkdifiHom;jzpfrIqkdif&mESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;rI?

jr§ifhwifrIESifh jznfhqnf;rIwkdYukd aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(10) trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd owif;rD'D,mu@u jr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh

trsKd;orD;rsm; \ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;okdY trsKd;orD;\


l a&G;aumufyGJ0if ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; trsKd;orD;ta&twGuf wkd;wufjcif;ESifh qkH;jzwfcsuf

csrSwfjcif;wGif xdxda&mufa&muf yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;/

l usm;? r a&;&mukd aqmif&GufrIwkdif;wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvnf;aumif;? usm;? r a&;&mESifh

qufET,faom rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm; jyKpka&;qGJjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif

vnf;aumif;? 0efBuD;Xmersm;okdY jzpfap? 0efBuD;Xmersm;twGif;wGif jzpfap t&if;tjrpfrsm;

cGJa0owfrSwfrI wkd;jr§ifhjcif;/

2015-2016ckESpfwGifjrefrmEkdifiHonf¤if;\jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOfwkd;wufrI

ukdvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHom;rsm;\ vlYtcGifhta&; txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd

rnfokdY tmrcHjy|mef;xm;onfukdvnf;aumif; tuJjzwf&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdygonf/ axmif

pkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfokH;oyfcsuf 2015 (Millennium Development Goals Review,

2015)? tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlYtcGifhta&;aumifpD\ ykHrSefjyefvnfokH;oyfcsuf 2015 (Human

Rights Council Universal Periodic Review, 2015)? abusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTef+20? jyefvnfokH;

oyfcsufvkyfief;pOf (Beijing Platform For Action +20 Review Process) ESifh pDa'gjyefvnfokH;oyf

csuf (CEDAW Review) wkdYonf ,if;twGuf tuJjzwf&mü ta&;ygaom pHrsm; jzpfygonf/

1-4/ þpmwrf;\ &nf&G,fcsuf

]jrefrmEkdifiH\ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;tajc

tae} avhvmqef;ppfrItrnf&Sd þpmwrf;ukd ukvor*¾Xmae n§dEIdif;a&;rSL;\ vrf;ñTefrI? vlrI

0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;XmeESifh tjcm;yg0ifywfoufolrsm;\

teD;uyfyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIwkdYjzifh ukvor*¾ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQa&;tzGJU (UNGTG) 96 ESifh tm&SzGHUNzdK;a&;bPf (ADB) wkdYu jyKpkxm;ygonf/ þpmwrf;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif usm;? r

a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m tajctaersm;udk tpkd;&? zGHUNzdK;

96 wuf<upGmyg0ifaom tzGJUrsm;rSm UN Women ? UNFPA ? UNDP ESifh tm&SzGHUNzdK;a&;bPf (ADB) wkdYjzpfonf/ UN AIDS ? UN Habitat ? UNICEF ? UNODC ? WHO wkdYudk owif;tcsuftvufrsm; yHhydk;ay;onfhtwGuf

aus;Zl;wifpGmtodtrSwfjyKygonf/

yHhykd; aqmif&GufrIwkdYudk owif; rD'D,mu@rsm;u jynfoltrsm;tm;

todtjrifzGifhjcif;rsm; aocsmatmifaqmif&Guf&ef

(11) obm0o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh xdef;odrf;a pmifha&SmufrI?

obm0 ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;? &moDOwk ajymif;vJrIESifh vkdufavsmnDaxG

jyifqifrIwkdYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf xdxda&mufa&muf yg0if vkyfaqmifcGifh

aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/

(12) uav;oli,f (rdef;uav;)rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd jr§ifhwif&ef?

tumtuG,fay;&ef ESifh jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/

Source: National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women (2013-2022); Myanmar National Committee for Women's Affairs, Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and Department of Social Welfare

ed'gef;


a&;rdwfquftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;yg0ifywfoufolrsm; ykdrkdem;vnfEkdifap&efESifh &Sif;vif;

wifjy&ef vkdtyfaMumif; xif&Sm;ojzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif tcsuftvufrsm;

jynfhpkHrI r&SdcJhyg/ þpmwrf;onf vwfwavm jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOf tygt0if usm;? r

wef;wl tav;xm; ½Ijrifaom rl0g'rsm;? pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;tm; nDñGwfpGm a&;qGJ&efESifh

taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&ef vrf;ñTefrIay;xm;ojzifh ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh avhvm

qef;ppfrIwkdYudk tokH;jyK&ef jzpfygonf/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; tajccHvsuf usm;? r

wef;wlrIudk tav;xm;½Ijrifaom rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;udk a&;qGJjcif;ESifh taumiftxnf

azmfaqmifjcif;wGif 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;wkdYukd azmfxkwfcGifh&onfh yifukd

obm0wefzkd;&SdNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh tusKd;aus;Zl; cHpm;Mu&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif

jrefrmEkdifiH\ tkyfcsKyfa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif xda&mufrI&Sd

a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI a&&SnfwnfwHhckdifNrJa&;ukd aocsmapa&;twGufvnf;

aumif; t"duusygonf/

ykdrkdwdwdususqkd&vQif þpmwrf;onf zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ESifh vlom;csif; pmemaxmuf

xm;rIqkdif&m ulnDaxmufyHhrIavmuESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&? vlxktajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ atmufazmfjyyg vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk ukdifwG,f&ef

&nf&G,fygonf/

l EkdifiHawmf\ toifh&SdNyD; tcsuftvufrsm;? ukvor*¾ESifh vlxktajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS

rwlnDaom e,fy,ftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; vkyfEkdif

pGrf;&Sdvmapjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; &&Sdonfh ta&twGufqkdif&mESifh t&nftaoG;qkdif&m

tcsuftvufrsm;ukd aygif;pyfí a&;qGJjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH\ usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQ

rIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmcsufwpfckukd jznfhqnf; &ef/

l usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;tjrifrsm;jzifh tpkd;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&;rl0g'?

pDrHudef;ESifh pDrHcsuf jyKpka&;qGJjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfaqmifjcif;? apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif;?

tuJjzwfjcif;qkdif&m todtjrif jznfhqnf;&ef/

l usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd

tpkd;&ESifhtwl tm;ay;jr§ifhwif&mrSm ukvor*¾ESifh vlxktajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ r[m

AsL[mrl0g'rsm;tay: vrf;ñTefrIay;rnfh us,fjyefYaom taxmuftxm; tajccHwpf&yf

jznfhqnf;&ef/

l todw&m;Ekd;Mum;rI jr§ifhwif&mESifh pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifrI aqmif&Guf&mü tpkd;&? vlxk

tajcjyK? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh avhvm

qef;ppfrIukd yHhykd;jznfhqnf;&ef/

l ta&;ay:rl0g'ESifh pDrHudef;ESifh nDñGwfaom wkHYjyefaqmif&GufrIrsm;qkdif&m vkdtyfonfh

ta&;BuD;aom udpö&yfrsm;ukd cGJjcm;azmfxkwf&ef/ a&SUqufvufjyKpkrnfh okawoeESifh rl0g'

qkdif&m wkHYjyefaqmif&GufrIwkdYtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;rnfh owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm;ESifh avhvmqef;ppfrIwkdYrS uGm[csufrsm;ukd cGJjcm;azmfxkwf&ef/


qef;ppfcsufaumuf,lrIenf;vrf;

enf;vrf;qdkif&mrlabmif

trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tMum; wef;wlnDrQrIukd 1948 ckESpf tjynfjynfqkdif&m

vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;ESifh ukvor*¾ESifh urÇmhtvkyform;tzGJUwkdY\ t"duusaom

pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh y#dnmOfrsm;wGif twdtus xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;ygonf/ þpmwrf;ukd

trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;tqifh r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;? pDa'goabmwl

pmcsKyfESifh abusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTefwkdY\ tajccHvkyfief;rlabmif? tcGifhta&;? ]tcGifhtvrf;

wef;wl? &v'fwljzpfaom t"dyÜm,fjynfh0onfh usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrI} 97 tajccHoabm

97 pDa'gu w&m;0if (Oya'wGif tcGifhtvrf;wlnDa&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;onf) ESifh xda&mufaom usm;? r tcGifhta&;wlnDrI

(tcGifhtvrf;ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk av;pm;rIESifhtwl xda&mufaom omwlnDrQrI&Sdjcif;) ESpfck udk cGJjcm;jyouJhodkY

qufpyfrIrsm;udkvnf; taotcsmajymonf/ xda&mufaom usm;? r tcGifhta&;wlnDrItwGuf pDa'g \ csOf;uyfrIu

ZD0qkdif&m uGmjcm;rIrsm;ESifh zefwD;xm;aom cGJjcm;qufqHrIMum; uGJjcm;rIESifh tajctaetrsm;pkwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh

a,mufsm;av;rsm;xuf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;u tqifh twef;ESifh ae&m ydkrdkedrfhusonfhae&mrSm&Sdjcif;qdkonfht

csufESifhtwltrsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;Mum;rwlnDrIwdkYudktodtrSwfjyKvufcHxm;onf/¤if;u(u)cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;u@

rsm;wGif þrQwrIr&Sdjcif;u aemufcHtaMumif; &if;jzpfNyD; trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;twGuf oifhawmfonf[k

vlYtzGJUtpnf;u ,lqonfh oabmxm;rsm;ESifh tjyKtrlESifh ae&mwdkif;wGif ½kyfydkif;qkdif&mESifh ½kyfydkif;qkdif&mr[kwfonfh

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk &&SdrIwGif trsKd;om; rsm;ESifh a,mufsm;av;rsm;xuf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;udk ab;z,fxm;jcif;

(c) usm;rcGJNcm;rIuoD;oefYowfowfwnf&SdaeaomtaMumif;t&mu wpfck wnf;aomtaMumif;t&m r[kwfbJ

pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? rsKd;½dk;? EdkifiHom;? vlrsKd;paom vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tjcm;t&mrsm;wGifvnf; wHkYjyefrI&SdaMumif; (*) usm;?

ruGJjym;rIudktajccHaom cGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh rrQwrIu vlrIa&; t& wnfaqmufNyD; jzpfaeNyD; ,if;wkdYudk Oya'ESifh vufawGU

aqmif&GufrIt& ajymif;vJEkdifonf odkYr[kwf trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;? a,mufsm;av;ESifh rdef;uav;Mum; xda&mufaom

wlnDrI&&SdEdkifonfqkdonfudk todtrSwfjyKxm;onf/ ,if;udk þtcsufrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfonf/ (u) trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tcGifhta&; wef;wlay;onfh rl0g'ESifh Oya'udk jr§ifhwifjcif;? (c) tcGifhtvrf;ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;

&&Sd&mwGif av;pm;rIESifhtwl wlnDaom tcGifhta&;&ap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;&ifqkdifae&onfh rsm;jym;vSaom

qkd;usKd;rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf ,m,D txl;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tygt0if tzGJUtpnf;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m ywf0ef;usifrsm;

vkyfaqmifjcif;udk jr§ifhwifjcif;/ (*) tcGifhta&;ESifh cHpm;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk trSefwu,fcHpm;&eftwGuf wpfOD;csif;ESifh pkaygif;

vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm jr§ifhwif jcif;/ pDa'gu xda&mufaom wef;wltcGifhta&;&rIudk OD;wnfaom ueOD;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

UN

FPA

ed'gef;


w&m;? cGJjcm;rIrS uif;a0;rI?98 tpkd;&\ wm0ef&SdrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nfwkd;jr§ifhjcif; wkdY

ESifhtnD jyKpkxm;ygonf/99

txl;tav;ay;aom e,fy,frsm;

þpmwrf;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m trsKd;om;tqifh r[mAsL[m

pDrHudef;\OD;wnfe,fy,fav;ckukdtxl;tav;ay;ygonf/¤if;wkdYonfpD;yGm;a&;u@üusm;?

r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; vkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmapjcif;? ynma&;qkdif&m? usef;rma&;

qkdif&m? EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIu@rsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOf ESifh

y#dyu©tajctaersm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQ rI?

enf;rsKd;pkHjzifhtMurf;zufrIrsm;uif;a0;a&;wkdY jzpfygonf/¤if;txl;tav;ay;aome,fy,f

rsm;ukd owfrSwf&mwGif tpkd;&? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;rIjyKvkyfNyD;

jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;Mum; tqifhnD&ef ulnDay;onf/ ,if;xJwGif tcGifhtvrf;? tcGifh ta&;wlnDpGm

&&SdrI? &v'fwlnDrIESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; yg0ifonf/ (UN Women 2005 Claim and Celebrate Women Migrant Worker’s Human Rights through CEDAW, New York))

98 ]trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;} a0g[m&u usm;? rjzpfwnfrIudk tajccHjyK vkyfxm;aom rnfodkYaom cGJjcm;rI?

csefvSyfxm;rI odkYr[kwf uefYowfxm;rIudkrqkd qkdvdkonf/ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? t&yfbuf odkYr[kwf tjcm;

rnfonfhe,fy,fwGifrqdk vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifh\ trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDrIudk tajccHum

¤if;wkdYwGiftdrfaxmif&Sdonfjzpfapr&Sdonfjzpfap,if;odkYcGJjcm;rIutrsKd;orD;rsm;\aysmf&TifrIodkYr[kwfpGrf;aqmifrIudk

todtrSwfjyKrIwGif taESmifht,Sufay;rI\ oufa&mufrI odkYr[kwf taMumif;tcsufjzpfonf/ (tydk'f 1? pDa'g) cGJjcm;qufqHrI

t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufwGif (1) wkduf½dkuf odkYr[kwf oG,f0dkufí (&nf&G,fNyD; odkYr[kwf r&nf&G,fbJ) cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; (2) Oya't&

odkYr[kwf usifhoHk;rIt& cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; (3) ypöKyÜef? twdwf odkYr[kwf zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;aom cGJjcm;qufqHrI (4) vlrIa&;?

t&yfbuf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jcHKiHkvsuf vlrIa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; cGJjcm;qufqHrI (5) usm;? rcGJjcm;rI

oufouf wnf;&Sdaejcif;r[kwfbJ tqifhtwef;? vlrsKd;t& cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; paom cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm;\ tjcm;vlrIa&; twef;t

pm;rsm;ESifhyHkpHrsm;ESifh qufpyfrdaom aygif;pHkrI? Oyrm- zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHwpfckrS qif;&Jaom vlrsKd;cGJjcm;cHxm;&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:

cGJjcm;qufqHrI (Chiongson, R, pDtD;'Dat'AvsLnDvmcH? tkdif'AvsLtm&f at'AvsL- tm&Sypdzdwf? udk;um;- ,ltifeftrsKd;orD;rsm;?

pDa'g2005 rSwpfqifh trsKd;orD;a&TUajymif; tvkyform;rsm;\ vlYtcGifhta&;udk awmif;qdk yg0ifqifETJjcif;)

99 pDa'gwGif EdkifiHwm0ef0wå&m;twGuf us,fjyefYaom azmfjyrI&Sdonf/ pDa'g2005udk vufrSwfxdk;jcif;jzifh EdkifiHrsm;u

cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;ESifhwef;wltcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;udkod&Sdxm;NyD;EdkifiH\aqmif&GufrIvdktyfaMumif;ajymMum;vsuf¤if;wkdYudk,fwkdif

oabmwlnDcsuf\ 0wú&m;rsm;tm;taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&SdaMumif;? vkyfaqmifrnfNzpfaMumif; w&m;0ifuwdNyK

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Women participation in helping to distribute census materials nationwide, Yangon.

UN

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102 R. Gilbert et al. 2002. Gender Analysis of a Nationwide Cropping System Trial Survey in Malawi. African Studies Quarterly 6 (1). See also R. Vargas Hill and M. Vigneri. 2009. Mainstreaming Gender Sensitivity in Cash Crop Markets’ Supply Chains. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.

103 C. Udry. 1996. Gender, Agricultural Production, and Theory of the Household. Journal of Political Economy 104 (5). pp. 1010–1046.

104 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture: Women and Agriculture, Changing the Gender Gap for Development. Rome.

105 World Bank. 2012. Gender and Development: World Development Report. Washington, D.C.106 C.R. Doss. 2006. The Effects of Intra-Household Property Ownership on Expenditure Patterns in Ghana.

Journal of African Economies 15 (1). pp. 149–180.107 N. Luke, and M. Kaivan. 2011. Women as Agents of Change: Female Income and Mobility in India. Journal of

Development Economics 94 (1). pp. 1–17.108 atmufajcrSwfpk 105/



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109 Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development (MNPED), Swedish International Development Cooperation (SIDA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2011. Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey in Myanmar (2009–2010): MDG Data Report. Yangon.

110 UNDP. 2013. A Regional Perspective on Poverty in Myanmar: Empowered Lives, Resilient Nations. Yangon.


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tvuftpD&ifcHpm 2013 ckESpfwGif azmfjycsuft& EkdifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom vlOD;a&\ wpf

0ufonf jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;ig;ckwGif aexkdifMuygonf/112 qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom vlOD;a&\

okH;ykHwpfykHausmfonf wkdif;a'oBuD;ESpfckjzpfaom {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD; (19 &mckdifEIef;) ESifh

rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD; (17 &mckdifEIef;)wkdYwGif aexkdifMuNyD; av;ykHwpfykHausmfrSm &ckdifjynfe,f

(13 &mckdifEIef;)ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f (13 &mckdifEIef;)wkdYwGif aexkdifMuygonf/ (ykH-2.1)

111 axmifpkESpfzGHUNzdK;a&;yef;wkdifrsm;tpD&ifcHpm? 2013 ESifh tjcm; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;xm;onf/




xkdYjyif 2005 ckESpfESifh 2010 jynfhESpftwGif; jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD; av;ckrSwpfyg;

tjcm;jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef; usqif;cJhygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,f (38

&mckdifEIef;rS 44 &mckdifEIef;)? u&ifjynfe,f (12 &mckdifEIef;rS 17 &mckdifEIef;)? {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD;

(29 &mckdifEIef;rS 32 &mckdifEIef;)? &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; (15 &mckdifEIef;rS 16 &mckdifEIef;) wkdYwGif

toD;oD;jrifhwufcJhygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusrI tjrifhrm;qkH;ukd u,m;jynfe,f? yJcl;wkdif;

a'oBuD; (taemuf)? ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;? &Srf;jynfe,f(awmif)? yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; (ta&SU)

ESifh ucsifjynfe,fwkdYwGif awGU&Sd&ygonf/ (ykH-2.2)113


ykH-2.1/ jrefrmedkifiH jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;jzpfay:rI (2010)%

csif;

&cdkif

weoFm&D

ucsif

rauG;

yJcl; (ta&SU)

&efukef

yJcl; (taemuf)

u,m;

0 20 40 60 80

Zmpfjrpf - IHLCA (2011)


ykH-2.2/ jrefrmedkifiH trsKd;om;tqifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIa0pk? 2009-2010 (%)

Zmpfjrpf - IHLCA(2011)

wwd,tcsufrSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd;114 onf 2005 ckESpfwGif 0.064 rS

2010 jynfhESpfwGif 0.041 okdY usqif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/115 qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIjzpfjcif;ESifhtwl qif;&J

EGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd;onf NrdKUjya'orsm;xuf aus;vufa'orsm;rSm ykdí odompGm jrifh

wufNyD; NrdKUjya'orsm;wGif aus;vufa'orsm;rSmxuf uGm[csuf usqif;rIEIef; jrefqefygonf/

Z,m; 2.3/ jrefrmEkdifiH qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd; (2004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010)2005 2010 % ajymif;vJrI

NrdKUjy 0.042 0.023 -44

aus;vuf 0.071 0.047 -34

pkpkaygif; 0.064 0.041 -35

Zmpfjrpf - IHLCA (2006 ESifh 2011)

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd; tjrifhrm;qkH;rSm csif;jynfe,f (0.167) jzpfNyD; ¤if;

aemufwGif &ckdifjynfe,f (0.076)? weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD; (0.066)ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f (0.06)

wkdY jzpfygonf/ >cif;csuftjzpf u&ifjynfe,fESifh &ckdifjynfe,frSmwpfyg; jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;

114 qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd;/ ,if;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ euf½dIif;rIESifh jzpfyGm;rI yrmPESpfckpvHk;udk ]qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

jzpfyGm;rIyrmPaMumifh wkd;yGm;vmaom tajccHpm;0wfaea&;twGuf tenf;qHk;vdktyfaom 0ifaiGrS qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm;\

ysrf;rQvdkaiGjyrI}udk xif[yfaponf/


Kachin Kayah Kayin Chin Sagaing

3% 0% 1% 3%

4%

5%

3%1%

8%

17%

3%13%

7%

5%

6%

2%

19%

Tanintharyi

Mon Rakhine

Yangon Shan (South) Shan (North) Shan (East) Ayeyarwady

Bago (East) Bago (West) Magway Mandalay



tm;vkH;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd; usqif;cJhygonf/

pwkw¬tcsufrSm pkpkaygif;pm;okH;rIwGif tqif;&JqkH; ig;pdwfwpfpdwfyg0ifrI tcsKd;onf

2005 ckESpfwGif 11.1 &mckdifEIef;rS 2010 ckESpfwGif 12.0 &mckdifEIef;okdY tenf;i,f jrifhwufcJh

ygonf/ (Z,m;-2.4)116

Z,m; 2.4/ jrefrmEkdifiH pkpkaygif;pm;okH;rIwGif tqif;&JqkH; ig;pdwfwpfpdwf yg0ifrItcsKd;(2004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010)2004–2005 2009–2010 % ajymif;vJrI

NrdKUjy 10.0 11.1 10

aus;vuf 11.8 12.6 7

pkpkaygif; 11.1 12.0 8


jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;wkdif;wGif jrifhwufvmonfh tvm;tvm awGU&Sd&NyD; jynfe,f?

wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif¤if;ñTef;udef;tqifhtenf;i,fuGJjym;ygonf/

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItwkdif;twmukd usm;? r a&;&m ½IaxmifhrS okH;oyfjcif;

jrefrmEkdifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifh pyfvsOf;í usm;? r cGJjcm;azmfjyonfh udef;*Pef;tcsuf

tvufrsm;rSm vGefpGm uefYowfcsuf&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh þtcef;onf jcm;em;aomtajctae

\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;udk a,bk,s qef;ppfavhvm&ef uefYowfrI

&Sdygojzifh xkdtcsufrsm;udk aemifwGif qufvufjyKvkyfrnfh jrefrmEkdifiH\ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqkdif&m okawoejyKrIrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/

OD;pGm trsKd;orD;rsm;? rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;csKdUwJhaom tkyfpkrsm;\ qif;&JEGrf;

yg;rIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tay: qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk azmf

xkwf&efESifh ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf ñTef;udef;rsm;ukd azmfjy&mwGif trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;? touf

t&G,fESifh tjcm;qufET,fonfh tcsuftvuftrsKd;tpm;rsm; vkdtyfygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom

tkyfpkrsm;ukd cGJjcm;azmfjyonfh trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;ESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpkaygif;

azmfjy½kHomru qef;ppfrItqifhwkdif;rSmvnf; oD;jcm;azmfjy&ygrnf/ wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGESifh tokH;

p&dwf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukd wkdif;wmwGufcsuf&ef cufcJojzifh qufpyfonfh tajctaetm;vkH;wGif

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukd tdrfaxmifpkwpfpkcsif;om wGufcsufcefYrSef;ygonf/ wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGqkdif&m

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifhywfoufí wdusjywfom;aom t"dyÜm,f&Sif;vif;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xkdYtwl udef;

*Pef; tcsuftvufvnf; r&Sdyg/ 0ifaiG&&Sdoltjzpf trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD; cGJjcm;azmfjyEkdifaomf

vnf; 0ifaiG&&Sdolwkdif; 0ifaiGukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdifonf r[kwfyg/ Oyrm-trsKd;orD;rsm; &SmazG&&Sdonfh

0ifaiGudk trsKd;om;rsm;u pDrHcefYcGJEkdifygonf/117

116 EdkifiH\ pm;oHk;rIwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;qHk;tkyfpk? ]EIdif;,SOf rrQwrI}\ ta&;ygaom ñTefjycsufwpfckjzpfonf/ vlwkdif;\

pm;oHk;rIwkd;wufvmjcif;rsm; odkYr[kwf usqif;vmjcif;rsm;u wlnDaomEIef;jzifh &Sdaeojzifh ,if;u udef;aojzpf aevdrfhrnf/

117 L. Corner. 2008. Making the MDGs Work for All: Gender-Responsive Rights-Based Approaches to the MDGs. New York: UNIFEM (now part of UN Women).


Z,m; 2.5/ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m yifukdvu©Pmrsm;t& usm;? r rnDrQrI

0ifaiGedrfhusaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif tdrfaxmifpktokH;p&dwfonf ykdrkdwdusrSefuefojzifh

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI wGufcsufwkdif;wm&mwGif ¤if;udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tokH;jyKygonf/

¤if;udef;*Pef;rsm;rSmtokH;p&dwfrsm;ukduscHol(okdYr[kwf)tokH;p&dwfrsm;rStusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;

olonf trsKd;orD; okdYr[kwf trsKd;om;jzpfaMumif; cGJjcm;azmfjyjcif; r&Sdyg/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf

tokH;p&dwfuscH&ef qkH;jzwfolESifh tokH;p&dwfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;ol rnfoljzpfonfukd

cGJjcm;azmfxkwf&ef ½IyfaxG;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ xkH;pHtm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdrfaxmifpk

twGif; aeYpOf tao;okH;p&dwftay: qkH;jzwfí wm0ef,lokH;pGJavh&Sdaomfvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;u

BuD;rm;onfh toHk;p&dwfukd pDrHcefYcGJavh&Sdygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdom;pk\ vdktyfcsufjynfh

rD&eftwGuftokH;p&dwfukdykdrkdrsm;jym;pGmokH;avh&SdNyD;¤if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsuftwGufrlaemufqkH;

OD;pm;ay;avh&Sdaomfvnf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf¤if;wkdY\ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmtwGuftokH;p&dwfukd

ykdrkdrsm;jym;pGm okH;avh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tokH;p&dwfukd pDrHcefYcGJcGifh &&SdvQif

xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmrsm;? ñTef;udef;rsm; (2010)&mcdkifEIef;

usm; r

pkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;? trJvkdufESifh opfawmvkyfief;&Sd vlOD;a&tcsKd; 52.3 47.4

usyef;vkyfom;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfol OD;a&tcsKd; 19.0 16.6

vkyfief;&Siftjzpf tvkyfvkyfol OD;a&tcsKd; 6.4 4.1

acs;aiGvufvSrf;rDaom awmifolv,form; tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&tcsKd; 33.2 32.0

acs;aiGvufvSrf;rDaom pkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rSty tjcm;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;

OD;a&tcsKd;11.0 11.4

vGefcJhaom ajcmufvtwGif; vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef; (15 ESpfESifhtxuf)

vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&m oef;acgifpm&if;pm&if; 201481.7 47.1

vGefcJhaom ckepf&uftwGif; wpf0ufwysuf tvkyfvufrJhEIef; (15 ESpfESifhtxuf) 1.5 1.9

emrusef;jzpfaMumif; ukd,fwkdifajymMum;onfh vlOD;a&tcsKd; 34.9 41.0

tm[m&rjynfh0aom ig;ESpfatmuf uav;oli,ftcsKd; (ukd,ftav;csdef

okdYr[kwf touf)4.9 5.9

0ufoufa&m*g umuG,faq;xkd;NyD;ol wpfESpft&G,f uav;oli,f tcsKd; 31.7 32.3

bDpD*sD (BCG) umuG,faq;xkd;NyD;ol wpfESpft&G,fuav;oli,ftcsKd; 81.5 83.0

'DwDyDumuG,faq;okH;Budrfxkd;NyD;ol wpfESpft&G,fuav;oli,ftcsKd; 86.8 87.5

oufBuD;pmwwfajrmufrIEIef; 72.9 76.5

rlvwef;tqifh tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef; 95.6 89.3

tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifh tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef; 87.8 87.6

rSwfcsuf - DPT qkdonfrSm vlwpfOD;rS wpfOD;okdY ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gokH;rsKd;jzpfonfh 0rf;ysuf0rf;avQma&m*g?

Muufn§macsmif;qkd;ESifh 0ufoufwkdYukd umuG,fonfh aygif;pyfumuG,f aq;jzpfygonf/

Zmpfjrpf - IHLCA (2009-2010)? B.N. Twari, S.Rahman. and K.Tun. Poverty, Food Innsecurity and Vulnerability: Issues and Strategies (Myanmar). Background Paper for Development Policy Option. Yangon. For census, see Department of Population. 2015. Myanmar Census 2014. Nay Pyi Taw, Ministry of Immigration and Population



vnf;¤if;wkdYonftdrfaxmifpktwGif;tqif;&JqkH;rdom;pk0ifrsm;jzpfaeqJjzpfonf/118

twef;ynmcsKdUwJhrI? pmrwwfajrmufrI? tm[m&rjynfh0rIESifh usef;rma&;qkd;&Gm;jcif;wkdY

uJhokdYaom qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ &v'fñTef;udef;rsm;u EkdifiHrsm;pGmwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

trsKd;om; rsm;xuf ykdrkdqif;&JEGrf;yg;aMumif; ñTefjyvsuf&Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif ¤if;tcsufukd

azmfjy&eftwGuf wkduf½kdufqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqkdif&m wkdif;wmcefYrSef;csufrsm; r&Sdyg/119 jrefrmEkdifiH

\ tdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&; tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; IHLCA(2010) tay: avh

vmqef;ppfcsuf (2011 ckESpf) (Tiwari Rahman Tun) wGif¤if;uJhokdYaomñTef;udef;rsm;twGuf

usm;? r cGJjcm;qef;ppfrItcsKdUukd azmfjyygonf/

Oyrm-umuG,faq;xkd;jcif; vTrf;NcHKrIwGif rdef;uav;i,frsm; (toufwpfESpfatmuf)

u a,musfm;uav;i,frsm;xuf ykdrkdjrifhrm;NyD; tm[m&rjynfh0aom toufig;ESpfatmuf

rdef;uav;i,frsm;\tcsKd;onf a,musfm;av;rsm;xuf tenf;i,f ykdrkdjrifhrm;ygonf/ (Z,m;-

2.5)

okdY&mwGif tdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&; tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; (IHLCA) \

xyfrHjyKvkyfaom usm;? r tajccH wkdif;wmqef;ppfcsufu azmfjyonfrSm ynma&;ESifh pyfvsOf;yg

u t&G,fa&mufaom trsKd;om;rsm; r&Sdonfh trsKd;orD; OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf

t&G,fa&mufaom trsKd;om;rsm;&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xuf ausmif;

0ifEIef;10&mckdifEIef;edrfhusNyD;¤if;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGif;trsKd;om;rsm;\ausmif;0ifEIef;onf

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ausmif;0ifEIef;xuf tawmftwef jrifhrm;ygonf/120

ppfwrf;\ t&G,ftpm;t& cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf

uefYowfrI &Sdygaomfvnf; ¤if;wkdYudk t&nftaoG;qkdif&m udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh

jznfhpGuftaxmuftuljyKaomf qif;&JEGrf;yg;oltcsKd;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd;wkdYukd

trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;tvkdufESifh tjcm;tcsuftvuf trsKd;tpm;tvkduf cGJjcm;azmfjy&ef jzpfEkdif

ygonf/ azmfjyygtcsKd;wkdY&Sd uefYowfcsufrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyK&efvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/

qif;&JEGrf;yg;oltcsKd;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItwkdif;twm okdYr[kwf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tMum;

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIjyefYcsufukd rdrd&&razmfjyEkdifyg/ xkdYtjyif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI uGm[csuftcsKd;onf

qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;\ euf½Idif;rIukd wkdif;wmcefYrSef;Ekdifaomfvnf; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tMum; 0if

aiGcGJa0rIudk razmfjyEkdifyg/121

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukd tcsdeftokH;csrIjzifhvnf;aumif;? tcsdefcGJa0rIjzifhvnf;aumif;

wkdif; wmcefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ tcsdefonf tdrfaxmifpktwGif; vlwpfOD;csif;\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukd wkduf

½kduf wkdif;wmcefYrSef;Ekdifaom t&mwpfckjzpfygonf/ tcsdefjzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;

tMum; EIdif;,SOfcsufrsm; jyKvkyfí trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;\ tvkyfyrmPESifh tvkyf

trsKd;tpm;ay: tajccHNyD; uGJjym;jcm;em;rIukd azmfjyEkdifygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vkyfcr&&Sd

onfhtdrfrIudpövkyfief;rsm;ESifhjyKpkapmifha&SmufrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif¤if;wkdY\tcsdefyrmPtrsm;

qkH;ukd tokH;jyKMuaomfvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;u vkyfc&&Sdonfh vkyfief;wGifom ykdrkdvkyfukdifavh&Sd



120 J. Desai. 2013. The Gender Dimensions of Living Conditions in Myanmar. Yangon. þtpD&ifcHpmu

jrefrmEdkifiH wGifjyKvkyfaom EkdifiHhtdrfaxmifpkrsm;avhvmqef;ppfcsufESpfck\ usm;? r uGJjym;rI cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;wpf&yfjzpfonf/

2004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010 wGif bufpHkaygif;pnf;xm;aom tdrfaxmifpkaexkdifrI tajctae tuJjzwfqef;ppf csufrsm;/



ygonf/ trsKd;om;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;xuf tem;,lcsdefESifh tm;vyfcsdefvnf; ykdrkd&&Sdavh&Sdyg

onf/ rdrdukd,fykdiftcsdef csKdUwJhrIaMumifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ynma&;? avhusifhoif,la&;? owif;

tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sda&;? usef;rma&;ESifh tjcm;0efaqmifrIrsm;? tvkyftukdifESifh tjcm;0ifaiG

&&Sdonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tm; vufvSrf;rrDjzpfum b0rsufESmpmtoD;oD;wGif pGrf;aqmif&nf

rsm; csKdUiJh&ygonf/

trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rIESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItMum; qufET,frIonf ½IyfaxG;ygonf/ tdrfaxmif

OD;pD;rIESifhywfoufí tdrfaxmifpk pm;0wfaea&; tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; (IHLCA

2004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010) \ usm;? r a&;&m avhvmqef;ppfrIt& jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tdrf

axmifpkrsm;\ 80 &mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;om;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm;jzpfí 20 &mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;

orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;trsKd;orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rsm;\ 72 &mckdifEIef;onf

rkqkd;rrsm; jzpfygonf/ trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ 13 &mckdifEIef;wGif t&G,f

a&mufaoma,musfm;rsm;yg0ifNyD;¤if;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\tdrfaxmifpkt&G,ftpm;?zGJUpnf;rI?

t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIonf trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh wlnDyg

onf/ okdYaomf t&G,fa&mufaom trsKd;om;rsm; r&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk

rsm; (trsKd;orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;\ 7 &mckdifEIef;) onf tenf;i,faom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh uGJ

jym;onfh 0ifaiGZmpfjrpfrsm;om &Sdojzifh trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh rwljcm;em;

ygonf/122 rnfokdYqkdap tdrfaxmifpk pm;0wfaea&;tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; (IHLCA)

\ udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;u ñTefjyonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a'otvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;rI

rsm;\ taMumif;&if;rSm tcsKdUaom jynfe,frsm;rS xGufcGmajymif;a&TUonfh trsKd;om;vkyfom;rsm;

ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmjcif;ESifh jynfwGif; rNidrfoufrI jrifhrm;jcif;taMumif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ jynfwGif;

rNidrfoufrIu trsKd;om;rsm;ukd rdrdaetdrfrsm;tm; rvGJruif;om pGefYcGmapygonf/123

qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;azmfxkwf&mwGif tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rIESifh

pyfvsOf;aom udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifaomfvnf; tajctaet&yf&yfwkdif;

wGif trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk&mckdifEIef;jzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;\

taetxm;ukd wkdif;wmcefYrSef;í r&Ekdifyg/ trsKd;orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rItm; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&ef

cufcJNyD; EkdifiHtvkduf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufrsm; uGJjym;ygonf/ EkdifiHrsm;pGmwGif trsKd;orD;tdrfaxmif

OD;pD;rIrSm rdrdbmom t"dyÜm,fzGifqkdaMunmonfh trsKd;tpm;jzpfNyD; þt"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufonf

tdrfaxmifpkwGif t&G,fa&mufaom trsKd;om; &Sdonf? r&SdonfESifh roufqkdifyg/ EkdifiHtcsKdUrSm

tu,fí tdrfaxmifpktwGif; t&G,fa&mufaom trsKd;om;wpfa,muf&SdvQif okdYr[kwf trsKd;

om;xGufcGma&TUajymif;olwpfOD; &SdaevQif trsKd;orD;wpfOD;tm; tdrfaxmifOD;pD;tjzpf owfrSwf

&ef oabmrwlMuyg/124

EkdifiHrsm;pGmrSm trsKd;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf trsKd;om;OD;aqmif


123 004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010 wGif bufpHkaygif;pnf;xm;aom tdrfaxmifpkaexkdifrI tajctae tuJjzwfqef;ppf csufrsm;/




aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xuf ysrf;rQtm;jzifh ykdrkdqif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif; r&Sdyg/ okdY&mwGif ysrf;rQoabm

onf tpGef;ESpfzuf0ifaiGjyefYcsufukd zkH;uG,fxm;ygonf/ 0ifaiGjyefYcsuf jrifhrm;aom wpfzuf

wGif qE´tavsmuf trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; &Sdygonf/ wpfzufwGif tdrfaxmif

OD;pD; trsKd;orD;onf aumif;pGm ynmwwfí aumif;rGefaom tvkyftukdif&&Sdum wpfukd,fa&

wpfum,vnf; jzpfavh&Sdygonf/ xkdYtjyif þtdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf rSDckdoltenf;i,f okdYr[kwf

rSDckdolr&Sd jzpfavh&Sdonf/ okdYr[kwf þtdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;t& OD;aqmifonfh trsKd;

orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaerIrSmvnf; vifr,m;uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;? oD;jcm;cGJjcm;aexkdifjcif;ESifh rkqkd;r

b0\ tusKd;&v'fjzpfygonf/ 0ifaiGjyefYcsuf edrfhusaom tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl trsKd;orD;tdrf

axmifOD;pD;rIonf pGefYypfcH&jcif;? vifr,m;jywfpJjcif;ESifh oD;jcm;cGJcGmaexkdifjcif;wkdY\ tusKd;

&v'fjzpfygonf/ þtdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf tdrfaxmifOD;pD; trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm ynma&;tqifh

twef; edrfhusavh&SdNyD; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI tmrcHcsufr&SdbJ rSDckdolta&twGuf rsm;jym;avh

&Sdonf/ trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm;vkH;tm; ysrf;rQoabm tav;xm;í avh

vmqef;ppfrIjyKygu¤if;qif;&JaomtrsKd;orD;OD;pD;onfhtdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm;rjrifbJvspfvsL

½IouJhokdY jzpfEkdifygonf/125

ysrf;rQ trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmif

pkrsm;ukd rMumcPEIdif;,SOfavh&Sdaomfvnf; þEIdif;,SOfrIrSm t"dyÜm,fr&SdvSyg/ tb,faMumifhqkd

aomf tdrfaxmifpkrsm; zGJUpnf;rI uGJjym;jcm;em;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 0ifaiGtqifhESifh tdrfaxmif

OD;pD;rItvkduf tdrfaxmifpk udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd cGJjcm;azmfjyjcif;onf tokH;0ifyg

onf/ þuJhokdY cGJjcm;azmfjyjcif;jzifh tqif;&JqkH; trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ukd

azmfxkwfEkdifrnfjzpfNyD;¤if;wkdYtajctaeukdavhvmqef;ppfrIjyKEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/þavhvm

qef;ppfrIu tcsKdUtrsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh t&G,fa&mufaom

trsKd;om;rsm; ryg0ifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh oufBuD;&G,ftkd trsKd;orD;csnf;om&Sdaom tdrf

axmifpkrsm;rSm tqif;&JqkH; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif yg0ifaMumif;ESifh ¤if;wkdYukd txl;*½kjyK&ef

vkdtyfaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;pGm

onfvnf;qif;&JEGrf;yg;Muygonf/tb,faMumifhqkdaomf¤if;wkdYrSmvkyfykdifcGifhuif;rJhjcif;ESifh

vkyfief;? ae&mtoD;oD;wGif pGrf;aqmifcGifh r&&Sdjcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf tqif;&J

qkH; trsKd;orD;tcsKdUonf trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;OD;aqmifonfh

rqif;&Jaomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGifyif&SdaeEkdifNyD;txl;ojzifh¤if;wkdYrSmtouft&G,ftkdrif;í

aomfvnf;aumif;? roefpGrf;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif; tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrIukd cHpm;ae&olrsm;

jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh tppftrSefjyóemrSm trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk okdYr[kwf

trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpku ykdrkdqif;&Jonfqkdonfh tcsufrQom r[kwfbJ rnfonfh

tdrfaxmifpkuiwfrGwfrIESifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukdBuHKawGUae&oenf;ESifh¤if;wkdY\yifukdvu©Pm

rsm;ESifhywfoufí rnfonfht&mrsm; avhvmod&SdEkdifoenf;wkdYrSm vufawGUusaom jyóemrsm;

jzpfygonf/¤if;tjyifqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIukdajz&Sif;&efusm;?ra&;&mukdxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom

qif;&JrIavQmhcsa&;qkdif&m rl0g'ESifh tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJ&efwkdYtwGuf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHtwGif;

uGJjym;aom &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;tvTmtoD;oD;rS tdrfaxmifpktqifh&Sd usm;? r



a&;&mqkdif&m qufqHa&;ukd em;vnfod&Sd&efrSmvnf; ppfrSefaom jyóemwpf&yfukd ukdifwG,f

ajz&Sif;jcif;jzpfygonf/126

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vkyfom;aps;uGufrsm;ESifh tvkyftukdifwkdYwGif usm;? r wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;

þtcef;u vkyfom;aps;uGufESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; qufET,frIukd tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh

trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfukdifrI &v'frsm; EIdif;,SOfcsufukd tav;xm;

azmfjyygonf/ xkdYtjyif jzpfEkdiforQ taumif;qkH; vkyfom;aps;uGuf ñTef;udef;rsm;jzifh vkyfief;cGif

e,fy,f&Sd t"duusaom usm;? r qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukdvnf; tav;xm;azmfjyygonf/127

vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef;

pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; vufvSrf;rDrIwGif usm;? r rwlnDMubJ uGJjym;aerIrSm vkyf

om;aps;uGufyg0ifrIwGif uGJjym;jcm;em;rIESifh qufpyfwnf&Sdaeygonf/ tjcm;avhvmqef;ppfrIrsm;

enf;wl jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; vkyfom;tiftm;\ a&GUvsm;ajymif;vJrItm; od&SdEkdifonfh udef;*Pef;

tcsuftvufrsm;rSm vGefpGm uefYowfcsuf&Sdygonf/ aemufqkH; vkyfom;tiftm; ppfwrf;

aumuf,lcJhonfrSm 1990ESpfrsm; apmapmykdif;wGif jzpfNyD; ¤if;ppfwrf;\aemufykdif;&&Sdaom

tcsuftvufrsm;rSm t"dutm;jzifh cefYrSef;csufrsm; jzpfygonf/ tdrfaxmifpk pm;0wfaea&;

tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; (IHLCA) uJhokdY vwfwavmaumuf,lonfh ppfwrf;rsm;onf

jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolvlxk\ aexkdifvkyfukdifonfh b0rsm;\ vQyfwpfjyufykH&dyfukd jznfhqnf;ay;

aomfvnf; NyD;jynfhpkHonfh vkyfom;tiftm; ppfwrf;udef;*Pef;rsm; uif;rJhjcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;wGif

trsKd;orD;rsm; tvkyftukdif&&SdrIESifh rnfonfhtqifhrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfukdifaeonfukd tuJjzwf

&ef vGefpGmcufcJygonf/

tdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&;tajctae bufpkHavhvmrIppfwrf; 2010 (IHLCA-2010) 128 t&u@tm;vkH;üvkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;onf67&mckdifEIef;jzpfNyD;¤if;wkdYrSmtouf

15 ESpfESifhtxuf vlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHjzpfygonf/129 NrdKUjya'oESifh aus;vufa'o\ vkyfom;


127 tkdift,fvftdku jyKvkyfaom tvkyform;aps;uGuf\ tñTef;rsm;pm&if;tjynfhtpHk/ tvkyform;aps;uGuftwGuf tdkift,fvftdk

t"dutñTef;rsm; (autdkift,fvftrf) tcsuftvufrsm;u tvkyform;aps;uGuf owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;\ us,fjyefYaom

pkpnf;rIwpfckjzpfNyD; ,if;u ]tvkyform;aps;uGuf\ vkyfief;vnfywfrIESifh qufET,faom tusKH;0ifjyóemrsm;pGmudk

apmifhMunfhjcif;ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;wGif ud&d,mwpftcktjzpf jyKvkyfay;Ekdifonf}/ tvkyform;aps;uGufwGif jzpfwwfaomjyóemrSm

wef;wlqufqHrIjzpfonf/ KILM udk xkwf vkyfolrsm;u oifhawmfaomtvkyfudk&&Sd&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm; &ifqkdifae&aom

t"dupdefac:rIrsm;udk ]KILM udk em;vnfap&efvrf;ñTef} wGif todtrSwfjyKxm;onf/ þu@twGuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIudk

toHk;jyKEkdifaom KILM tñTef;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKxm;onf/ tkdiftifeftdk-tvkyform;aps;uGuf\ t"dutñTef;rsm; (KILM) owårtBudrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; (2013) wGif Munfhyg/ http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htm wGif Munfhyg/ 2014 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufwGif xnfhoGif;xm;onf/


129 tvkyform;tiftm;yg0ifrIudk owfrSwfxm;aom touft&G,ftkyfpktwGuf tvkyfvkyfaeaom odkYr[kwf

tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkifolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ ,if;xJwGif atmufygvltkyfpkrsm; ryg0ifyg/ usef;rma&; tajctaeaMumifh

tvkyfrvkyfEkdifolrsm;? aiGaMu;r&&Sdaom tdrftultvkyfudk tcsdefvkyfae&olrsm;? tcsdef jynfhausmif;om;rsm;?

tcsdefjynfhbmoma&;trIxrf;rsm;? ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& odkYr[kwf zGHUNzdK;rIaES;auG;NyD; tvkyfrvkyfEkdif olrsm;? yifpifpm;rsm; odkYr[kwf

tNidrf;pm;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&SmazGaejcif;r&Sdaom tjcm;olrsm;jzpfonf/



tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;rSm uGmjcm;NyD; 60 &mckdifEIef;ESifh 70 &mckdifEIef; toD;oD;&Sdygonf/ (Z,m;-

2.6)130

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;

tMum; odomaom uGm[csuf&Sdygonf/ trsKd;orD;vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef;rSm 54 &mckdif

EIef;ESifh trsKd;om;vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef;rSm 82 &mckdifEIef;jzpfygonf/131 Z,m;-2.6 &&Sdaom

udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;t& vGefcJhaom ig;ESpftwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;\ vkyfom;tiftm;

yg0ifrIEIef;rSm wkd;wufcJhygonf/ 2005 ckESpfESifh 2010 jynfhESpftMum; trsKd;orD;vkyfom;tiftm;

yg0ifrIEIef; (6.7 &mckdifEIef; wkd;wufrI) onf trsKd;om;vkyfom;tiftm; yg0ifrIEIef; (3 &mckdif

EIef; wkd;wufrI) xuf ESpfqwkd;cJhygonf/

Z,m; 2.6/ vGefcJhaomajcmufvtwGif; vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef; (%) (touf 15 ESpfESifhtxuf)tvTm usm; r

pkpkaygif; (%)NrdKUjy

(%)

aus;vuf

(%)

usm;

(%)

r

(%)

jynfaxmifpk 2005 56.1 67.5 79.7 50.5* 64.3

jynfaxmifpk 2010 59.9 69.9 82.1 53.9 67.1


trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;rsm; (Z,m;-2.6) tMum;

jcm;em;rIBuD;rm;aeonfh tajctaewGif wpf0ufwysuf tvkyfvufrJhEIef;rSm trsKd;om;rsm; (35

&mckdifEIef;)xuf trsKd;orD;rsm; (41 &mckdifEIef;) wGif ykdrkdysHUEHSYvsuf&Sdygonf/ rlvwef;? tv,f

wef;? txufwef;tqifh tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;wGif usm;? r wef;wlnDrQrI&Sdjcif;ESifh tqifh

jrifhynma&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ &mckdifEIef; ykdrkdjrifhrm;jcif;ukd pOf;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;?

trsKd;om; vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;rsm; jcm;em;jcif;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ wpf0ufwysuf

tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;wkdYrSm pkd;&drfp&mjzpfygonf/ ,if;tajctaeonf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ynm

a&;ESifh tvkyfvkyfukdifrItMum; uGm[csufukd avhvmqef;ppfrI ykdrkdvkyfaqmif&ef awmif;qkdae

ouJhokdY trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm; jynfhpkHpGm r&&Sdjcif;ESifh pOfqufrjywf vlYpGrf;tm; zGHUNzdK;

wkd;wufrItwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfukd taumif;qkH; tokH;rjyKEkdifjcif;wkdYukdvnf;

ñTefjyvsuf&Sdygonf/

130 Department of Population. 2015. Myanmar Census 2014. Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. touf 15 ESpfESifhtxuftwGuf tvkyform;tiftm;yg0ifrIu 63 'or 4 &mckdifEIef;- 81 'or 7

&mckdifEIef;ESifh 47 'or 1 &mckdifEIef;jzpfNyD; 15 ESpfrS 64 twGuf 67 &mckdifEIef;&Sdum trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf 85 'or

2 &mckdifEIef;ESifh trsK;dorD;rsm;twGuf 50 'or 5 &mckdifEIef;&Sdonf/ pkpkaygif; tvkyform;tiftm;yg0ifrIEIef;rSm

&ckdifjynfe,fwGif tenf;qHk;jzpfum 58 'or 8 &mckdifEIef;&SdNyD; trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf 83 'or 2 &mckdifEIef;&Sdum

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf 38 'or 1 &mckdifEIef;&Sdonf/ (jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf

tenf;qHk;jzpfonf) pmrsufESm 29/

131 trsKd;orD;tvkyform;tiftm;yg0ifrIrSm a'owGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf tMurf;zsif; wlnDonf/ vmtdkwGif 50 'or 2

&mckdifEIef;? uarÇm'D;,m;wGif 43 'or 5 &mckdifEIef;ESifh AD,uferfwGif 40 'or 4 &mckdifEIef;&SdaMumif; jrefrm taMumif;t&mtvkduf

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrI 2011 wGif yg0ifaom 2011? axmifpkESpfzGHUNzdK;a&;yef;wkdifrsm; atmifjrifjcif;/ pmrsufESm 23/


tvkyftukdif&SdolESifh vlOD;a&tcsKd;

tvkyftukdif&&SdolESifh vlOD;a&tcsKd;rSm tvkyfvkyfukdifEkdifaom t&G,f vlOD;a&teuf

tvkyf&SdoltcsKd;jzpfNyD; 2005 ckESpfrS 2010 ckESpf jynfhESpftwGif; 54.3 &mckdifEIef;rS 57.1

&mckdifEIef;okdY wkd;wufcJhygonf/132 ¤if;tcsKd;onf (Z,m;-2.7) aus;vufa'orsm;wGif NrdKUjy

a'orsm;xuf ykdrkdjrifhrm;aomfvnf; umvwpfavQmuf wkd;wufrIEIef;wGif NrdKUjya'oonf

aus;vufa'oxuf ykdrkdjrifhrm;ygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tvkyftukdiftcsKd;rSm rsm;pGm edrfhus

aomfvnf; wkd;wufrIEIef;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;xuf trsKd;orD;rsm;u ESpfqjrifhrm;ygonf/133

Z,m; 2.7/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tvkyftukdif&SdolESifh vlOD;a&tcsKd; (2004-2005 ESifh 2009-2010) (%)2004–2005 2009–2010 % ajymif;vJrI

NrdKUjy 46.3 49.7 7.2

aus;vuf 57.3 59.8 4.4

trsdK;om; 66.6 69.0 3.6

trsdK;orD; 43.1 46.3 7.3

pkpkaygif; 54.3 57.1 5.1

Zmpfjrpf - tpD&ifcHpm (2005 ESifh 2010)

þñTef;udef;\ tedrfhqkH;wefzkd;rsm;udk &ckdifjynfe,f (46.2 &mckdifEIef;)? &efukefwkdif;a'o

BuD; (47.9 &mckdifEIef;)? ucsifjynfe,f (49.1 &mckdifEIef;)ESifh weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD; (51.1

&mckdifEIef;)wkdYwGif avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/134

trsKd;om;tqifhqifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIjyrsOf;atmuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfukdifol tcsKd; okdYr[kwf

tvkyfvkyfvsuf qif;&Jolrsm;\ tcsKd;rSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol[k owfrSwfcH&aom tdrfaxmifpk0if

tvkyftukdif&Sdolrsm;\tcsKd;jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif¤if;tcsKd;onf2005ckESpfrS2010

jynfhESpftwGif; 32.3 &mckdifEIef;rS 25.5 &mckdifEIef;okdY usqif;cJhygonf/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGif

¤if;tcsKd;ykdrkdjrifhrm;aMumif;avhvmawGU&Sd&ítrsKd;om;rsm;xuftrsKd;orD;rsm;wGif¤if;tcsKd;

usqif;rIEIef; ykdrkdrsm;jym;ygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jzpfay:rIt& csif;jynfe,fonf tvkyfvkyfvsuf

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144 A[kdpm&if;tif;tzJGU? 2010? NrefrmEldifiHtrsdK;orD;ESifhuav;oli,frsm;pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm;? aeNynfawmf?

tvkyform;a&;&mXme/

UN

FPA


wpfqifh tvkyftukdif&SmazGol ta&twGufwGif trsKd;orD;ta&twGufu ykdrkdrsm;jym;ygonf/

txl;ojzifh tpkd;&Xme&mxl;rsm;okdY avQmufxm;&mwGif jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm-EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;

Xme 2012 ckESpf\ vpfvyfaom &mxl;ae&m 50 twGuf) avQmufvTmwifoGif;olpkpkaygif;

2ç400 teuf 2ç000 onf trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpfygonf/145 ¤if;&mxl;ae&mrsm;wGiftrsKd;orD;ta&

twGufrnfrQcefYxm;aMumif;ESifhywfoufíowif;tcsuftvufrsm;r&&Sdyg/¤if;tcsufrsm;u

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf (ta&twGuftm;jzifh) ykdrkdrsm;jym;aom (t&nftaoG;tm;jzifh) aumif;

rGefodu©m&Sdaom tvkyftukdifrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;rnfh rl0g'rsm;ESifh tpDtpOfrsm; vkdtyfaMumif;

ñTefjyvsuf&Sdonf/

Z,m; 2.10/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tvkyfvufrJhrIEIef; (%)

Zmpfjrpf- tvkyform;OD;pD;Xme? A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJU? 2009 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiH\

uav;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ pm&if;tcsuftvuf tajctae? 2009? pmrsufESm 25/

Z,m; 2.11/ tvkyfvufrJhEIef; (touf 15 ESpfESifhtxuf)? 2010 (%)

jynfe,f^wkdif;a'oBuD; jynfaxmifpk

2010

tvTm usm;?rpkpkaygif;

NrdKUjy aus;vuf usm; r

ucsif 3.2 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.3

u,m; 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5

u&if 1.9 1.0 1.5 0.6 1.1

csif; 2.3 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.0

ppfudkif; 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6

weoFm&D 2.7 2.4 1.7 3.5 2.4

yJcl; 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9

yJcl; (ta&SU) 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.5

yJcl; (taemuf) 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

rauG; 3.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6

rEÅav; 2.1 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.0

rGef 2.4 1.6 1.0 2.8 1.7

&cdkif 7.2 6.5 5.1 9.5 6.7

145 atmufaNcrSwfpk 14/

ESpf trsdK;om; trsdK;orD; pkpkaygif;

2008 3.7 4.6 4.0

2009 3.7 4.6 4.0

2010 3.7 4.6 4.0

2011 3.7 4.6 4.0

2012 3.7 4.6 4.0

2013 3.7 4.6 4.0



jynfe,f^wkdif;a'oBuD; jynfaxmifpk

2010

tvTm usm;?rpkpkaygif;

NrdKUjy aus;vuf usm; r

&efukef 5.3 2.1 4.5 4.4 4.4

&Srf; 2.7 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0

&Srf; (awmif) 3.5 0.6 1.1 1.7 1.4

&Srf; (ajrmuf) 2.0 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6

&Srf; (ta&SU) 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8

{&m0wD 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6

jynfaxmifpk2010 3.5 1.1 1.5 1.9 1.7

2010? touf15 -24 9.8 2.4 3.3 4.1 3.6

2010? touf25 - 59 2.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0

Zmpfjrpf - IHLCA ppfwrf;? ZGef? 2010? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItajctae? Z,m; 2.8? pmrsufESm 54/

vkyfcuGmjcm;rIrsm;

ysrf;rQtm;jzifh vkyfief;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfí trsKd;orD;rsm;\ wpfem&Dvkyfc

tcsKd;rSm tcsdefumvwpfavQmuf usqif;vmaomfvnf; (Z,m;-12) 90 &mckdifEIef;jzifh jrifhrm;

aeqJjzpfonf/ vkyfief;tvkdufESifh tvkyftukdiftvkduf usm;? r cGJjcm;rI? vlYt&if;tESD; odkYr[kwf

ukefxkwfpGrf;&nf jcm;em;csufrsm;onf tjiif;yGm;zG,f vkyfcjcm;em;&&SdrIukd jzpfaponfhtaMumif;

tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/

Z,m; 2.12/ vkyfief;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfí trsKd;orD; ykHrSefvkyfom;rsm;\ wpfem&DvkyfctcsKd; (2000-2008)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

"mwfowåK? a&T? aiG ESifh

ausmufrsuf&wem

wl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;

117.6 96.8 103.2 103.1 98.3 97.8 96.0 106.3 107.8

ukefacsmypönf;xkwfvkyfjcif; 153.9 91.9 93.9 88.9 90.9 88.9 96.4 87.6 87.8

aqmufvkyfa&; 113.1 118.4 119.2 119.3 107.6 103.8 95.5 92.3 94.7

o,f,lykdYaqmifjcif;?

okdavSmifykdYaqmifjcif;ESifh

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;

136.5 89.5 88.3 99.2 104.6 99.6 99.0 95.0 88.5

Zmpfjrpf- ILO LABORSTA \ vkyfom;tajccHpm&if; (vkyfom;qkdif&mvkyfief;? Xmeppfwrf;) (Labour Related Establishment

Survey) rS &&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;rS wGufcsufrIrsm;tay: tajccHygonf/


v,f,m? pufrI? ukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIESifh 0efaqmifrIu@wkdYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tvkyfESifh ywfoufí usm;? r tajccH qef;ppfrI

v,f,mESifh aus;vuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIrsm;

v,f,mu@onf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;\ t"dutpdwftykdif;jzpfí oD;ESHpkdufysKd;jcif;?

wd&pämefarG;jrLjcif;? opfESifh opfawmxGufypönf; xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh a&vkyfief;vkyfukdifjcif;wkdY

yg0ifygonf/ aus;vufjynfolrsm;onf v,f,mrSty tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&muf

vkyfukdifaeMuygonf/¤if;u@rsm;teufu@wpfckcsif;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;onfta&;ygaom

tcef;rSm yg0ifygonf/146 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rItwGuf jrifhrm;aom tdrf

xmifpkOD;a&tcsKd;rSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;ukd rSDckdae&ygonf/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;ukd rSDckdaeonfh

aus;vufa'o&Sd vlOD;a&onf cefYrSef;ajc 25.72 oef; &Sdygonf/147 2010 ckESpfwGif pkaygif;

azmfjyonfh udef;*Pef;t& awmifolv,form;OD;a&\ t"duusaom tpdwftykdif;rSm trsKd;

orD;rsm;jzpfNyD; &mckdifEIef;tm;jzifh 51 &mckdifEIef;&Sdygonf/148 v,f,majr rykdifonfh tdrf

axmifpk pkpkaygif; 5.4 oef;teuf tdrfaxmifpk 816ç000 okdYr[kwf 15.06 &mckdifEIef;rSm

trsKd;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; jzpfí tdrfaxmifpkav;oef; okdYr[kwf 84.95

&mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; jzpfMuygonf/149

wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh aumuf,l&&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;u ñTefjyonf

rSmv,f,mvkyfom;tiftm;pkpkaygif;\92&mckdifEIef;onf¤if;wkdYykdifqkdifaomv,f,majr

rsm;wGif pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifMuNyD; 20 &mckdifEIef;cefYonf tjcm;olrsm;ykdifonfh ajr,may:wGif

vkyfukdifMuygonf/150 ysrf;rQajrykdifqkdifrIonf 4.4 {u jzpfygonf/151 2010 ckESpfwGif wpf

EkdifiHvkH;&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ 61 &mckdifEIef;onf v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;wGif

tvkyfvkyfukdifMuNyD; ¤if;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ 67 &mckdifEIef;onf wm&Snfqif;&JEGrf;yg;aom

146 2012 ckESpfwGif xkwfvkyfrIta&twGuft& EdkifiH\ trsm;qHk;pm;aom pm;aomufukef 10 ckwGif EdkifiH\ t"du pm;ukefjzpfaom

qefrSm 28 wef&SdNyD; trsm;qHk;pdkufysKd;aom oD;ESHjzpfonf/ qefrSm pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukefrsm;wGif trsm;qHk;wifydkYaom

vlokH;ukefvnf; jzpfonf/ 'kwd,ESifh wwd,trsm;qHk; xkwfvkyfonfht&mrsm;rSm BuHESifh [if;oD;[if;&GufjzpfNyD; 9 'or

69 wefESifh 3.97 wef toD;oD;&SdMuonf/ tjcm;pm;aomufukefrsm;wGif yJrsm;? oD;ESHrsm;? ajymif;zl;? ajryJ? vwfqwfaom

EGm;EdkY? MuufoGefeDESifh Muufom;wkdY yg0ifonf/ trftifefyDtD;'D\ vpOf pD;yGm;a&;tñTef;rsm;t& ajymif;zl;ESifh rwfyJ? yJwDpdrf;?

yJpOf;iHkpaom yJrsm;tjyif ESrf;? MuufoGefeDESifh refusnf;oD;rSm EkdifiHjcm;odkYwifydkYaom xdyfwef; pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukef 10

rsKd;wGif yg0ifonf/ tpm;tpmwifydkYrIu 2012-2013 vloHk;ukefukefoG,fa&;\ 22 &mcdkifEIef;cefY&Sdonf/ http://faostat.fao.org/CountryProfiles/Country_Profile/Direct.aspx?lang=en&area=28 ESifh Z,m; 7/ EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI\

t"duu vloHk;ukefukefrsm; wifydkYrI ]]a&G;cs,fxm;aom vpOf pD;yGm;a&;tnTef;rsm;}} https://www.mnped.gov.mm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=112&lang

147 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. 2010. Myanmar Census of Agriculture of 2010 Supplementary Module SLRD. Nay Pyi Taw.




151atmufajcrSwfpk147/tdrfaxmifpkv,f,mtvkyfwGifpdkufysKd;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\rdom;pk0ifrsm;

(trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;?10ESpfESifhtxuf)\vkyftm;yg0ifonf/¤if;wkdYupdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukefrsm;ESifhqufpyfvkyfaqmifrIrsm;

yg0ifonf/ trsKd;om;a&m trsKd;orD;yg tdrfaxmifpk v,f,mtvkyftay:tm;xm;aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk OD;aqmifMuonf/



tajctaewGif aexkdifMuygonf/152¤if;qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;\33&mckdifEIef;

onf ajr,mrJhrsm;jzpfygonf/153 jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ef; ajr,mrJhrIonf a'otvkduf odomxif

&Sm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ awmifwef;a'owGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ av;ykHwpfykH 26

&mckdifEIef;onf ajr,mvufvSrf;rrDonfh ajr,mrJhrsm; jzpfygonf/ jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o?

urf;½kd;wef;a'orsm;wGif ajr,mrJhrIrSm 72 &mckdifEIef; &Sdygonf/ *D&drkefwkdif;'PfcH&onfh

a'orsm;wGif erlemppfwrf;t& ajr,mrJh tdrfaxmifpktcsKd;rSm 68 &mckdifEIef;txd jrifhrm;

ygonf/154 ajr,mrJhtdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf b0&Sifoefa&;twGuf usyef;tvkyftukdifrsm;?

v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;rSty tjcm;tvkyftukdifrsm; (okdYr[kwf) tjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdonfh tvkyftukdif

rsm;ukd rSDckdtm;xm;avh&Sdygonf/155

ajr,mvufvSrf;rDrIESifh ajr,mykdifqkdifrI

ajr,monf v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;wGif ta&;BuD;qkH;aom ukefxkwft&if;tESD;jzpfNyD;

ajr,mvufvSrf;rDrI? pDrHcefYcGJcGifhESifh ykdifqkdifcGifhuif;rJhjcif;onf trsKd;orD; v,folrrsm;twGuf

t"dut[efYtwm;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ 2010 ckESpf v,f,moef;acgifpm&if;aumufjcif;

rjyKrD ESpftwGif; tvkyfvkyfaom tdrfaxmifpk0ifOD;a&pkpkaygif;rSm 18.09 &mckdifEIef; jzpfyg

onf/ ¤if;pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf\ 49.95 &mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpfNyD; 50.05

&mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;om;rsm; jzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif tvkyform; 18.1 oef;\ 86.50

&mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS jzpfNyD; usefta&twGufonf

trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS jzpfygonf/156 ukd,fykdifajr,mwGif vkyfukdifonfh

152 UNDP. 2011. IHLCA in Myanmar: Poverty Dynamics Report. Yangon.153 atmufajcrSwfpk 152/

154 Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund. 2012. Baseline Survey Results. Yangon.155 atmufajcrSwfpk 154/


UN

FPA


vlOD;a&tcsKd;rSm trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrf

axmifpkrsm;twGuf 92.8 &mckdifEIef; (1.5 oef;cefY)ESifh 92.8 &mckdifEIef; (2.3 oef;cefY)

toD;oD;jzpfojzifh wlnDeD;yg;&Sdygonf/157 tjcm;olykdifqkdifaom ajr,mwGif vkyfukdifonfh

tdrfaxmifpk0if OD;a&tcsKd;wGifvnf; trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk0ifrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;

OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk0iftcsKd;rsm; wlnDvkeD;yg;jzpfNyD; 19.3 &mckdifEIef; (3 oef;)ESifh 19.3

&mckdifEIef; (3.5 oef;cefY) toD;oD; &SdMuygonf/158

wpfbuf pmrsufESmyg Z,m; 2.13 u azmfjyonfrSm wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh

awmifol v,form; tdrfaxmifpk 10 pkwGif 9 pkonf ajr,m vufvSrf;rDygonf/

¤if;awmifolv,form; tdrf axmifpkrsm;\ 90 &mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom

tdrfaxmifpkrsm; jzpfNyD; 10 &mckdif EIef;onf trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; jzpfygonf/

trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrf axmifpkrsm;\ 98 &mckdifEIef;onf ajr,mvufvSrf;rDNyD;

trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpk rsm;wGifrl 61 &mckdifEIef;om ajr,mvufvSrf;rDygonf/

Z,m; 2.13/ tdrfaxmifpktrsKd;tpm;tvkduf oD;ESHpkdufysKd;ajrykdifqkdifonfh tdrfaxmifpktrsKd;tpm;? 2010

tdrfaxmifpk

trsdK;tpm;

pkpkaygif;

ta&twGuf

oD;ESHpkdufysKd;ajr

ykdifqkdifonfh tdrfaxmifpk

ta&twGuf

&mckdifEIef;

trsKd;om;

OD;aqmifaom

tdrfaxmifpk

4,604,072 4,489,986 97.5

trsKd;orD;

OD;aqmifaom

tdrfaxmifpk

815,685 496,701 60.9

tdrfaxmifpk pkpkaygif; 5,419,757 4,986,687 92.0

Zmpfjrpf- v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme? MOAI, SLRD 2010 aemufqufwGJtykdif; \ jrefrmv,f,moef;acgifpm&if;

(Ministry of Agriculture Myanmar Census of Agriculture of 2010 Supplemently Module SLRD, MOAI)

xkdYjyif ajr,mykdifqkdifrI t&G,ftpm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;tMum; nDrQrI r&Sdyg/

trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkwpfpk ysrf;rQykdifqkdifonfh ajr,mwpfuGufonf 6.5

{u jzpfNyD; trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkwpfpk ysrf;rQykdifqkdifonfh ajr,mwpfuGuf

t&G,ftpm;rSm 5.3 {ujzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkwpfpkvQif

ysrf;rQ pkdufysKd;ajruGuf 3.7 uGuf ykdifqkdifí trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom tdrfaxmifpkwpfpkrSm 4.2

uGuf ykdifqkdifygonf/ ajr,mykdifqkdifonfh t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;vmonfESifhtrQ trsKd;om;ESifh

trsKd;orD;tMum; ajr,mykdifqkdifrItcsKd; uGm[csufvnf; BuD;rm;vmygonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ajr,mvufvSrf;rDrIESifh ajr,mykdifqkdifcGifhrsm;rSm vGefpGm tmrcHcsuf

uif;rJhvmygonf/159



159 United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Undated. Country Profile: Property Right and Resource Governance -- Burma. http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_Tenure_Burma_Profile.pdf



Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m pkd;&drfzG,f&mrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;pGm &Sdygonf/ 2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

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qufpyfonfh trsm;qkH;aom tvkyfrsm;ukd trsKd;orD;rsm;u vkyfukdif&ygonf/ þtvkyfwGif

omreftm;jzifh ysKd;axmifjcif;? jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;? aygif;oifjcif;? aumufpkdufjcif;? &dwfodrf;cl;

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rsm;wGif 2009 ckESpfü jyKvkyfonfh uGif;qif;okawoewpfcku trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;


161 P. Alexander. 2012. Assessment of Gender for UNDP Myanmar Programme, 2013–2015. Yangon: UNDP. p. 15.



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tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdygonf/167

162 UNDP. 2012. Gender Analysis of Villages Around Inle Lake. Yangon. Unpublished.163 e,fpyfaus;&Gmrsm;wGifaexkdifolrsm;rSm ckd;rI? rl;,pfaq;rsm;? ajry#dyu©rsm;? vHkNcHKa&;ESifh tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&; jyóemrsm;?

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ydkYaqmifa&;rS wpfqifh qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefvmonf/ 0if;rsKd;ol (2012 ckESpf) wGif Munfhyg/ K. Kusakabe, ed. Gender, Roads, and Mobility in Asia. Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.




167 Win Myo Thu. 2012. Impact of Cross-Border Road Construction on the Livelihoods of Women and Men in Kyaing Tong-Tachilek, Myanmar. In K. Kusakabe, ed. Gender, Roads, and Mobility in Asia. Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing. pp. 96–108.


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170 UNDP. 2012. Gender Analysis of Villages Around Inle Lake. Yangon. Unpublished.

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174 www.pactworld.org/sites/default/files/PGMF%202%20pager.pdf. wGif Munfhyg/



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176 Oyrm - http://www.ntfpuppermm.com/ udk Munfhyg/


178 Z,m; 7/ t"du vloHk;ukefwifydkYrI? a&G;cs,fxm;aom vpOfpD;yGm;a&;tñTef;wGif EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI? trftifefyD tD;'D/ https://www.mnped.gov.mm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=112&lang=en

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Munfhyg/ http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ad497e/ad497e00.htm#Contents



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&Sdygonf/182

180 Aung Min and K. Kudo. 2012. New Government’s Initiatives for Industrial Development in Myanmar. In H. Lim and Y. Yamada, eds. 2012. Economic Reforms in Myanmar: Pathways and Prospects. BRC Research Report No. 10. Bangkok: Bangkok Research Centre, IDE-JETRO.


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Munfhyg/ ADB. 2012. Myanmar in Transition: Opportunities and Challenges. Manila.


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183 ILO. 2003. Facts on Small-Scale Mining. www.ilo.org/global/resources/WCMS_067582/lang--en/index.htm.

184 http://www.earthrights.org/publication/mining-gender-and-environment-burma185 atmufajcrSwfpk 184/

186 Centre for Women in Politics and Public Leadership. 2012. The Pathway Forward: Creating Gender Inclusive Leadership in Mining and Resources. Ottawa: Carleton University.


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191 G.R. Shrestha. 2012. UNDP Programming for Rural Energy and Environmental Conservation in Myanmar, 2013- 2015 (Challenges and Opportunities). Yangon.

192 MercyCorps. 2011. Myanmar Energy Poverty Survey. Yangon.193 atmufajcrSwfpk 144/

194 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Undated. Gender and Bioenergy. http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/k0ESGY/IUCN percent20BioEnergy percent20Factsheet.pdf.

195 WHO. 2011. Indoor Air Pollution and Health. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/.


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196 A.J. Bradbrook, and J.G. Gardam. 2006. Placing Access to Energy Services within a Human Rights Framework. Human Rights Quarterly 28. pp. 389–415.

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wefzdk; % wefzdk; % wefzdk; % wefzdk; %

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tom;wifxkwfvkyfrIESifh

0efaqmifrIwefzkd; (GDP)2,552.7 100.0 12,286.9 100.0 39,776.8 100.0 51,727.3 100.0

Zmpfjrpf- ADB 2013 ? tm&SESifh ypdzdwfa'otwGuf t"duñTef;udef;rsm;-jrefrm

pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tcsufrSm NrdKUjytif*sifeD,m tvkyftukdifuJhokdY trsKd;om;

rsm; BuD;pkd;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif i,f&G,fol trsKd;orD;rsm; ykdrkd0ifa&muf

vkyfukdifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ rMumao;rDu jyKpkonfh pmwrf;wpfckt& &efukefenf;ynmwuúokdvf

203 Heang Chhor et al. 2013. Myanmar’s Moment: Unique Opportunities, Major Challenges. McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/insights/asia-pacific/myanmars_moment.


rS NrdKUjytif*sifeD,m ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 285 a,mufwGif 90 &mckdifEIef;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;

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wnfaqmufonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfukdifonfh trsKd;orD;ta&twGuf wjznf;jznf;wkd;

wufvmygonf/206

pufrIvufrIu@ jr§ifhwif&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiH\ t"ducsrSwfxm;aom r[mAsL[mrSm

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&m tcGifhtvrf;udk ykdifqkdifxm;ygonf/

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EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; pD;0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ 2011 b@mESpftwGif; v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u@?

aqmufvkyfa&;u@? pufrIZkef? tdrfNcHajrvkyfief;ESifh tjcm;0efaqmifrIu@wkdYwGif EkdifiHjcm;wkduf

½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI r&Sdjcif;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfygonf/207 EkdifiHtwGif; EkdifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jrifhwufjcif;ESifhtwl u@opfrsm;wGifomru wnf&SdqJ vkyfief;u@rsm;wGif

204 K. Suga. 2013. In Myanmar, Women Build the Country. Nikkei Asian Review. 19 December. http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20131219-Power-play/Business/In-Myanmar-women-build-the-country.

205 Myanmar Comprehensive Education Sector Review (CESR) Phase 1: Rapid Assessment, 2012 –2014.206 S. Seguino. 1997. Gender Wage Inequality and Export-Led Growth in South Korea. The Journal of Development

Studies. 34 (2).207 atmufajcrSwfpk 206/



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208 Khin Hnin Phyu. 2012. Negotiating the Trade Route at the Border: A Case Study of Women Small-Scale Cross-Border Traders in Myitkyina, Myanmar. In K. Kusakabe, ed. Gender, Roads, and Mobility in Asia. Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby,UK: Practical Action Publishing. pp. 121–134.



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tvkyfvkyfukdifavh&Sdygonf/210

aus;vufa'orsm;ü trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdaetdrf? &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf;ESifh v,f,majr

209 KPMG. 2012. Infrastructure in Myanmar. Yangon. www.kpmg.com/MM/en/.../Documents/Infrastructure-in-Myanmar.

210 ADB. 2013. Gender Toolkit: Transport – Maximizing the Benefits of Improved Mobility for All. Manila.


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Zmpfjrpf - UN Women 2012 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojamn (0efBuD;csKyf\ aus;vuf vrf;qufoG,frI)

aus;vufvrf;qufoG,frIwGif usm;? r tajccHrItm; xif&Sm;apjcif;/

AD

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Zmpfjrpf - ADB.2010, Cambodia: Rural Roads Improvement Project Manila



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216 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. 2012. Myanmar Tourism Statistics 2012. http://www.myanmartourism.org/tourismstatistics.htm

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Zmpfjrpf - ADB.2011.Vietnam: Ho chi Minh City Urban Mass Rapid Transit Line2 Investment Program). Manila


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217 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. 2013. Myanmar Tourism Master Plan, 2013–2020, Final Draft Report 2013. Nay Pyi Taw.

218 2013 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufwGif MoLESS ESifh awGUqHkjcif;/

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2 oef;rS 4 oef;avmuftxdyif rsm;jym;Ekdifonf/ 2013 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufü The Economist wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/05/myanmars-remittances

221 tvkyform;? tvkyftukdifESifh vlrIzlvkHa&;0efMuD;XmerS tcsuftvuf/

222 J.W. Huguet, and A. Chamratrithirong, eds. Thailand Migration Report 2011. Bangkok: International Organization for Migration. www.migrationcenter.mahidol.ac.th/download/TMR-2011.pdf.

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223 3/27/DLA (Work-3) 2012 (001), issued on 1 January 2012; and 3/27/DLA(Work-3) 2011 (12124), issued 28 December 2011. Cited in A. Hall. 2013. Migration and Myanmar: Exploratory Research on Recruitment Channels. Bangkok. February.


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224 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2012. The Least Developed Countries Report 2012: Harnessing Remittances and Diaspora Knowledge to Build Productive Capacities. Geneva. p. 51. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ldc2012_en.pdf.


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226 R. Pearson, and K. Kusakabe. 2012. Burmese Migrant Women Factory Workers. Thailand’s Hidden Workforce, Asian Arguments. London and New York: Zed Books.

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Director) taejzifh rSwfykHwifavh&SdNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (Director) rsm;om

227 Nyi Nyi. 2013. Levels, Trends and Patterns of Internal Migration in Myanmar. Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of Immigration and Population and UNFPA.

228 I. Okomoto. 2009. Issues Affecting Movement of Rural Labour in Myanmar: Rakhine Case Study. IDE Discussion Papers #206. Yangon.

229 Chaw Chaw. 2003. Rural Women Migrating to Urban Garment Factories in Myanmar. In M. Kaosaard, and J. Dore, eds. Social Challenges for the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Social Research Institute, Chiang Mai University. pp. 203–224.



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230 Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry. 2012. The Role of Republic of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Myanmar Business. Brochure. For members, see www.umfcci.com.mm/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/April-2015.pdf.


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rsm;twGufomqkdaom &mxl;pm&if; yg0ifygonf/232





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233 Food Security Working Group’s Land Core Group. 2012. Legal Review of Recently Enacted Farmland Law and Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law: Improving the Legal and Policy Frameworks Relating to Land Management in Myanmar. Yangon

UN

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237 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2011. Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011. Geneva. www.efareport.unesco.org. See also: www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/MDG2010_Facts_and_Figures_EN.pdf.



240 E. Gakidou et al. 2010. Increased Education Attainment and Its Effects on Child Mortality in 175 Countries Between 1970 and 2009: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet. 376. pp. 959–974. http://globalhealthcenter.umn.edu/documents/educationalattainment-lancet2010.pdf.


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243 R. Hausmann, L. Tyson, and S. Zahidi. 2008. The Global Gender Gap Report 2008. Geneva: World Economic Forum. p.22. Cited at www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Government---Public-Sector/Women-in-the-workplace---Unleashingthe-power-of-women-entrepreneurs.

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245 J.J. Heckman. 2006. Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children. Science. 312 (5782) pp.1900–1902.

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tqifh 3 (2015 ESpf0ufwGif NyD;pD;rnf[k arQmfvifh&onf) u tpdk;&ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; ygwemrsm;u jyKvkyfaom u@wpfavQmuf

tpDtpOfuseNyD; OD;pm;ay;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk vrf;jy&ef aiGaMu;tukeftusrsm;aom trsKd;om;ynma&;u@tpDtpOf

(tifeftD;tufpfyD) wGif tpdk;&aazmfxkwfrIudk axmufyHhvdrhfrnf/


a&S;OD;t&G,f uav;oli,fjyKpkapmifha&Smufa&;qkdif&m arQmfrSef;csuf AsL[m 10 &yf csrSwfum

t&nftaoG;? tkyfcsKyfrI? vufvSrf;rDrIrsm; ykdrkdtm;aumif;&ef aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ 2016 ckESpf

ynmoifESpfrS pNyD; toufig;ESpft&G,f rlBudKukd tajccHynma&;\ tpdwftykdif;wpfcktjzpf

jyefvnfzGJUpnf;apjcif;onf tpkd;&\ tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfrnf[laom

uwdu0wfukd xif[yfapygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh a&S;OD;t&G,f uav;oli,fapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh zGHUYNzdK;wkd;wufa&;

tpDtpOf (ECCD) ukd vufvSrf;rDEkdifrIrSm tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvkdufygu tvGefedrfhusaeyg

ao;onf/ 2012 ckESpfwGif okH;? av;ESpft&G,f uav;rsm;\ ,if;tpDtpOfukd vufvSrf;rDrIonf

tmqD,Ha'owGif 57 &mckdifEIef; &Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 22 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdygonf/ rdef;

uav;rsm;\ ausmif;0ifrIonf a,musfm;av;rsm;xuf enf;yg;NyD; NrdKUjy? aus;vuf? a0;vHa'o

tvkduf uGmjcm;rIrsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/ jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;tMum; uGmjcm;rIrSm tvGef

odomxif&Sm;ygonf/ jynfe,frsm;wGif u&ifjynfe,fonf ausmif;0ifEIef; tjrifhqkH;jzpfNyD;

60.7 &mckdifEIef;&Sdum &ckdifjynfe,fonf tedrfqkH;jzpfNyD; 5.4 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdygonf/ 250

a&S;OD;t&G,f uav;oli,fapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;tpDtpOfukd roefpGrf;uav;

i,ftcsKdUom vufvSrf;rDEkdifaMumif;ukd uav;i,frsm;u azmfjycJhMuygonf/251

Z,m; 3.1/ ynma&;tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;rS ausmif;ol (trsKd;orD;) &mckdifEIef; (2009)ynma&;tqifh ausmif;ol&mckdifEIef;

tajccHynmrlvwef; (*&dwf 1-5) 49.4

tajccHynmtv,fwef; (*&dwf 6-9) 49.8

tajccHynmtxufwef; (*&dwf 10-11)* 51.8

pmudk; - Handbook on Human Resources, Development Indicators 2009, Department of Labour

vuf&SdumvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH rlvwef;ynma&;\ t"duusaom atmifjrifrIwpfckrSm

ausmif;0ifEIef;wGif usm;? r yg0ifrItcsKd; nDrQjcif;jzpfygonf/ Z,m; 3.1 wGif ynma&;tqifh

wkdif;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifEIef;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/ bufpkHynma&;u@ jyefvnfokH;oyfrI CESR

wGif ynma&;u@\ ta&;ygaom ½Iaxmifhrsm;wGif usm;? r cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;aom okH;oyfcsuf

rsm;ukd &&SdcJhygonf/ okdY&mwGif txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynma&;NyD;ajrmufrIESifh ynma&;

\ t&nftaoG;ponfh tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEkdifajc tvGefenf;ygonf/

Z,m; 3.2/ tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;ESifh ausmif;xGufaom uav;oli,f touftkyfpkESifh vdiftvkdufyg0ifrItcsKd;touftkyfpk tqifh

(tpkd;&\ pH)

wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twm NrdKUjy aus;vuf

pkpkaygif; usm; r usm; r usm; r

(1) rlBudKtouftkyfpk (2-4)

250Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development and UNICEF. 2012. Situation Analysis of Women and Children in Myanmar. Yangon. p. 186.

251 Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. 2014. Myanmar Policy for Early Childhood Care and Development. Nay Pyi Taw. p. 29.



tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.30 0.34 0.12 0.13

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 83% 84% 83% 70% 66% 88% 87%

(2) rlvwef;t&G,f (5-9)

tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.87

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 11% 11% 11% 7% 8% 12% 12%

(3) tv,fwef;t&G,f (10-13)

tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.68 0.74 0.45 0.46

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 18% 17% 18% 10% 8% 19% 21%

(4) txufwef;t&G,f (14-15)

tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.26 0.25 0.27 0.48 0.50 0.19 0.20

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 43% 42% 44% 20% 18% 47% 52%

(5) txufwef;tvGef t&G,f

(5 - 1) 16 rS 19 twGif;

tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.23 0.29 0.07 0.08

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 71% 71% 70% 51% 47% 77% 77%

(5 - 2) 18 rS 21 twGif;

tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;? 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.23 0.27 0.07 0.09

ausmif;0ifrI r&Sd 83% 84% 81% 69% 65% 88% 87%

pmudk;-ADB staff estimates generated from 2009/2010 IHLC Survey data. Note/ / cefYrSef;csufrsm;onfh udef;*Pef; pm&if;Z,m;raocsmrIESifh roufqkdifyg/ (txl; ojzifh cGJjcm;azmfjy&aom tqifhrsm;wGif)

¤if;wkdYonfcefYrSef;tjzpfomxm;oifhygonf/

Z,m; 3.2 wGif azmfjyxm;ouJhokdY IHCLA \ 2009-2010 tcsuftvufrsm;ukd

CESR \ okH;oyfrIrsm;t& tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;tay; usm;? r ESifh touft&G,ftkyfpk

cGJjcm;NyD; okH;oyfcsufrsm;udk &&SdcJhygonf/ Z,m;yg tcsufrsm;t& ausmif;wGif;ynma&;? tom;

wifausmif;0ifEIef;ESifh ausmif;xGufMuonfh touft&G,fukd usm;? r tvkduf aus;vuf? NrdKUjy

uGmjcm;rItvkduf odEkdifygonf/ xkdZ,m;rS usm;? r cGJjcm;xm;aom tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;ukd

vnf; jyoygonf/252 tajccHrlvwef;tqifh tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;onf ausmif;om; (88

252 tifeftD;tm&f (tom;wifpm&if;oGif;jcif;EIef;) rSm owfrSwfxm;aom ynma&;tqifhESifh udkufnDonfh w&m;0if

touft&G,ftkyfpk&Sdaom uav;i,frsm;ESifh vli,frsm;\ ynma&; owfrSwfcsuftqifhudk vTrf;NcHKEdkifaom yrmP

jzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; pkpkaygif; pm&if;oGif;jcif;EIef; (*sDtD;tm&f) wGif touft&G,fudk vspfvsL½Ivsuf

owfrSwfxm;aom ynma&;tqifhwGifh pm&if;oGif;aompkpkaygif;ta&twGufyg0ifonf/ þae&mwGif pmar;yGJusí

aemufwpfESpfjyefwuf&olrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/


&mckdifEIef;)ESifh ausmif;ol (88 &mckdifEIef;)? tajccHynmtv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;wGif ausmif;

om; (52 &mckdifEIef;)ESifh ausmif;ol (53 &mckdifEIef;) &Sdygonf/ trsKd;orD;i,f&G,ftwGuf

ynma&;vufvSrf;rDrIonf wkd;wufrI&Sdojzifh a&&SnfwGif pmwwfajrmufrIEIef; wdk;jr§ifhjcif;ukd

taxmuftuljyKrnf[k arQmfvifhEkdifygonf/ 2011-2012 ckESpf IHCLA tpD&ifcHpmt&

pmwwfajrmufrIEIef;rSm trsKd;om; 96 &mckdifEIef;ESifh trsKd;orD; 89 &mckdifEIef;wkdY jzpfygonf/

okdY&mwGif Z,m; 3.2 wGif azmfjycsuft& tajccHynmtv,fwef;tqifh\ ausmif;

0ifEIef;rSm usm;? r tcsKd; rnDrQrIonfvnf;aumif;? tom;wifausmif;0ifrIEIef;onfvnf; aumif;

a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav;wkdYtay: ta&;BuD;aom tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; &Sdygonf/ 253

tao;pdwfazmfjy&vQif IHCLA ppfwrf; avhvmqef;ppfrI\ tcsuftvufrsm;t& tajccHynm

tv,fwef;tqifh 2009-2010 ckESpf (touf 10-13 ESpfMum;&Sd *&dwf 6-9) ausmif;0ifEIef;

(51 &mckdifEIef;) &SdNyD; txufwef;tqifh (touf 14-15 ESpfMum;&Sd *&dwf 10-11) tom;wif

ausmif;0ifEIef;rSm (26 &mckdifEIef;) atmufokdY usqif;oGm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ,if;tcsuf

onf tv,fwef;tqifhwGif ausmif;rtyfawmhaom? ausmif;xGufMuonf[k ,lqEkdifaom

ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;ta&twGuf yrmP jrifhrm;aMumif;jyoonf/ Oyrm-2009-2010

ckESpf tcsuftvufrsm;t& touf 14-15 ESpftwGif; a,musfm;av; (42 &mckdifEIef;)ESifh rdef;

uav; (44 &mckdifEIef;) ausmif;xGufMuonfukd Munfhygu rdef;uav;rsm;onf txufwef;

tqifh ausmif;0ifEIef;ESifh txufwef;ynmNyD;qkH;rIwGif ykdrkd&SdaeaMumif; ,lq&ygonf/ 254

NrdKUjywGif touf 14-15 ESpf a,musfm;av;rsm;\ ausmif;xGufEIef; 20 &mckdifEIef;onf rdef;

uav;rsm;xuf 18 &mckdifEIef; tenf;i,fjrifhrm;aeaMumif; awGU&onf/

txufZ,m; 3.2 rSm azmfjyxm;onfh udef;*Pef;rsm;onf cefYrSef;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;

,if;Z,m;t& NrdKUjya'orSuav;trsm;pkonf¤if;wkdYtouft&G,fwGif&Sdoifhonfhtwef;

tqifhwGif ausmif;ynma&;oif,laeMuNyD; rlvwef;ynma&;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif tv,fwef;ESifh

txufwef;tqifhwGif vkdtyfcsufrsm;? uGm[csufrsm;ukd ykdrkdawGUvm&ygonf/ NcHKikHMunfhygu

usm;? r yg0ifrItcsKd; wlnDrI&Sdvifhupm; usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrI? ae&ma'oESifh tjcm;½I

axmifhwkdYMum;wGiftjyeftvSeftusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdaMumif;¤if;wkdYuaxmufjyygonf/¤if;

tcsufukd 2009-2010 ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfaom MICS rS awGU&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfaom &efukefNrdKUrS

touf 10-15 ESpf a,musfm;av;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;\ ysrf;rQ 82 &mckdifEIef;onf (tajccH

ynmrlvwef;ausmif;tygt0if)usqif;aeMuaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfe,frS ¤if;touftkyfpk\

wpf0ufausmfausmf rdef;uav;rsm;\ 57 &mckdifEIef;ESifh a,musfm;av;rsm;\ 49 &mckdifEIef;onf

ausmif;xGufMuygonf/ rdef;uav;rsm;\ ausmif;xGufEIef;rSm a,musfm;av;rsm;xuf 8

&mckdifEIef; rsm;aeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ tcsKdU wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,fwkdYwGif touf 10-15

ESpf a,musfm;av;rsm;\ ausmif;xGufEIef;u rdef;uav;rsm;xuf odompGm jrifhrm;ygonf/ 255

xkdYjyif NrdKUjya'owGif rdef;uav;rsm;\ tajctaerSm tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifhwGif

(Oyrm- tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef; ykdrkdjrifhrm;jcif; okdYr[kwf ausmif;xGufEIef;tcsKd; edrfhusjcif;)

253 CESR, ADB, and Australian Aid. 2013. CESR Phase 1 Technical Appendix on the Secondary Education Subsector. Yangon.

254 Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Health, and UNICEF. 2012. Situation Analysis of Children in Myanmar. Yangon. pp. 82–83.




ykdrkdaumif;rGefaMumif; IHLCS ppfwrf;rStcsuftvufrsm;uñTef;jyygonf/¤if;a,bk,stajc

taeonf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ykdrkdodrfarGUygonf/ tom;wifausmif;0ifEIef;wGif rdef;uav;

rsm;u ykdrkdjrifhrm;aomfvnf; ausmif;xGufEIef;wGifvnf; rdef;uav;rsm;onf a,musfm;av;rsm;

xuftenf;i,fykdrkdjrifhrm;ygonf/¤if;tcsufonfa&SUaemufrnDñGwfjcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;

i,f&G,faom rdef;uav;rsm;onf twef;tqifh aemufususefavhr&SdaMumif; ñTefjyvsuf&Sdyg

onf/ tvm;wlaumufcsufukd MICS yg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;u azmfjyygonf/256

ausmif;xGufEIef;ESifh tajccHynm rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;ynma&;tqifh NyD;ajrmufrIEIef;

ausmif;0ifrIEIef;onf ynma&;qkdif&m taMumif;t&mwpfckvkH;\ tpdwftykdif;rQukdom

azmfjyygonf/ CESR avhvmqef;ppfrIonf ynma&;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ynma&;qkdif&m owif;tcsuf

tvufpepf (Education Management Information System-EMIS) ESifh IHLC ukd tajccHaom

tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHNyD; ausmif;ynma&;tqifhtm;vkH;twGuf ynma&;NyD;ajrmufrIEIef;?

uav;rsm; ausmif;rS xGufonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ausmif;xGufonfwkdYukd

avhvm&efjzpfygonf/ IHLCA ESifh EMIS ppfwrf;ESpfckpvkH;u azmfjyonfrSm vwfwavmESpfrsm;

twGif; ynma&;tqifh NyD;ajrmufrIEIef; toifhtwifhwkd;wufrI&Sdaomfvnf; tajccHynmrlvwef;

ynma&;NyD;ajrmufol ig;OD;wGif wpfOD;onf tv,fwef;tqifhynma&;okdY qufvufwuf

a&mufjcif;r&SdbJ tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifh ynma&;wGifvnf; odomaom ausmif;

xGufolOD;a&&Sdonfukd awGU&ygonf/

IHLC avhvmqef;ppfrI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& tBuHjyKonfrSm...

(u) rMumao;rDESpftykdif;tjcm;twGif; ausmif;ae&G,fuav;tkyfpk\ 96 &mckdifEIef;ausmfonf

tedrfhqkH;tajccHynmrlvwef; *&dwf 1 tqifh NyD;ajrmufMuygonf/

(c)¤if;*&dwf1tqifhNyD;ajrmufolrsm;teuf*&dwf3tqifhtxdausmif;xGufoltvGefenf;

yg;NyD; (ykHjyZ,m;rSm tvsm;vkduf wpfajy;nDeDyg; tajctae)? EMIStcsuftvufrsm;ESifh

EIdif;,SOfvQif *&dwftqifh 1 wGif pmoifESpfwpfESpfru oif,l&olEIef; ykdrkdjrifhrm;onf[k

,lqygonf/

(*) EMIS ukd tajccHaom cefYrSef;csufrsm;enf;wl *&dwf 5 tqifh NyD;ajrmufNyD;aemuf ausmif;rS

EkwfxGufMujcif;ukd odompGm awGUjrif&ygonf/257

ykdrkdtao;pdwfaom CESR tqifh 2 avhvmqef;ppfcsufukd qufvufjyKvkyfvsuf&SdNyD;

,if;wkdYudk usm;? r? NrdKUjy? aus;vufukd tajccH cGJjcm;xm;rIrsm;? vlrIpD;yGm;tqifhrsm;t& cGJjcm;

azmfjycsufrsm; &&Sdygrnf/ ykH 3.1 wGif ynma&;NyD;ajrmufrIqkdif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd azmfjy

xm;ygonf/258

ykH-3.1 t& NrdKUjyaeuav;rsm;ESifh qif;&Jaomrdom;pk&Sd uav;rsm;twGif; BuD;rm;aom


257 atmufajcrSwfcsuf 253/

258 þae&mwGif azmfjyxm;aom cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrItwGuf enf;ynmESifh yHk 3.1 udk pDtD;tufpftm&f? at'DbDESifh Australian Aid. (2013) tqifh 1? tv,fwef;ynma&; u@cGJqkdif&m enf;ynm aemufqufwGJ? &efukefwGif tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;onf/

ydkrdktao;pdwfusaom awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk vmrnfh pDtD;tufpftm&f tqifh 2 aemuf qufwGJwGif wifjyay;vdrhfrnf/


uGm[csufudk awGU&onf/ usm;? r a&;&m rnDrQrIqkdif&m qufoG,fcsufrsm;onf vlrIpD;yGm;a&;

tajctaeESifh qufpyfvsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ ykH-1 wGif awGU&Sdcsuft& 2009-2010 ckESpf

twGif; NrdKUjy&Sd vli,ftkyfpkrsm;teuf tMurf;tm;jzifh 93 &mckdifEIef;ESifh 80 &mckdifEIef;onf

rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ynm NyD;qkH;MuNyD; usm;? r Mum; uGm[rItenf;i,fom awGU&Sd&ygonf/

okdY&mwGif txufwef;ynm oif,lonfhtqifhwGif rdef;uav;OD;a&onf a,musfm;av;OD;a&

xuf odompGm jrifhrm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ rwljcm;em;pGm qif;&Jaomrdom;pk&Sd rdef;uav;rsm;

onf a,musfm;av;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfygu rlvwef;tqifh NyD;ajrmufrIwGif tenf;i,frQom

uGm[rI&Sdonf/ (rdef;uav; 71 &mckdifEIef;wGif qif;&Jaoma,musfm;av; 77 &mckdifEIef;)/

qif;&Jaom rdef;uav;tenf;i,frQom tv,fwef;tqifh wufa&mufMuojzifh (rdef;uav;

64 &mckdifEIef;wGif qif;&Jaoma,musfm;av; 69 &mckdifEIef;) uGm[csuf BuD;rm;vmaMumif;

awGU&Sd&onf/ okdY&mwGif txufwef;ynm oif,lrItqifhwGif rdef;uav;OD;a&rSm a,musfm;av;

OD;a&xuf ykdrsm;onfukd awGU&onf/ tqkdyg uGm[csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí CESR qef;ppfavhvm

rIawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ukd aemufykdif;wGif qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf/

ykH-3.1/ twef;ynmNyD;ajrmufrI

Source: ADB staff estimates in cooperation with the CESR Team, using 2009/2010 IHLCS data.



ynma&;\ t&nftaoG;

t&nftaoG;jrifh ynma&;ESifh ynma&;NyD;ajrmufrIwkdYwGif jyóemtenf;i,f&Sdygonf/

2012 ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfaom avhvmcsufwpf&yft& 15 NrdKUe,f&Sd ausmif;tajcjyK a&S;

OD;t&G,f uav;oli,fjyKpkapmifha&Smufa&; 181 ausmif;wGif ESpf&mckdifEIef;om t&nftaoG;

ñTef;udef;ESifh ukdufnDrI&SdNyD; 54 &mckdifEIef;onf tav;xm;vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfaeaMumif;?

oifMum;aom q&mrrsm;\ 24 &mckdifEIef;onf oifwef;wufa&mufxm;jcif; r&SdaMumif;?

ausmif;rsm;\ okH;ykHwpfykHcefYom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; jynfhpkHrI&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ uav;

oli,frsm;\ pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIukdvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ wpf0ufaom

ausmif;rsm;onfom &yf&GmESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI&SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/ rlvwef;

BudKausmif;q&mrrsm;ESifhrdbynmay;oltrsm;pkrSmtrsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfMuNyD;¤if;wkdYtwGufoif

wef;wufa&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;rSm tuefYtowf&Sdaeao;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ (tvkyf

r0ifcifESifh tvkyf0ifNyD; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;twGuf)259

tajccHynmtv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif t&nftaoG;atmifjrifrIqkdif

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261 www.irrawaddy.org/contributor/burmas-sexist-school-requirements-hurt-women-society.html


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2011 214,168 255,684 54 469,852 69,612 95,395 57 35.1%

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265 Through the Quality Basic Education Programme (QBPEP), supported by Australia, Denmark, DFIID, Euro-pean Union, Norway, UNICEF.


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268 The BEAM EDUCATION FOUNDATION udk 'DZifbmv 2009 &ufwGif zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ydkrdktqifhjrifhrm;

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269 BEAM Education. 2012. Statement: Migrant Education System, Thailand and Myanmar. www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/discussion2012/SubmissionsDGDMigration/BEAMEducationFoundation.pdf.

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ESifh oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJvsuf&SdNyD; (toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfwuúokdvfrsm;

tqifhrSm) owif;tcsuftvuftrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;aeygonf/ tjyeftvSefEIdif;,SOfrIjyK&ef IHLCS

2009-2010 ckESpf ppfwrf;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tokH;jyKxm;onfh tajccHtxufwef;ynma&;

vGeftqifhwGif yg0ifrI&mckdifEIef; cefYrSef;csufukd CESR tqifh 2 t& vli,frsm; tqifhjrifhynm

a&;wGif ausmif;0ifEIef;ukd usm;? r? touf? NrdKUjy? aus;vufjzifh Z,m; 3.5 wGif azmfjyxm;yg

onf/

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usm;+r pkpkaygif;tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

11.6%

1.7%

7.1%

1.6%

2.4%

0.8%

usm;tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

10.3%

1.3%

7.5%

1.4%

3.5%

0.6%

rtqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

12.7%

2.1%

6.7%

1.8%

1.4%

1.0%

usm; (NrdKUjy)tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

23.5%

3.5%

14.3%

3.8%

5.9%

1.3%

r (NrdKUjy)tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

28.8%

6.7%

11.4%

3.7%

3.2%

2.1%

usm; (aus;vuf)tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

6.5%

0.7%

5.4%

0.7%

2.6%

0.4%



tkyfpk trsKd;tpm; touf 16-19 touf 20-25 touf 26-30

r (aus;vuf)tqifhjrifhynma&;

uRrf;usifrIoifwef;

8.0%

0.7%

5.1%

1.1%

0.7%

0.5%

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275 EkdifiHwumawG;ac:arQmfjrifrItrsm;pkt& (tay:wGifwifjycJhaom tdkiftdwfcsft,fvfpDtufpf tajccHwGufcsufrIrsm; t&vnf;)

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Z,m; 3.7/ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav;rsm;\ ausmif;xGuf&jcif;taMumif;&if;rsm;IHLCS2-based Estimates for Exit at Different Stages and Reasons, for Cohort of Youth Born From Late 1987–1989

Boys Girls

No primary

(1)

Primary drop-

out (2)

Non-transi-tion to MS (3)

MS drop-

out (4)

Non-transi-tion to HS (5)

Incom-plete or

failed HS (6)

No primary

(1)

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out (2)

Non-transi-tion to MS (3)

MS drop-

out (4)

Non-transi-tion to HS (5)

Incom-plete or

failed HS (6)

Share of cohort 3.4% 10.9% 19.0% 18.0% 7.9% 16.6% 4.3% 14.5% 20.1% 13.6% 4.4% 13.6%Cumulative share of cohort 3.4% 14.3% 33.2% 51.3% 59.2% 75.9% 4.3% 18.7% 38.9% 52.4% 56.8% 70.4%Share of completers not transitioning 22.1% 16.3% 24.8% 9.2%Reasons for nonentry, dropping out or exit:

Costs not affordable 45.3% 38.0% 32.5% 21.8% 28.9% 14.8% 51.9% 44.6% 32.6% 28.2% 20.9% 19.3%Personal illness 4.6% 1.9% 1.9% 1.6% 0.0% 1.8% 10.2% 2.3% 1.7% 2.2% 1.1% 2.5%Lack of interest 30.1% 27.6% 21.7% 33.7% 36.4% 51.4% 22.5% 26.0% 22.8% 32.5% 33.2% 46.1%Married or pregnant 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.7% 3.5% 1.0% 2.9% 4.1%Care for family 4.0% 7.1% 7.8% 7.4% 8.7% 4.5% 7.6% 11.6% 14.0% 15.0% 10.7% 9.5%Agricultural work 10.5% 15.9% 24.3% 21.2% 15.8% 13.0% 3.7% 7.1% 15.5% 11.8% 17.4% 6.7%Other (non-ag.) work 0.0% 6.4% 8.4% 10.9% 8.2% 11.2% 0.2% 6.6% 4.1% 6.0% 8.0% 7.9%School too far 2.1% 1.6% 3.1% 1.7% 1.7% 0.6% 1.1% 0.4% 4.1% 2.5% 5.7% 2.2%No teacher 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%No school supplies 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%No clothing/shoes 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%Bad weather 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%Other reasons/not reported 3.4% 1.5% 0.4% 1.6% 0.3% 0.7% 2.7% 0.7% 1.2% 1.0% 0.0% 1.8%

Number of observations 121 318 517 493 220 459 132 373 512 392 136 378

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qufvufOD;pm; ay;vkyfaqmif&efESifh avhvmqef;ppf&ef vkdtyfygonf/

ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltm;vkH;\ b0wpfoufwmwpfavQmufwGifvnf;aumif;?

ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrI &&Sdap&ef tbufbufrS jynfhpkHaom

csOf;uyfaqmif&GufrI vkdtyfygonf/ xkdokdY csOf;uyfaqmif&Guf&mwGif yg0ifonfh tajccHoabm

w&m;rsm;rSm...

l vufvSrf;rDa&; wef;wlnDrQrI - jrefrmEkdifiHü wkd;wufrIt&SdqkH;ae&m

l tcGifhtvrf;wef;wlnDrQrI - oifhwifhavsmufywfaom oif,lrI

l tusKd;&v'fwef;wlnDrQrI - txl;ojzifh ynma&;tqifh NyD;ajrmufNyD;aemuf vkyfief;cGifokdY

0ifa&muf&mwGif vwfwavm tvkyform;tiftm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI

EIef; edrfhusjcif;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tvkyfvufrJhEIef;u trsKd;om;rsm;xuf ykdrkdjrifhrm;jcif;udk

taxmuftxm;jzifh xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrifEkdifygonf/

ausmif;0ifEIef;wGif usm;? r tcsKd;nDrQrI&Sdjcif;xuf ausmfvGefaom? ynma&;onf trsKd;

orD;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tm; vlrItzGJUtpnf;ESifh tvkyform;aps;uGufwGif yg0ifrIukd uefYowf

xm;aom? bufvkdufrI&Sdaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;\ pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd qufvuftm;ay;rI

r&Sdapa&; aocsmap&eftwGuf ynma&;0efBuD;Xme twGuf omru tpkd;&twGufyg

rl0g'azmfaqmif rIrsm; &Sdygonf/ rnfonfh ynma&;pepfwGifrqkd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\

b0wpfouf wmtwGuf BudKwifavhusifhoif,lEkdif&ef ynma&;\ t&nftaoG;ESifh

xda&mufrIrsm;tay: vTrf;rkd;rI&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufwpfcsufpDtwGuf

usm;? r a&;&m½IaxmifhrS avhvmqef;ppf&efESifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf

pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&efESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&ef vkdtyfygonf/ OyrmtaeESifh usm;? r

a&;&mtjrifjzifh okH;oyf aom pkd;&drfylyefrIrsm;rSm...

l a,musfm;av;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm; ausmif;aejcif;aMumifh ukefusrIrsm; - rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;

twGuf vkdtyfaom tdrfaxmifpktwGif; vkyfcrJh vkyftm;rsm; qkH;½IH;ouJhokdY uav;oli,f

tm; ausmif;ykdYausmif;BudK jyKvkyfay;&onfh rdbrsm;rSmvnf; vkyftm;crsm; qkH;½IH;rI&SdEkdifonf/

287 Canadian International Development Agency.2010. Education and Gender Equality Tip Sheet. Ottawa. Government Canada. P.2.

jzpf&yftcsKdUrSm0ifaiG&SmazGEkdifonfht&nftcsif;aMumifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf¤if;

wkdY\ tdrfaxmifpktwGif; tdrfaxmifpkt&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifEkdifaom

tajctae&&SdvmMuNyD;¤if;wkdY\cifyGef;ESifhtjcm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;uykdrkdav;av;pm;pm;

qufqHvmMujcif;tm;jzifh tdrfaxmifpktwGif; usm;? r a&;&m tajccHaom qufqHa&;wGif

r[mAsL[majrmufaom tajymif;tvJ jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/

Source: ADB. 2012. Gender and Development News. SeaGen Waves e-newsletter. pp. 9–11.


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l usm;? r cGJjcm;azmfjyonfh tcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifaom ynma&;qkdif&m pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh


pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufpepfrsm; (MIS) \ tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ukd

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AD

B



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UN

FPA

usef;rma&;u@ü usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;4


UN

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wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

l usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIb0om,ma&;onf vlom;rsKd;qufESifh rsKd;qufopfrsm;twGuf vlrI0ef;

usif\ tjyeftvSefqufET,faeaom pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf

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vufqifhurf;oifMum;ay;Muolrsm; jzpfygonf/ rusef;rmaom rdcifrsm;xuf usef;rmaom

rdcifrsm;uom usef;rmxGm;usKdif;aom uav;rsm;ukd arG;zGm;avh&Sdygonf/ usef;rmaom

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tusKd;aus;Zl;omru usef;rmoefpGrf;aom trsKd;aumif;orD; jzpfvma&;twGuf tajccH

aumif;rsm;udk tpjyKjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ odyÜHenf;us avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& rdcif\

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a&&SnftusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

l usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;jcif;onf vltrsm;\ tajccHvkdtyfcsuf

rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;&mwGif tvGefxda&mufta&;ygaMumif; EkdifiHtoD;oD;rS tawGUtBuHKrsm;u

oufaojyaeygonf/ usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIrsm;ukd rnfokdY taumiftxnfazmf&rnf?

rnfonfh 0efaqmifrItrsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfESifh

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a&SmufrIqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;tm; a&G;cs,fEkdifaom todynm&Sdxm;jcif;onf aumif;rGef


aom usef;rma&;&v'fukd aocsmapaMumif; vufcHvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ xkdYtwl usef;rma&;

apmifha&Smufay;olrsm;onf vlemrsm;tm; 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aumif;pGm &Sif;vif;

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aumuf,ljcif;ESifh avhvmqef;ppfrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif t&nftaoG;jynfh0

aom usef;rma&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh aumif;rGefxda&mufaom tusKd;&v'frsm; &&Sdap

&eftwGuf (arQmfrSef;vlYoufwrf;? ul;pufwwfaom a&m*grsm;ESifh rul;pufEkdifaom a&m*g

rsm; pojzifh) vuf&Sd usef;rma&;u@\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;? uGm[csufrsm;udk em;vnf&ef

vkdtyfygonf/ usm;? r a&;&m tajccHaom tjrifrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom avhvm

qef;ppfrIrsm;ukd tajccHNyD; qufvufaqmif&GufrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfoGm;&ygrnf/ azmfjyyg &nf

rSef;csufrsm;twGuf þtcef;ü atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk tajccHNyD; avhvmqef;ppfxm;yg

onf/

(1) usef;rma&;ESifhoufqkdifaom qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;? OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf csrSwfjcif; (txl;

ojzifh z,fMuOfcH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;\ usef;rma&;qkdif&m OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;)

wkdY ukd vkyfaqmif&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl yg0ifcGifh&Sda&;twGuf

usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIqkdif&m uwdu0wfrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif

&m uwdu0wfrsm;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&onf rnfokdY ausyGefatmif aqmif&Gufxm;oenf;/

(2) usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ usef;rma&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; ao

csmckdifrmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif rnfonfht&mrsm;u t[efYtwm;jyKaeoenf;/

(3) usef;rma&;ESifhoufqkdifaom qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGifvnf;aumif;? usm;? r a&;&mukd

tav;ay;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aom usef;rma&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm; csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf

aqmifjcif;wGifvnf;aumif;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wlnDrQpGm xnfhoGif;ap

&ef trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfonfht&mrsm;u wGef;

tm;ay;aeoenf;/

4-2/ jrefrmEkdifiHü trsKd;orD;rsm;\ usef;rma&;tajctaeESifh tvm;tvmrsm;

taxGaxGusef;rma&;

t"duusaom tñTef;udef;rsm;\ wkd;wufrIrsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiH\ a,bk,susef;rma&;

tajctaeukd em;vnfapEkdifygonf/ 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh oef;acgifpm&if; udef;*Pef;rsm;

t& arQmfrSef;vlYoufwrf;ü trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 69.9 ESpfjzpfNyD; 2012 ckESpfwGif 67.9 ESpftxd

wkd;wufvmygonf/288 urÇmwpf0ef; ZD0aA'qkdif&m pHowfrSwfcsuft& trsKd;om;rsm;\

arQmfrSef; vlYoufwrf;onf 63.9 ESpfjzpfojzifh EIdif;,SOfygu jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;xuf

edrfhygonf/ ¤if;tñTef;udef;rsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHonf urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif trSwfpOf 134

tqifh&SdaMumif; ouf aojyovsuf a,bk,stm;jzifh ,if;onf zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIedrfhusjcif;

ESifh vwfwavm q,fpkESpfrsm; twGif; usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIrsm;twGuf yHhykd;&ef &if;ESD;




jr§KyfESHrIenf;yg;jcif;wkdYudk xif[yf azmfjyaeygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif arG;rdcifaoqkH;rIEIef;onf

ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGif;&Sd ysrf;rQEIef;xuf jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdygao;onf/ iSufzsm;uJhokdYaom

ul;pufa&m*grsm; cHpm;&onfh vlOD;a&yrmPrSmvnf; &mckdifEIef; jrifhrm;ygonf/ (þa'otwGif;

iSufzsm;a&m*g cHpm;&ol ysrf;rQvlOD;a&wpfodef;wGif 1ç773 a,mufESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif jrefrmEkdifiHrSm

ysrf;rQ 3ç180 a,muf jzpfaeygonf)289

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ taxGaxGusef;rma&;tqifhtwef;

ESifhpyfvsOf;í tcsuftvufrsm;? EIdif;,SOfavhvmaom okawoepmwrf;rsm; tenf;tusOf;om

&Sdygonf/ urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJU (WHO) \ jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m usef;rma&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif wpf

EkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmESifh usm;? r EIdif;,SOfazmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvuftcsKdUukd awGU&SdEkdifyg

onf/ Oyrm-trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif aq;vdyf? aq;&GufBuD;okH;pGJjcif;ESifh qufpyfaom ul;pufa&m*g

rsm;? t&ufaomufokH;jcif;ESifh qufpyfaom a&m*grsm;aMumifh aoqkH;rIjzpfEkdifajc&mckdifEIef;

onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf edrfhusygonf/ aeYpOf aq;vdyfaomufjcif;tavhtxwGif trsKd;om;

rsm;onf 31.6 &mckdifEIef;? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 10.1 &mckdifEIef;[k tpD&ifcHpmu azmfjyxm;yg

onf/ aoG;wkd;a&m*ga0'em cHpm;&rI &mckdifEIef;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 36.7 &mckdifEIef;? trsKd;

om;rsm;onf 40.7 &mckdifEIef; jzpfojzifh trsKd;om;rsm;u &mckdifEIef; ykdrkdjrifhrm;ygonf/ t0vGef

a&m*gqkdif&m tpD&ifcHcsufwGifrl owfrSwfpHxuf tav;csdefykdaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 23.4

&mckdifEIef;jzpfNyD; trsKd;om;rsm;wGif 13.3 &mckdifEIef; jzpfojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif ykdrkdtEÅ&m,f

jzpfapEkdifaom taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif

ukdvufpxa&mtcsKd;tpm; jrifhrm;aeonf[k qkdvkdygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vuf&Sdpmwrf;rsm;?

okawoersm;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif xkduJhokdY usm;? r tMum; rwlnDaom awGU&Sdcsuf

rsm;\ a,bk,s taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh tb,faMumifjhzpf&onfukd &Sif;vif;azmfjyEkdifjcif;

r&SdonfhtwGuf oufqkdif&mu@tvkduf okawoersm; qufvufvkyf&ef vkdtyfvsuf&Sdygonf/

289 WHO. 2013. General Statistical Profile, Myanmar. www.who.int/gho/countries/mmr/country_profiles/en/index.html.

UN

FPA


okdYrSom jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;tMum; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom taMumif;

&if;rsm;tm; ykdrkdem;vnfvmNyD; rnfokdY wkHYjyefaqmif&Guf&rnfukd wdusjywfom;pGm od&Sdaqmif

&GufEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/

ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh oefY&Sif;aom aomufokH;a&&Sda&;ukd vufvSrf;rDapjcif;jzifh

vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpftwGif; uav;oli,frsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;\ taxGaxGusef;rma&;

tqifhtwef;ukd jr§ifhwifEkdifcJhygonf/ arG;uif;puav;aoqkH;rIqkdif&m tñTef;udef;rsm;onf

1990 ckESpfwGif t&SifarG; 1ç000 wGif 112 a,mufEIef;&SdNyD; 2009-2010 ckESpfwGif 72 a,muf

okdY odomxif&Sm;pGm usqif;vmcJhygonf/290 þokdY usqif;vmjcif;onf tjcm;tajccHtaMumif;

&if;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh oefY&Sif;aom aomufokH;a&&&Sda&;

vufvSrf;rDjcif;onf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifygonf/ wpfESpfatmufESifh ig;ESpfatmuf

t&G,f uav;rsm;wGif rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh a,musfm;av;rsm;tMum; uGJjym;jcm;em;rIr&SdaMumif;

avhvmawGU&Sdcsuft& twnfjyKEkdifygonf/ xkdenf;wl tm[m&csKdUwJhrI twkdif;twmrsm;rSm

vnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI r&Sdyg/ okdY&mwGif t"duusaom tcsKdUtñTef;udef;rsm;wGif rwlnDaom

a'orsm;tMum;ESifh rwlnDaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;tMum; odomxif&Sm;aom uGJjym;

jcm;em;rIrsm; &Sdygonf/ Oyrm-2009-2010 ckESpfwGif ukd,ftav;csdefrjynfhaom uav;rsm;\

&mckdifEIef;onf NrdKUjya'orsm;wGif 25 &mckdifEIef; jzpfaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfe,fwGif 53 &mckdifEIef;

jzpfaeygonf/¤if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;onfqif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;?tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI

rsm;tm; vufvSrf;rrDjcif;ESifh qufET,frI&Sdygonf/

vwfwavmjyKpkonfh okawoersm;uvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ynma&;tqifhtwef;ESifh

usef;rma&;A[kokw&SdrIwkdYonf uav;oli,f\ usef;rma&;wkd;wufrIwGif ta&;ygaMumif;ukd

oufaojyoaeygonf/ 2009-2010 ckESpfwGif t&SifarG; 1ç000 wGif arG;uif;puav;aoqkH;

EIef;ukd Munfhygu tajccHynmrlvwef;ynma&;tqifh NyD;ajrmufxm;onfh rdcifrsm;\ uav;

43 a,mufaoqkH;csdefwGif tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif; wufcJhzl;onfh rdcifrsm;\ uav;

27 a,mufom aoqkH;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ atmufazmfjyyg Z,m; 4.1 wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI?

rdcifrsm;\ ynma&;tqifhtwef;uJhokdYaom tajccHtaMumif;&if;rsm;onf axmifpkESpf zGHUNzdK;

wkd;wufrI&nfrSef;csufrsm;\ usef;rma&;qkdif&m tñTef;udef;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef qufET,frI&Sdae

aMumif;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

ul;pufa&m*gtcsKdUukd ckcHEkdifrItm;enf;aom tajctaerS wkd;wufap&ef aqmif&Guf&m

wGif xda&mufrI aES;auG;vsuf&Sdygonf/ (Oyrm-iSufzsm;a&m*g) EkdifiHtcsKdUwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;

onf iSufzsm;a&m*gul;pufrI ab;tEÅ&m,fukd ykdrkdcHEkdif&nf&Sdolrsm;[k azmfjyMuygonf/

taMumif;rSm v,fuGif;rsm;twGif; tvkyfvkyfukdifMu&onfh? NrdKUjya'ookdY a&TUajymif;tvkyfvkyf

ukdifMu&onfh trsKd;om;rsm;xuf trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdrftwGif;rSm usef&pfaomaMumifh

iSufzsm;a&m*gykd;o,faqmifaom ykd;rTm; (jcif)\ tEÅ&m,fukd ykdrkdcH&jcif;jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH

wGif tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom taMumif;&if;rsm;tay: usm;? r a&;&m txl;jyK cGJjcm;azmfjyonfh

okawoersm; jyKvkyfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/ xkduJhokdYaom usm;? r txl;jyK okawoeESifh awGU&Sd

csufrsm;u jynfolYusef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh trltusifhajymif;vJa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\

OD;wnfcsufukd ykdrkdwdusapjcif;jzifh wkd;wufapEkdifygonf/




Z,m; 4.1/ usef;rma&;qkdif&m &v'frsm;tay: MoZmvTrf;rkd;aom tajccHtaMumif;&if;rsm;jzifh cGJjcm;azmfjyxm; onfh t"duusef;rma&;qkdif&m tñTef;udef;rsm;

MDG tñTef;udef;rsm;rdcifynma&;

tqifh

NrdKUjy? aus;vuf

EIdif;,SOfrI

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

tqifh

wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpk^

vlrsKd;pk

rD;zGm;rdcifaoEIef;

319^arG; 100ç000

National Average

cGJjcm;azmfjyonfh

tcsuftvufr&Sd

NrdKU 140

aus; 363

&Srf;jynfe,f 500

u,m;? &cdkif

jynfe,f rD;zGm;rdcif

aoEIef;jrifh

om;qufjcm;enf;vrf;

okH;pGJrIEIef;**

40%

National Average

ynma&;r&Sd 31%

rlvwef; 44%

txufwef; 52%

NrdKU 46%

aus; 37%

qif;&J 32%

rqif;&J 41%

csif;jynfe,f 3%

udk,f0efaqmif

apmifha&SmufrIEIef;

53%

National Average

ynma&;r&Sd 65%

rlvwef; 78%

txufwef; 92%

NrdKU 70%

aus; 48%

qif;&J 33%

rqif;&J 57%

&cdkifjynfe,f 32%

csif;jynfe,f 64%

&Srf;jynfe,f 45%

uRrf;usifaom usef;rma&;

0efxrf;ESifh arG;zGm;rIEIef;

arG;zGm;rIaygif;\ %

78%

National Average

ynma&;r&Sd 47%

rlvwef; 62%

txufwef; 85%

NrdKU 92%

aus; 74%

qif;&J 69%

rqif;&J 81%

&cdkifjynfe,f 55%

csif;jynfe,f 61%

toufig;ESpfatmuf

aoEIef; **

46^1ç000

National Average

rlvwef; 51%

txufwef; 33%

NrdKU 29%

aus; 53%

qif;&J 62%

rqif;&J 27%

arG;uif;paoEIef;**

37^1ç000

National Average

rlvwef; 43%

txufwef; 27%

NrdKU 24%

aus; 43%

qif;&J 49%

rqif;&J 23%

tm[m&rjynfh0rI**

udk,ftav;csdefrjynfh %

32%

National Average

rlvwef; 24%

txufwef; 17%

NrdKU 25%

aus; 34%

qif;&J 33%

rqif;&J 16%

&cdkifjynfe,f 53%

csif;jynfe,f 33%

MMR = maternal mortality rate. SD = Standard Deviation usrf;udk;- *Department of Health and UNICEF, Nationwide Cause Specific Maternal Mortality Survey 2004-2005 ** MICS report 2009-2010 *** IHLCA 2009-2010

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297 usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme ESifh ,leDqufzf? 2006/ Nationwide Cause Specific Maternal Mortality Survey, 2004-2005. ,ltifeftufzfyDat? 2010/ Report on Situation of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myanmar. P. 99 udk udk;um;xm;onf/

298 0if;0if;jr? 201/ Causes of Maternal Death, North Okkalapa General Hospital (1992-1998). ,ltifeftufzfyDat?

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303 trsdK;om;ckcHtm;usqif;rIwdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOf? 2010/ UNGASS Country Progress Report. aejynfawmf

usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme


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306 ,ltifefath'fpf? 2012/ Progress Report 2012 (National Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar). Yangon. P. 56/307 atmufajcrSwfpk 296/



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308 ,ltifefath'fpf? 2014/ Gender Assessment of the National HIV Response in Myanmar. Yangon. P. 29/309 at;jrwfpdk;? a':at;at;pdefESifh cifOr®mpef;? 2007/ Behavioural Surveillance Survey 2007. aejynfawmf trsdK;om; ckcHtm;

usqif;rIwdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOf? usef;rma&;OD;pD;XmeESifh usef;rma&;0efBuD; Xme/ Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myamar. Yangon. P. 127 udk udk;um;xm;onf/

310 ,ltifeftufzfyDat? 2010 Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myamar. Yangon. National AIDS Programme’sBehavioural surveillance survey 2008 (out-of-school youth), cited in UNFPA. 2010. Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myanmar. Yangon.National AIDS Programme’sBehavioural surveillance survey 2008 (out-of-school youth), cited in UNFPA. 2010. Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myanmar. Yangon.

311 ckcHtm; usqif;rIa&m*g wdkufzsufa&; qdkif&m trsdK;om;r[mAsL[mpDrHudef; (2011 - 2015)? tusOf;pmwrf;? pm 11/


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UN

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me? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? ESifh ,leDqufzf? 2012/ Situations Analysis of Children in Myanmar. Yangon. P. 46 udk

udk;um;xm;onf/


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2012/ Situations Analysis of Children in Myanmar. Yangon. P. 47 udk udk;um;xm;onf/

315 jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;tqifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;? 1998-2001/ trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;

UN

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320 UNFPA. 2010. Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myanmar. Yangon. UNFPA. 2010. Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myanmar. Yangon.


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rsm;ukd vufvSrf;rD &&Sdap&ygrnf/ tcsKdUa'orsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rd½kd;zvm uav;rD;zGm;

aom enf;vrf;rsm; usifhokH;aeqJ&Sdjcif;aMumifh qkd;usKd;rsm; &&Sdjcif;onf tjcm;a'orsm;xuf

tvGefa0;vHaoma'orsm;wGif ykdrkdjzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ txufygtaMumif;&if;rsm; aygif;pyf

jcif;jzifh ,if;a'o&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh

EIdif;,SOfvQif txl;ojzifh usef;rma&;tqifh enf;yg;jcif;? rdcifaoqkH;rIEIef; jrifhrm;jcif;aMumifh

ykdrkdcufcJMurf;wrf;aom tajctaeokdY qkdufa&mufaeMu&ygonf/U

NFP

A



trsKd;orD;rsm;\ rdrdukd,fukd,f? rdrdb0ukd rdrd zefwD;Ekdifaom? xdef;ausmif;Ekdifaom

t&nftcsif;onf¤if;\vlrIb0om,ma&;ESifhtjcm;u@rsm;twGufvnf;ta&;ygygonf/

trsKd;orD;onf¤if;ukd,fwkdifqkH;jzwfcsufjzifha&G;cs,fonfhom;qufjcm;enf;vrf;ukdusifhokH;

jcif;tm;jzifh b,fESBudrf uav;arG;zGm;rnfESifh ,if;uav;arG;zGm;&mwGif awGUBuHK&rnfh pGefYpm;rI

rsm;?tcuftcJrsm;udk rnfokdYpDrHrnf pojzifh ¤if;ukd,fwkdifqkH;jzwfajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf/

ukd,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;onf ukd,f0eftwGuf aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm; vdk

tyfcsdefwkdif;wGif tdrfaxmifpk\ tvm;wl tjcm;aom OD;pm;ay;vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifhtNydKif xkd&Sm;

yg;onfh? rvkHavmufonfh tdrfaxmifpk\ aiGaMu;ukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdif&ef vkdtyfygonf/ enf;yg;

aom t&if;tjrpfukd tjcm;OD;pm;ay;rIrsm;tMum;rS ukd,fwkdifpDrHcefYcGJum rdrd\ vdktyfcsufukd

jznfhqnf;&ef ukd,fpm;jyKvkyfykdifcGifhukd trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd,fwkdif usifhokH;vmEkdifjcif;onf arG;zGm;

vmrnfh uav;rsm;\ vlrIb0om,ma&;ukd zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufapaMumif; urÇmwpf0ef;taxmuf

txm;rsm;pGmu oufaojyvsuf&Sdygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH\ rsKd;qufyGm; usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; rdrdukd,fukd,f

ykdifpkd;rIESifh ukd,fwkdifa&G;cs,fqkH;jzwfrIrsm;ukd jr§ifwif&ef &nf&G,faomfvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;\

wm0ef,lrIykdif;qkdif&m trltusifhrsm; (rvkdvm;bJ ukd,f0ef&&Sdjcif;rsKd; a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifap&ef

paom) wkd;jrifhvmap&ef tm;ay;vkyfaqmifjcif;ukdvnf; wef;wltav;xm; vkyfaqmif&rnf

jzpfygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh om;qufjcm;jcif;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIonf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh tvSrf;

a0;ygonf/ (trsKd;om;rsm;taejzifh ¤if;tm; a&m*gykd;ul;pufEkdifajc ykdrsm;aom tdwfcsf

tkdifAD^attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g umuG,fa&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukdom ykdrkdvufvSrf;rDMuyg

onf/ xkdYjyif om;qufjcm;jcif;ESifh qufET,faom jyóemrsm;twGuf rsm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd;

orD;rsm;uom wm0efcHMu&ygonf/ okdY&mwGif vlrItzGJUtpnf;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ £a`E´

xdef;odrf;rIukd tvGefwefzkd;xm;aomtcg trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tdrfaxmifpktrsm;pktwGif; om;

qufjcm;jcif;qkdif&mrsm;? vdifrIqkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd yg0ifajymqkdaqG;aEG;jcif;udk tm;ray;yg/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf uav;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIb0om,ma&;twGuf ykdrkdwm0ef,lvkyf

aqmifEkdifygonf/xkdenf;wlpGm¤if;wkdY\tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGif;ESifh&yf&Gmtokdif;t0kdif;twGif;

oefY&Sif;aom aomufokH;a&ESifh ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&; wkd;wuf&ef yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;üvnf;

trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tMum; tvkyfwm0efcGJa0vkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ rvkdvm;aom

ukd,f0ef&&Sdjcif;onf trsKd;orD;tm; w&m;r0if ukd,f0efzsufrIudk rjzpfrae vkyfaqmifap&ef

tusOf;tusyfxJ a&mufapNyD; ukd,f0efzsufcsjcif;\ aemufqufwGJa&m*ga0'emrsm;ESifh qkd;usKd;

rsm; cH&apygonf/ rdcifaoqkH;rIrsm;\ cefYrSef;ajc 10 &mckdifEIef;onf w&m;r0if ukd,f0efzsufcs

jcif;ESifh aemufqufwGJa&m*grsm;aMumifh jzpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awGU&Sdygonf/ om;

qufjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; vufvSrf;rDrIenf;yg;jcif;onf odomxif&Sm;aom taMumif;&if;wpfck

jzpfaomfvnf; tysKdazmf0ifp i,f&G,ftrsKd;orD;rsm; tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom ukd,f0efzsufcsrIukd rjzpf

rae a&G;cs,frI jrifhrm;aejcif;u i,f&G,faom trsKd;orD;rsm;\ usef;rma&;twGuf vufrxyf

rD vdifqufqHrIESifhpyfvsOf;aom vlrIa&; pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tav;xm;aqmif

&Guf&ef vkdtyfaMumif; ñTefjyaeygonf/


ukvor*¾ vlOD;a&&efykHaiGtzGJU\ avhvmqef;ppfrIwpf&yfrS awGU&SdonfrSm r&nf&G,f

aom ukd,f0ef&&Sdjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ajzqkd&mwGif vli,ftrsm;pku xkdjyóemudk ajz&Sif;&mrSm

ukd,f0efzsufjcif;ukdt"duxm;íra&G;cs,foifhaMumif;ESifh¤if;oufqkdifoltrsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;

orD;ESpfOD;pvkH;onf twlwuG wm0ef,lNyD; tusKd;qufrsm;ukd rnfokdY&ifqkdif&ef twlwuG

aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwfoifhaMumif; ajzqkdMuonf[lí jzpfygonf/ ukvor*¾vlOD;a& &efykHaiGtzGJU\

vli,frsm;ukd avhvmqef;ppfcsuf 2010 ckESpfwGif awGUqkHaqG;aEG;olrsm;u ysKdazmf0ift&G,frsm;

\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf oD;oefY&nf&G,faom xda&mufrI&Sdaom vdifykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;ESifh

rsKd;qufyGm; usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIrsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm; vkdtyfonf[k aumufcsufcsMu ygonf/321

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf¤if;wkdY\ukd,fykdifb0ESifh¤if;wkdY\uav;rsm;\b0wkdYtm;rnfrQ

twkdif;twmtxd pDrHxdef;odrf;rIjyKEkdifjcif;tay: vlrIa&;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;u odomxif&Sm;

pGm MoZmvTrf;rkd;rI&Sdygonf/ trltusifhajymif;vJrIqkdif&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf (txl;ojzifh

trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;pvkH; vufvSrf;rDEkdifonfh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf) trsKd;orD;

rsm;¤if;wkdY\usef;rma&;ESifhoufqkdifaoma&G;cs,frIrsm;qkH;jzwf&mwGiftaxmuftuljyKNyD;

jrefrmEkdifiH\ a'otcsKdUwGif ¤if;tpDtpOfrsm;udktaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfyg

onf/trsKd;orD;rsm;onf¤if;wkdY\vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif;&Sdtoif;tzGJUrsm;rSwpfqifhvlrI

a&;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ü tjyKoabmaqmifaom tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:a&;ukd tm;ay;

aqmif&GufMuygvQif vlxktwGif; todtjrifykdif;qkdif&m ykdrkdaumif;rGefajymif;vJEkdifaom tvm;

tvmonfvnf;aumif;? &&SdEkdifaom a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm wkHYjyefvkyfaqmifEkdifrnfh

t&nftcsif;onfvnf;aumif; ykdrkdwkd;wufjrifhrm;vmEkdifygonf/

usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIonfvnf;aumif;? vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pHqkdif&m

pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;t& cGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh usifhokH;rIrsm;t& cGJjcm;rIrsm;rS uif;a0;jcif;onfvnf;

aumif;? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,f&G,frsm;twGuf ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom usef;rma&;tusKd;

&v'frsm;udk jzpfay:ap&ef jznfhqnf;ay;ygonf/ om"uwpfckrSm tdwfcsftkdifAD^athpfa&m*g

jzpfygonf/ vlrIa&;qkdif&m taMumif;&if;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf

trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ a&m*gykd;ul;pufjcif;qkdif&m ynmA[kokw&&Sda&;ukd vufvSrf;rDrI

onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tMum;? tvm;wl ysKdazmf0ift&G,f a,mufsm;av;ESifh

rdef;uav;rsm;tMum; rwlnDMuyg/ uGef'kH;tokH;jyKjcif;tygt0if vdifykdif;qkdif&m tjyKtrlrsm;

ESifh pyfvsOf;ítrsKd;orD;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ cifyGef;ESifhjzpfap? rdom;pkESifhjzpfapvdifrIqkdif&m

taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd yGifhvif;pGmajymqkdjcif;ukd trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfxm;NyD;

ajymqkdygu vlrItokdif;t0kdif;rS jyif;xefpGm txiftjrifao;rI&Sdygonf/ ,if;t,ltq\

us,fjyefYpGm oufa&mufrIonf rsKd;qufyGm;usef;rma&;qkdif&m ynmA[kokwrsm; &SmrSD;&eftvkdY

iSm usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;wGifyif wGefYqkwfrI&Sdapygonf/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;

trsm;pkonf vdifrIqkdif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd usef;rma&;aqG;aEG;pOftwGif; rnfonfhenf;

vrf;jzifh xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;oifhaMumif;ukd avhusifhoifMum;ay;xm;jcif; r&SdMuyg/ cifyGef;ESifh

ZeD;tMum; cGJjcm;xm;onfh vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmqkdif&m qufqHa&;onf vifr,m;Mum; uGef'kH;

tokH;jyKjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í awmif;qkd&mwGif trsKd;orD;trsm;pkukd tcuftcJjzpfapygonf/




tu,fí¤if;wkdY\cifyGef;rsm;onfvdifqufqHzufrsm;vQif jzpfap? jynfhwefqmrsm;ESifhvdif

qufqHrI&SdaevQifjzpfap? vdifwlcsif; qufqHrI&SdaevQifjzpfap ,if;tajctaersKd;yif trsKd;orD;

\ awmif;qkdrIonf rvG,fulyg/ wpfe,fwpfaus;okdY a&TUajymif;tvkyfvkyfol trsKd;om;rsm;\

ZeD;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wkdY\ cifyGef;rsm; tdrfokdYjyefvmpOftwGif; a&m*gul;puf&ef jzpfEkdifajc

tvGefrsm;aom tajctaerSm &Sdygonf/ xkdYjyif a&TUajymif;tvkyform; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

¤if;wkdY\ vlrIa&;tokduft0ef;ESifh a0;uGm&mokdY a&mufaepOf txl;ojzifh vdifykdif;qkdif&m

acgif;ykHjzwftjrwfxkwfjcif;tEÅ&m,fukdckcHEkdifrItm;enf;aomtajctaejzpfNyD;¤if;wkdYonf

tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom vdifykdif;qkdif&m tjyKtrlukd rvTJra&Smifom jyKrl&vQif usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI

rsm;ESifh ynmA[kokw vufvSrf;rDa&; t[efYtwm;rsm; &Sdygonf/322

vdifvkyfief;ESifhtoufarG;aomtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf¤if;wkdYtaeESifha&m*gul;pufcH&jcif;

tEÅ&m,favsmhenf;a&; BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmif&mwGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;? tusyfukdifrIrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif

&Ekdifajc tvGefrsm;aom tajctaewGif &Sdygonf/ ukvor*¾ vlOD;a&&efykHaiGtzGJU (UNFPA)

uGif;qif;tpD&ifcHpmrS awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& vdifrIta&mif;t0,fjyKol trsKd;orD;rsm;onf uGef'kH;

tokH;jyKjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í todynmA[kokwrsm; odomxif&Sm;pGm wkd;wufvmaomfvnf;

tcsKdUrSm¤if;wkdY\azmufonfrsm;ESifhajymqdkn§dEIdif;ír&yg/txl;ojzifhpdwfukdajymif;vJap

aom rl;,pfaq;0g; okH;pGJxm;olrsm;? t&ufrl;aeolrsm;ESifh ajymqkdn§dEIdif;í r&yg[lí jzpfyg

onf/323

vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;aom trsKd;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;uyif uGef'kH;vu0,fawGU&Sd

rIjzifhtmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rSzrf;qD;rnfukdpkd;&drfylyefaMumif;?¤if;pkd;&drfrIaMumifhuGef'kH;rsm;ukd

,laqmifavhr&Sd[k ajymqkdaMumif; tpD&ifcHrIrsm; &&SdaeqJjzpfygonf/ uGef'kH;,laqmifvmjcif;

onf Oya'ukd rqefYusifaomfvnf; tpkd;&\ ñTefMum;csuf xkwfjyefxm;vifhupm; rMumcPyif

&Jrsm;onf trsKd;orD;wpfOD;tm; vdifvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;aMumif; (vdifvkyfief;onf Oya'ukd

qefYusifygonf) uGef'kH;ukd oufaocHypönf;tjzpf tokH;jyKum zrf;qD;NyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufaiGn§pfavh

&SdaMumif; trsKd;orD;vdifvkyfom;rsm;u ajymqkdygonf/ vdifvkyfief;ukd wpfOD;wnf;vkyfukdifol

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh vrf;ay:wGif vIyf&Sm;vkyfukdifol trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ,if;tEÅ&m,fukd ykdrkdBuHK

awGUEkdifum ckcHEkdifrI ykdrkdtm;enf;aom tajctaejzpfaMumif; Mum;od&ygonf/324

usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI 0efxrf;rsm;? rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wkdYü xm;&Sdonfh tm;vkH;yg0ifapaom? cGJjcm;qufqHrI uif;rJhaom tawG;tac: pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI ykdrkdaumif;rGefpGm vufvSrf;rD a&;ü ta&;ygaom tqkH;tjzwf jzpfygonf/

tdwfcsftdkifADa&m*gydk;&Sdolrsm;\ usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIqkdif&m tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;?

taumiftxnfazmfjcif;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI ykdrkdjrifhrm;a&;ukd xda&mufpGm

322 tdkiftdktrfESifh ,ltifefath'fpf? 2005/ Assessment of Mobility and HIV Vulnerability Among Myanmar Migrant Sex Workers and Factory Workers in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand/,ltifeftufzfyDat? 2010/ Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and Gender in Myamar. Yangon udk udk;um;xm;onf/


324 trsdK;om;ckcHtm;usqif;rIwdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOf? 2008/ National Behabioural Surveillance Survey 2007-08 Report Myanmar: Female Sex Workers and Injecting Drug Users/ J.Roberts. 2009. Gender Review of the Myanmar National Strategic Plan on HIV 2006-2010. Yangon. P. 17 udk udk;um;xm;onf/


taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI? usm;? r a&;&m rnDrQrI? txiftjrif

ao;rIESifh cGJjcm;qufqHrItygt0if vlrIa&;qkdif&m t[efYtwm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ 2011 ckESpf

wGif UNAIDS \ People Living with HIV Stigma Index Report tpD&ifcHpmü jrefrmEkdifiHrS

tzGJUwpfzGJU yg0ifaom? ppfwrf;yg0ifajzqkdaom a'otwGif;rS tdwfcsftdkifADa&m*gydk;&Sdolrsm;u

xkwfazmfajymqkdaom txiftjrifao;rIykHpHrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;qufqHrIykHpHrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifh txiftjrifao;rIrsm; jzpfwnf&mae&mrsm;rSm rdom;pkywf0ef;usif?

vlwpfOD;\ twGif;a&;ukd cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ xkwfazmfajymqkdavh&Sdaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;? vlrIa&;

t& z,fMuOfjcif;rSonf tdrfrS ESifjcif;txd wkHYjyefrItrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;? bmoma&;

tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhr&Sdaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;? ppfwrf;ajzqdkol 50 &mckdif

EIef;\ ajzqkdrIt& tvkyfrS EkwfxGufapaom? &mxl;wkd;jr§ifhrI&yfqkdif;aom? vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;

u cGJjcm;qufqHaom tvkyftukdifywf0ef;usif? aq;ppfrItajzESifh usef;rma&;tajctaeukd

vQKdU0SuftaMumif;t&mtjzpf apmifhxdef;rIr&Sdaom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm;? aq;ppfrIrsm;

teuf trsm;pkrSm um,uH&Sif\ oabmwlnDcsuf &,ljcif;r&Sdonfh usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm;?

ajzqkdolrsm;\ tqkdt& vdifykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;? om;qufjcm;pDrHudef;ESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfhpkH

aom twkdifyifcH aqG;aEG;rI r&&SdEkdifaom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t"r®

om;aMumjzwfjcif; vkyfaqmifaom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm; ponfwkdY yg0ifygonf/ tdwfcsf

tdkifADa&m*gydk;&Sdolrsm;tay: r&yfwnfEkdifavmufatmif txiftjrifao;rIrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;quf

qHrIrsm;aMumifh¤if;wkdY\b0u@rsm;pGmtay:xdckdufapaompdwf'Pf&mrsm;ukdjzpfyGm;apyg

onf/ppfwrf;t&¤if;wkdYonft&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;jzpf&jcif;rSoufomavsmhenf;ap&efusef;

rma&;apmifha&Smuf0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd rcH,lbJ a&SmifMuOfMujcif;onf pkd;&drfzG,f&mjzpfygonf/


UN

FPA


4-4/ aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

ul;pufa&m*gjyefYyGm;jcif;ESifh umuG,fjcif;qkdif&m r[kwfaom tajccHtaMumif;&if;tcsKdU

onf usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIrsm; vufvSrf;rDa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,f&G,frsm;

\ pGrf;aqmif&nftay: MoZmvTrf;rkd;jcif;&Sdonf[k ,lqEkdifygonf/ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mESifh

,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pHqkdi&m taMumif;&if;tpkpkonf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,f&G,frsm;\

usef;rma&;qkdif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdaom tusKd;&v'frsm;tay: jyefvnfzGJUpnf;xnfhoGif;

Ekdifygonf/

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326 UN Women. Undated. Virtual Knowledge Center to End Violence Against Women and Girls. www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/301-consequences-and-costs-html

327 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey:99. Medical Research Service and Measure DHS, Pretoria, cited in R. Jewkes and N.Abrahams. 2002. The Epidemiology of Rape and Sexual Coercion in South Africa: An Overview. Social Science and Medicine. 55, p. 1237; Amnesty International. 2008. Safe Schools: Every Girl’s Right. London. P. 31.


329 ukvor*¾qdkif&m trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJU? AD,uferf? 2012/ Estimating the Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women in Viet Nam. Ha Noi/


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330 tMurf;zufrI avßSmYcsa&; trsdK;om;tqifhaumifpD? 2009/ The Cost of Violence Against Women and Their Children (Australia). Canberra/

331 ausmif;ysufuGufrIrsm;u,m,DodkYr[kwftNrJwrf;jzpfcJhonf/ R. Jewkes et al.Relationship Dynamics and Teenage Pregnancy in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine. 52. pp. 733–744; G.M. Wingood et al. 2001. Dating Violence and the Sexual Health of Black Adolescent Females. Pediatrics. 107 (5); C. Garcia-Moreno, and C.H. Watts. 2000. Violence against Women: Its Importance for HIV/AIDS Prevention. AIDS. 14 (Supplement 3). S253–S265; and Human Rights Watch. 2001. Scared at School: Sexual Violence against Girls in South African Schools. New York. P.S. Pinheiro. 2006. World Report on Violence against Children. New York: United Nations. p. 130.udk udk;um;xm;onf/

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334 334 - wdwfqdwfrIudk ûzdcGif;jcif; pDrHudef;? 2013/ Gender-Based Violence in Five Yangon Townships: Research Report. Yangon.

335 N. Kyu etc al. 2005. Prevalence, Antecedent Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence in Myanmar. Asian Journal of Social Psychology/


337 R. Smith. 2006. A Hen is Crowing: A Gender Impact Study of Two UNDP Myanmar Community Development Programmes. Yangon. p. 17.




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339 E. Fulu et al. 2013. Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? Quantitative Findings from the United Nations Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. UNDP, UNFPA, UN Women and United Nations Volunteer (UNV).


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343 Oyrmtjzpf T.O. Quintana. 2012 udkMunfhyg/ Progress Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar. 7 March (A/HRC/19/67);ESifhT.O. Quintana. 2013. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar (A/HRC/22/58) 6 March/



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349 Z. Abdul Aziz &J. Moussa. 2014. Due Diligence Framework: Framework on State Accountability for Eliminating Violence against Women. Washington, D.C.: International Human Rights Initiative. p. 18.




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352 jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&? 2007/ Combined Second and Third Periodic Report to the CEDAW Committee. aejynfawmf? http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/503/88/PDF/N0750388.pdf?OpenElement wGif

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354 usm;-r omwlnDrßSrIa&;&muGef&uf? 2013/ Myanmar Laws and CEDAW: The Case for Anti-Violence Against Women Laws. Yangon/


356 usm;-r omwlnDrßSrIa&;&muGef&uf? 2013/ Developing Anti-Violence Against Women Laws. Discussion Paper Part 1: Background Information, Yangon/





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tMurf;zufrI usL;vGefcH&oltm; ulnDyHhykd;rIukdvnf;aumif;? ulnDyHhykd;rIrsm;ukd Oya'rsm;

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usm;ra&;&m wef;wlnDrßSrIESifh

trsdK;orD;rsm;\tcGifhta&;rsm;

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UN

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UN

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t&if;tjrpfcGJa0 owfrSwfjcif;tygt0if rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfa

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usifhokH;aMumif;ukd jyoygonf/

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ae&ma'otygt0if tjcm;tcsufrsm;pGmwkdYESifh csdwfqufvsuf&Sdonfh tm;avsmfpGm tqkdyg

uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tajctaeESifh tkyfpkrsm;twGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,f&G,frsm;\



(xkdenf;wl trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh a,musfm;av;i,f&G,frsm;\)rwlnDaom OD;pm;ay;vkdtyfcsufrsm;

onf tpkd;&rl0g'ESifh rl0g'azmfaqmifrIwkdYüvnf; aumif;pGmxif[yfrI&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; auR;arG;jyKpkolrsm;ESifh jyKpkapmifha&Smufolrsm;tjzpf vufcHwefzkd;xm;

usifhokH;aeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pm;eyf&du©mzlvkHa&;? ynma&;? usef;

rma&;? aomufokH;a&ESifh rdv’mpepfponfh udpö? jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwf

ol trsKd;om;rsm;xuf ykdrkdoifhavsmfaMumif; okawoersm;u jyoygon/ Oyrm-tdE´d,EkdifiH?

taemufb*Fvm;a'oESifh &m*smpoefa'owkdY&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;r yefcsm,wfaumifpD (tdE´d,EkdifiH?

a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH) rsm;tm; tuJjzwfrIü aomufokH;a&pDrHudef;wGif trsKd;orD;OD;aqmif

aom aumifpDrsm;\ pDrHudef;rsm;u trsKd;om;OD;aqmifaom aumifpDrsm;\ pDrHudef;rsm;xuf 60

&mckdifEIef;ausmf ykdrkdrsm;jym;aMumif; awGU&Sdygonf/365 aemfa0EkdifiHü EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;\

okawoerSm 1970 ckESpfrsm;rS 1990 ckESpfrsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;OD;aqmifaom aemfa0NrdKUawmf

aumifpD\ a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm; apmifha&Smufa&;pDrH

csufrsm; tusKH;0ifaom aemfa0NrdKUawmfaumifpDrsm;\ Xmersm;? XmecGJrsm;tMum; wkduf½kdufquf

qHa&;pepfukd xlaxmifcJhaMumif; azmfjyygonf/366 ,if;aMumifh tokH;p&dwfrsm;udk tdrfaxmifpkrsm;

ESifh &yf&Gmtokdif;t0kdif;rsm;u wkduf½kduftusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ vlom;rsKd;qufrsm;wpfck

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a&mufrIukdvnf; vkyfief;zGJUpnf;rIqkdif&m taxmuftultjzpf yHhykd;ygonf/367

rnfokdYjzpfap EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolta&;udpörsm;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI

rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;xk\ yg0ifrIvkdtyfygonf/ ,if;onf EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOftay: r[mAsL[m

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aom trsKd;orD;rsm; (ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;)\ ukd,fpm;jyKrIonf EkdifiHa&;ESifh acgif;aqmifrI tcef;

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rsm;ukdajymif;vJapEkdifygonf/¤if;onfvli,ftrsKd;orD;rsm;twGufpHjytjzpfvIHYaqmfEkdifNyD;

trsm;jynfolqkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifh trsm;jynfolta&;udpörsm;wGif ta&;ygaom

trsKd;orD;xk\ yg0ifrIukdvnf; jr§ifhwifEkdifygrnf/ 2013 ckESpf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ vlrItzGJUtpnf;

acgif;aqmifrItay: okawoejyK&m vlxktajcjyK tzGJUtpnf; 34 ck\ tvkyftrIaqmifaumf

rwDrsm;\wpf0ufausmfonftrsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfojzifh¤if;tcsufonfjrefrmEkdifiH\trsKd;orD;

365 R. Chattopadhyay and E. Duflo.2004. Women as Policy Makers:Evidence from a Randomized Policy experiment in India.” Econometrica 72(5). pp. 1409-1443.

366 K. Bratton&L. Ray.2002. Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science.46(2). pp.648-657.

367 367 - N. Kabeer.1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment. Development and Change. 30(3), July. pp. 435-464.


vlrItzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ om"utjzpf awGUEkdifygonf/368

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tmz&durSm yxrqkH;trsKd;orD;rsm;\ a&G;aumufyGJaMunmpmwrf;ukd jzefYcsdvkdufonf/ ¤if;

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rsm; jynfhrDatmif wkd;wufvkyfaqmifrI &Sd? r&Sd apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfrI jyKvkyfvmMuNyD; Emang

Basadi \ ESpfvnfnDvmcHrsm;okdY tpD&ifcHwifjyMuygonf/369

tcsKyftm;jzifhqkdaomf jynfoltrsm;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrItqifh

wkdif;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;yg0ifjcif;onfaumif;rGefaom

tkyfcsKyfa&;? a&&SnfwnfwHhaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf t"du

jzpfygonf/

368 Oxfam? Action Aid ESifh Care International? 2013/ Women’s Participation in Public Life in Myanmar. Yangon/

369 A.M. Goetz, ed. Governing Women: Women’s Political Effectiveness in Contexts of Democratization and Governance Reform, New York: Routledge/

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FPA



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jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI

vTwfawmfrsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDusifhokH;rIESifh aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIu@wkdY\ A[kd

csufjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&wkdYtMum;rSm Mum;cHqufoG,fa&;tjzpf

ukd,fpm;jyKygonf/¤if;wkdYonfrl0g'rsm;?Oya'rsm;?pDrHudef;rsm;?tpkd;&b@maiG&okH;cefYrSef;ajc

pm&if;rsm;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;ESifh twnfjyKjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xd

a&mufpGm tokH;jyKjcif;ü pD&ifqkH;jzwfcGifhtmPmjzifh wm0efcHjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; EkdifiHom;

rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ukdifwG,f&mrSm tpkd;&\ xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifrIukd

aocsmap&ef aqmif&Gufygonf/

2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& jrefrmEkdifiHü jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'o

BuD;ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmftqifh[lí vTwfawmfESpf&yf&Sdygonf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmtqifh

rSm vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f 440 OD; yg0ifonfh jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f

224 OD; yg0ifonfh trsKd;om;vTwfawmf[lí vTwfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf

jzpfygonf/ jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwkdYonf a,bk,stm;jzifh tqifhwlnDyg

onf/zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ü¤if;vTwfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;wGifa&G;aumufwifajr§mufonfhvTwf

awmfukd,fpm;vS,f 75 &mckdifEIef;ESifh usefaom 25 &mckdifEIef;ukd wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

u trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh wyfrawmfom;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;&rnf[k jy|mef;xm;yg

onf/ cefYtyfxm;aom wyfrawmfom;ukd,fpm;vS,f 110 OD;teuf trsKd;orD;ESpfOD; yg0ifae

aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/370 wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftqifhwGif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& wkdif;

370 http://www.mizzima.com/mizzima-news/politics/item/10815-first-women-military-officers-appointed-to-parliament/10815-first-women-military-officers-appointed-to-parliament udkMunfhyg/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;rsm;&Sd

trsdK;orD;t&m&Sdrsm;udkyxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf2013 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;yaom jynfolUvTwfawmf&Sdppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,f

tzGJU wGifyg0if&efcefYxm;cJhonf/vTwfawmfonf 2010 a½G;aumufyGJNyD;uwnf;u tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/

UN

FPA



a'oBuD;ckepfckwGif wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmfwpf&yfpD? jynfe,fckepfjynfe,fwGif jynfe,fvTwf

awmfwpf&yfpDESifh pkpkaygif; vTwfawmf 14 &yf&Sdygonf/ wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftqifhwGif

vnf; wyfrawmfom;ukd,fpm;vS,f 25 &mckdifEIef;pD toD;oD; yg0ifygonf/371

¤if;\apmifhMunfhBuD;Muyfa&;tcef;u@rSaeívTwfawmfonfEkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;?

pDrHcsufrsm;? pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;u@rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;? txl;ojzifh z,fMuOftcH&qkH;

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh z,fMuOfcH&aom tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;\ OD;pm;ay;vkdtyfcsufrsm; yg0ifapa&;ukd

aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&efvkdtyfygonf/ ¤if;ukdvTwfawmftqifhwkdif;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;

ukd,fpm;jyKrIESifh MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIwkdYu rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKygonf/ 2010 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv

a&G;aumufyGJtqifhwkdif;wGif ,SOfNydKifa&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&mrSm trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,f

avmif; pkpkaygif; 104 OD;teuf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmf

wkdY\ vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf trsKd;orD; 45 OD; a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&ygonf/ 2011

ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif yxrtBudrf usif;yonfh jrefrmEkdifiH vTwfawmfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif 4.3 &mckdifEIef;? trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwGif 4.9 &mckdifEIef;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;

ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGif 3.8 &mckdifEIef; yg0ifygonf/ 2012 ckESpf? {NyDv Mum;jzwfa&G;

aumufyGJtNyD; jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif trsKd;orD;vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftopf 10 OD; xyfrHa&G;

aumufwifajr§mufcH&ojzifh ta&twGufwpf0uf wkd;jrifhvmygonf/ (Z,m; 6.1)

Z,m; 6.1/ trsKd;orD;rsm; jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGif ukd,fpm;jyKrI (2013)

(u) rJqEé,f^trnfpm&if;

wifoGif;ol pkpkaygif;

(c) a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&ol pkpkaygif;

a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&aom

trsKd;orD;

ukd,fpm;vS,f

pkpkaygif;

a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH& aom

trsKd;orD;vTwfawmf

ukd,fpm;vS,f &mckdifEIef;

pkpkaygif;\

&mckdifEIef;

(aumfvH-u)

a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&ol

&mckdifEIef;

(aumfvH-c)

jynfolYvTwfawmf • 440

• rJqEé,f - 330

• wyfrawmfom;

ukd,fpm;vS,f - 110

• (trsKd;orD; 2 OD;)

322 24 5.5 7.5

trsKd;om;

vTwfawmf

• 224

• rJqEé,f - 168

• wyfrawmfom;

ukd,fpm;vS,f - 56

168 4 1.8 2.4

jynfaxmifpk

vTwfawmf

• 664• rJqEé,f - 498

• wyfrawmfom;

ukd,fpm;vS,f - 166

490 28 4.2 5.7



(u) rJqE´e,f^trnfpm&if;

wifoGif;ol pkpkaygif;

(c) a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&ol pkpkaygif;

a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&aom

trsKd;orD;

ukd,fpm;vS,f

pkpkaygif;

a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH& aom

trsKd;orD;vTwfawmf

ukd,fpm;vS,f &mckdifEIef;

pkpkaygif;\

&mckdifEIef;

(aumfvH-u)

a&G;aumuf

wifajr§muf

cH&ol

&mckdifEIef;

(aumfvH-c)

jynfe,f^wkdif;

a'oBuD;

vTwfawmf

• 887• rJqE´e,f - 665

• wyfrawmfom;

ukd,fpm;vS,f - 222

663 25 2.8 3.8

pkpkaygif; 1,551 1,153 53 3.4 4.6

* zefwD;tdrfESifh usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQa&;uGef&uf? atmufwkdbm? 2012/ (2013 wGif jyif qifazmfjyygonf)

** trsKd;orD;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tm;2013ckESpfapmapmydkif;ü'kwd,0efBuD;cefYtyfjcif;aMumifh¤if;ta&twGufukd25

rS 24 [k jyefvnfjyifqif&ef/

*** txufenf;wl 29 rS 28 [k jyefvnfjyifqif&ef/

2013 ckESpf awGU&SdrIt& jrefrmEdkifiH jynfaxmifpktqifhvTwfawmfESifh jynfe,fESifh wkdif;

a'oBuD;vTwfawmf vTwfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;\ vTwfawmftqifhwkdif;wGif trsKd;orD;vTwfawmfukd,f

pm;vS,f 53 OD; (4.6 &mckdifEIef;) yg0ifonfhteuf jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif trsKd;orD;vTwfawmf

ukd,fpm;vS,f 24 OD; (7.5 &mckdifEIef;)? trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwGif trsKd;orD;vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f

4 OD; (2.4 &mckdifEIef;)? jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmfwGif trsKd;orD;vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f


UN

FPA


25OD;(3.8&mckdifEIef;)jzpfygonf/¤if;ukd,fpm;jyKrIonfuarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHatmufvTwfawmf

wGif 21.1 &mckdifEIef;? vmtkdjynfolY'Drkdu&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHwGif 25.2 &mckdifEIef;? AD,uferf

EkdifiHwGif 25.8 &mckdifEIef;wkdYESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif edrfhusygonf/372 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; ukd,fpm;jyKrIonf atmufvTwfawmfwGif

urÇmhtqifh 144 teuf 132 tqifhwGif &SdNyD; txufvTwfawmfwGif yg0ifrIonf ,DrifEkdifiHuJh

okdY tenf;qHk;tqifhESifh eD;uyfpGm wnf&SdaeaMumif; awGU&onf/373 xkdYjyif jrefrmEdkifiHonf

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrItwGuf EkdifiHwumpHEIef;jzpfonfh abusif;vkyfief;vrf;ñTefcsuf\

OD;wnfcsuf 30 &mckdifEIef; jynfhrD&efyif rsm;pGm vkdygao;onf/

rnfokdYjzpfap atmufygZ,m; 6.2 wGif azmfjyouJhokdYyif 1974-1985 ckESpf trsKd;om;

vTwfawmfESifhjzpfap? 1990 ckESpf ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD a&G;aumufyGJESifhjzpfap? 1993? 2005-2008

ckESpf trsKd;om;nDvmcHESifhjzpfap EIdif;,SOfygu trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI vuf&Sdtajctae

onf wkd;wufrI&Sdygonf/

Z,m; 6.2/ vTwfawmfESifh trsKd;om;nDvmcH (1993? 2005-2008)wkdYwGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI

ESpf udk,fpm;jyKrI trsKd;tpm;trsKd;orD;rsm;

udk,fpm;jyKrI &mckdifEIef;

1974 yxrtBudrfvTwfawmf 1.9

1978 'kwd,tBudrfvTwfawmf 2.6

1981 wwd,tBudrfvTwfawmf 2.7

1985 pwkw¬tBudrfvTwfawmf 3.1

1990* ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ 2.7

1993 trsKd;om;nDvmcH 3.9

2005–2008 trsKd;om;nDvmcH 6.4

2011 jynfolYvTwfawmf 2.9

2012 jynfolYvTwfawmf 4.5

pmudk; - FES Gender Team: "Gender Profile: Myanmar", 2010 and Central Statistical Organization and Hluttaw Office

jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf aumfrwDrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& tmPmtyfESif;cH&aom aumfrwDrsm; okdYr[kwf tNrJwrf;

aumfrwDrsm;vTwfawmftoD;oD;rSm&Sdygonf/¤if;wkdYrSmOya'Murf;aumfrwD?jynfolYaiGpm&if;

aumfrwD? vTwfawmftcGifhta&;aumfrwD? tpkd;&\ tmrcHrsm;? uwdu0wfrsm;? wm0ef,lrIrsm;

pdppfa&;aumfrwD? umuG,fa&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;aumfrwDwkdYjzpfNyD; taMumif;t&mtay:rlwnfí

tcsdefumvwpfcktwGuf jzpfygonf/ trsKd;om;vTwfawmfESifh jynfolYvTwfawmfwkdYonf vdktyf

ygu aumfrwDrsm;ukd xyfrHzGJUpnf;Ekdifygonf/ xkdYjyif wjcm;aumfrwDrsm;pGm trSefwu,fvkdtyf

ygonf/

372 UN Country Team in Myanmar. 2011. Thematic Analysis 2011: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Myanmar. Yangon. pp. 23-24.

373 Global Justice Center. 2013. The Gender Gap and Women’s Political Power in Myanmar/Burma. Yangon/


&&SdEkdiforQ tcsuftvufrsm;t& tNrJwrf;aumfrwDrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;

jyKrIonf tvGefenf;yg;ygonf/ atmufygZ,m; 6.3 rSm azmfjyonfhtwkdif; 6.6 &mckdifEIef;rS

20 &mckdifEIef;txd yg0ifygonf/

Z,m; 6.3/ t"duusaom vTwfawmfaumfrwDrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI (2011 ckESpf)

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI

aumfrwDtrnftrsKd;orD;

ta&twGuf

tzGJU0if

pkpkaygif;

trsKd;orD;rsm;\

ukd,fpm;jyKrI (%)

Oya'Murf;aumfrwD 2 15 13.3

jynfolYvTwfawmf jynfolYaiGpm&if;aumfrwD 3 15 20.0

jynfolYvTwfawmf tcGifhta&;aumfrwD 2 15 13.3

tpkd;&\ tmrcHrsm;? uwdu0wfrsm;?

wm0efrsm; pdppfa&;aumfrwD2 15 13.3

trsKd;om;vTwfawmf Oya'Murf;aumfrwD 1 15 6.6

pmudk; - United Nations, CEDAW, "Response by Myanmar to the recommendations contained in the concluding observations of the Committee following the examination of the combined second and third periodic report of Myanmar", October 2011, page 2

tpkd;&tzGJU 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI

jrefrmEkdifiHü (1) jynfaxmifpktqifh (2) jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifh (3) c½kdif

tqifh? NrdKUe,ftqifhESifh (4) &yfuGufESifh aus;&Gmtkyfpktqifh[lí tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh av;qifh

&Sdygonf/

jynfaxmifpktqifh

2011 ckESpfwGif tpkd;&tzGJUtopf pwifwm0ef,luwnf;u 0efBuD;tqifheSifh 'kwd,

0efBuD;tqifh &mxl;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cefYtyfonfh ta&twGuf wkd;jr§ifhcJhygonf/374

,cktcg jynfaxmifpktqifh 0efBuD;tzGJUtwGif; 0efBuD;&mxl;ü trsKd;orD; &SpfOD; wm0ef,lxm;

ygonf/¤if;rSmjynfaxmifpk0efBuD;&mxl;36ae&mteuftrsKd;orD;jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;ESpfOD;?

'kwd,0efBuD; trsKd;orD; ajcmufOD;jzpfygonf/ jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;ESpfOD;rSm vlrI0efxrf;? u,f

374 1948ckESpfü jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuftrsdK;orD;rsm;vnf;tpdk;&udk OD;pD; OD;aqmifûyolrsm;wGifyg0ifvmcJhonf/

u&ifjynfe,fu aemfbmarmifcsdef;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGifyxrqkH;ESifhwpfOD;wnf;aomtpdk;&tzGJU0if0efBuD;jzpfcJhonf/'Drdkua&pD

vIyf&Sm;rIacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf\rdcif a':cifMunfrSmtdE´d,EdkifiHwGifoHwrefwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhNyD;yxrqkH;ESifhwpfOD;

wnf;aomtrsdK;orD;oHtrwfBuD;jzpfcJhonf/EdkifiHawmfNidrf0wfydjym;a&;aumifpDodkYr[kwfEdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUNzd;

a&;aumifpDwGif acgif;aqmifydkif;ütrsdK;orD;wpfOD;rSr&SdcJhyg/EdkifiHawmfNidrf0wfydjym;a&;aumifpDatmufwGiftrsdK;orD;ñTefMum;a&;

rSL;csKyfwpfOD;&SdcJhonf/



q,fa&;ESifhjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xmejynfaxmifpk0efBuD;jzpfNyD;¤if;0efBuD;Xmeonf

trsKd;orD;a&;&mtwGuf OD;aqmif0efBuD;Xmejzpfygonf/ tjcm;0efBuD;wpfOD;rSm ynma&;0efBuD;

Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,0efBuD; ajcmufOD;rSm (1) vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;

ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xme (2) usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme (3) ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme

(4) obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh opfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme (5) trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh

pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; 0efBuD;Xme (6) tvkyform;? tvkyftukdifESifh vlrIzlvkHa&;0efBuD;Xme

wkdYrS yg0ifygonf/375

tpkd;&Xmersm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrIonf enf;yg;

aomfvnf; atmufygZ,m; 6.1 rSm azmfjyonfhtwkdif; trIxrf;t&mxrf; &mckdifEIef;rSm

tqifhjrifh&mxl;tqifh ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif 2004-2005 ckESpfrS pwifí wpfpwpfp wkd;wufrIrsm;

&SdcJhygonf/ 2010-2011 ckESpfwGif tpkd;&tzGJU 0efBuD;Xme 31 ck\ trIxrf;t&mxrf; pkpkaygif;

teufysrf;rQ52.4&mckdifEIef;onftrsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfygonf/¤if;ta&twGufonf2008-

2009 ckESpfwGif 51.4 &mckdifEIef;rS 2009-2010 ckESpfwGif 51.6 &mckdifEIef;okdY wkd;wufvmyg

onf/0efBuD;Xme31ck\pDrHcefYcGJrItqifh('kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;okdYr[kwf¤if;ESifhtqifhwl

okdYr[kwf¤if;txuf)376 rSm 2010-2011 ckESpfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; 37 &mckdifEIef;jzpf&m 2009-

2010 ckESpfwGif 36 &mckdifEIef;ESifh 2008-2009 ckESpfwGif 32.6 &mckdifEIef;rSaeí wkd;wufcJhyg

onf/377

375 vlrI0efxrf;OD;pD;Xme tcsuftvuf? 2014/

376 þavhvmrIuvufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rItqifhESifh,if;tqifhESifhnDrßSaom&mxl;rsm;udk tv,ftvwf pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI&mxl;ae&mrsm;

tjzpfxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;onf/


2004–2005

Females employed out of total employees

2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

46.7

31.0

49.6 49.7 50.4 51.4

32.6 36.4 36.9

51.7 52.4

35.4 34.1 34.7

Females employed at deputy director (or equal) level and above out of total employed at deputy director (or equal) level

Z,m; 6.1/ 2004-2005 ckESpfrS 2010-2011 ckESpftwGif; tpkd;&Xmersm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKrI (%)

pmudk; - A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJU? 2012? aejynfawmf/


u@tvkduftaejzifh odyÜHESifh enf;ynm0efBuD;Xmeonf 0efxrf;pkpkaygi; 74 &mckdif

EIef;cefYrSmtrsKd;orD;0efxrf;jzpfNyD;pDrHcefYcGJrItqifh('kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;okdYr[kwf¤if;tqifh

wlESifhtxuf)wGiftrsKd;orD;t&mxrf;65&mckdifEIef;yg0ifygonf/¤if;tcsufrSmodyÜHESifhenf;

ynmbmom&yfwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif trsKd;orD;bGJU& &mckdifEIef; ykdrsm;rIaMumifh jzpf

aumif; jzpfEkdifygonf/378

jynfoltrsm;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;

0efxrf;tcsKd;tpm; jrifhrm;vifhupm; pkd;&drfzG,ftcsKdU&Sdygonf/

l 2012 ckESpfuwnf;u trsKd;orD;rsm; tvkyfvufrJhEIef;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif

tenf;i,f ykdrkdjrifhrm;ygonf/379 xkdYaMumihf tvkyftukdif&SmazGaom trsKd;orD;ta&twGuf

onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf ykdrkdrsm;jym;ygonf/ tvkyform;OD;pD;Xme\ tcsuftvufrsm;t&

tvkyform;rSwfykHwif½kH;wGif rSwfykHwifpm&if;oGif;onfh tvkyftukdif&SmazGolrsm;? txl;

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383 ,ltifef'DyD? 2009/ Human Development Report, Myanmar. Yangon/





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387 H. Nixon et al. 2013.State and Region Governments in Myanmar. Yangon: Myanmar Development Resource Institute – Centre for Economic and Social Development, and The Asia Foundation. p.9, 11, 13. P. Minoletti. 2014. Women’s Participation in Subnational Governance of Myanmar. Discussion Paper No.3. Yangon: Myanmar Development Resource Institute and The Asia Foundation/

388 ,ltifef'DyD/ rMumrDxkwfjyefrnf/ Local Women Leadership: Lives and Perspectives of Myanmar. Yangon/

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pmudk; - (New Light of Myanmar, 9 April, 2012) *http://www.mizzima.com/mizzima-news/politics/item/10815-first-women-military-officers-appointed-to-parliament/10815-first-women-military-officers-appointed-to- parliament

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406 Inter Parliamentary Union. 2011. Women in Parliament in 2011: The Year in Perspective.Yangon. www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnpersp11-e.pdf

407 urÇm'D;,m;tpdk;&? 2008/ A Fair Share for Women: Cambodia Gender Assessment, 2008. Phnom Penh. p. 146. UNIFEM (,ck UN Women)? 2009? Time for Action: Implementing CEDAW in Southeast Asia. Bangkok/



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409 Inter Parliamentary Union Database. Undated.Women in Parliaments. www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (accessed July 2008). IDEA Global Database of Quotas for Women.2008.http://www.quotaproject.org/ (accessed July 2008). A.M. Goetz et al. 2008. Progress of the World’s Women 2008/2009: Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability.New York: UN Women udk udk;um;xm;onf/


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410 A.M. Goetz et al. 2008.Progress of the World’s Women 2008/2009: Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability.New York: UN Women



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rsm;\ EkdifiHa&;pnf;½kHrIukd xdef;csKyf&efjzpfygonf/421

420 jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;toif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH&SdEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;twGuftultnDay;aomtzGJUtpnf;? 2004/ Women Political Prisoners in Burma.Yangon. www.aappb.net/joint_report.htm l

421 iKNOW politics. 2007. E-discussion on Eliminating Violence against Women in Politics. 10–14 December 2007.www.iknowpolitics.org/files/Consolidated percent20replypercent20_violence percent20against percent20womenpercent20in percent20politics_.pdf; South Asia Partnership International. 2009. Thematic Report on ViolenceAgainst Women in Politics 2009. Report to the UN Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women (CEDAW), SAP International, with Collaboration


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wpfukd,fpm;vS,favmif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m jznfhqnf;yg

onf/ 422

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from Lawyers Collective Women’sRights Initiative. www.vawip.org/thematic-report-violence-against-women-politics-2009-0

422 EMILY onf “Early Money is Like Yeast” \twdkaumufjzpfonf/tar&duefEdkifiHa&;wGifrJqG,fpnf;½kH;a&;

b@ma&;\A[dkcsufudk&nfñTef;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/See Emily’s List.Undated.Where We Come From. www.emilyslist.org/pages/entry/our-history (accessed 8August 2015)/



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zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'wkdYESifh oufqkdifaom e,fy,frsm;wGifjzpfap trsKd;orD;rsm;

\ jznfhqnf;Ekdifonfh tvm;tvmrsm;ukd t[efYtwm;jzpfEkdifygonf/

6-4/ aumufcsufrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

txufygaqG;aEG;rIrsm;rS odomxif&Sm;aom tcsufrSm EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsuf

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ay;a&;jzpfap aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfjcif;jzpfygonf/ xyfwlxyfrQ ta&;ygaom

tcsufrSm w&m;Oya'qkdif&m vrf;ñTefrItjzpf usm;? r wef;wl tav;xm;½Ijrifaom Oya'qkdif

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csmapa&;twGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;rSm...

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfaom rJqE´ay;ykdifcGifh? a&G;aumufwifajr§muf cHykdifcGifh? wef;wlnDrQ EkdifiHom; jzpfcGifhESifh vdifuGJjym;rIukd taMumif;jyKí enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh uefYowfxdef;csKyfrIwkdY vkH;0 yaysmufapa&;wkdYudk tmrcH&efl jrefrmEkdifiH 2008ckESpf EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif ¤if;taMumif;t&mudktod

trSwfjyKxm;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf (txl;ojzifh rJqE´&Sif



rsm;taejzifh)¤if;tcGifhta&;rsm;udkem;vnfod&Sdjcif;aocsmap&eftwGufvkyfief;,EÅ&m;

rsm;csrSwf&efvkdtyfygonf/trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh¤if;wkdY\tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdtodtrSwf

jyKjcif; rcH&yg[k xifjrif,lqvQif rnfonfhenf;vrf;,EÅ&m;rsm;tm;jzifh rnfodkY awmif;qkd&

rnfukd vufvSrf;rD em;vnfod&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/423

vG,fvifhwul tokH;jyKEkdifaom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh usm;? r a&;&mtjrif&Sd okawoersm;udk aumuf,l&ef? trsKd;tpm; owfrSwf&ef? avhvmqef;ppf&efESifh jzefYa0&ef vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;taeESifh jzpfap? cefYtyfjcif;cH&aom tpkd;&tzGJU0ifrsm;taeESifh jzpfap? tpkd;&0efxrf;taeESifh jzpfap? rJqE´&Sifrsm;taeESifh jzpfap EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tqifhwkdif;wGi f trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifrIqkdif&m okawoersm; aumuf,l&efl tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif touft&G,f? pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;? wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpk?

ynma&;tqifhtwef;? tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae? ,kHMunfukd;uG,faom bmom? yx0Da'o

wnfae&m ponfh tajctae? tqifhtwef;wkdYukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/

¤if;utpkd;&\qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom

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taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jyKpkNyD; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/

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vS,favmif;rsm;ta&twGuf wkd;wufvmapa&; pGrf;aqmif&nfwnfaqmufrI jr§ifhwif&ef/

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qkdif&m pHrsm;udk pdefac:&eftwGuf ygwD0ifrsm;tMum; oabmxm;tjrifrsm;ukd ajymif;vJap

&ef avhusifhoifMum;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef/

l &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tmPmykdifrsm;ukd trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm; a&G;cs,fjcif; okdYr[kwf

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tjrifzGifhoifwef;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef/

a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;qkdif&m pepfjyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk jr§ifhwifjcif;tm;jzifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,f&ef tcGifhtvrf; trsKd;rsKd; &&SdapNyD; vTwfawmftwGif; trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;jyKrIESifh OD;aqmifrIwkd;wufvmjcif;

,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk pwifaqmif&Guf&ef? tcsKd;usukd,fpm;jyKrI ukdwmpepfESifh oD;oefY ae&mcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;uJhokdYaom ,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmif csufrsm;ukd pwifrdwfquf aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trnfpm&if;wifoGif;jcif;ESifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&jcif;wkdYtm; ykdrkdjrefqefap&efl tcsKd;usukd,fpm;jyKpepfukd pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;

423 UNDP.2012.Gender Equality in Elected Office in Asia Pacific: Six Actions to Expand Women’s Empowerment. Bangkok. pp. 11-15/


onf vTwfawmftwGuf avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tjzpf vufcHvmrI

t&Sdeft[kef jr§ifhwifEkdifrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;ukdvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; vTwfawmftwGif; a&mufvQif

oufaojyEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/

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awmifhwif;aom trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;tkyfpk&SdaMumif; aocsmapygonf/

l EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;? vli,fqkdif&m oD;jcm;XmecGJrsm; tm;jznfhvkyfaqmif&ef

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tay: usm;? r a&;&m tusKd;oufa&mufrI tjrifrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rl0g'qkdif&m tajctwif

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yHhykd;&ef/

l ygwD0if trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;? ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;

tay: rnfonfhtMurf;zufrIrsm;ukdrqkd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef/

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI? trsKd;orD;rsm;\ MoZmESifh usm;? r a&;&m vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfukd jr§ifhwifonfh usm;? r wef;wl tav;xm;aom vTwfawmf,Ofaus;rIwpf&yf jzpfay:a&;ukd aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf&efl ¤if;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhoifhwifhavsmufywfaomtpnf;ta0;tcsdefZ,m;rsm;?ygwDpkHrS

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ oD;oefYtpnf;ta0;rsm;? vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vTwfawmf0efxrf;

rsm;twGuf usm;? r a&;&mqkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf wnfaqmufrIwkdY yg0ifygonf/



wpfEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twm trsKd;orD;rsm;qkdif&m ,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&m AsL½kdua&pD,EÅ&m; rsm;wGif usm;? r a&;&m tzGJUrsm;? ,lepfrsm;ukd tm;ay;jr§ifhwif&efl xkdokdYjzifh ,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh tzGJUrsm;onf t&if;tjrpfrsm;? vkyfykdifcGifhrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzifh usm;? r

a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ihfwifjcif;ukd tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

tm;vkH;wGif aqmif&GufEkdifaprnfjzpfonf/

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&mukd tajccHaomtjrifjzifh jyefvnfokH;oyf&ef/

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tjcm;jyóemrsm; &ifqkdif&ygu xda&mufpGm ukdifwG,fEkdifrnfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhwifh

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ygwDrsm;ukd ,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;

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a&G;aumufyGJapmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif; ponfwkdY yg0ifygonf/

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usm;? r a&;&m tav;xm;aom vkHNcHKa&;u@ (&JwyfzGJU? ppfwyf)ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;u@qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;


OD;wnfcsuf? pHcsdefpHñTef;jynfhrDaom vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; (usm;? r a&;&m udpö&yfrsm;tay: ukdifwG,frItm; tuJjzwfjcif; tygt0if) rufvkH;ay;aom enf;vrf;rsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwifrI? t&if;tjrpfcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;? apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif; ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;wkdYukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efl ¤if;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGiftBuD;wef;tqifhrsm;tygt0iftqifhwkdif;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;

tm;odomxif&Sm;aomta&twGufyrmPjzifhwm0efcefYtyfjcif;aocsmap&efESifh¤if;

u@u 0efaqmifrIay;onfh rJqE´e,frsm;twGif;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd

wkHYjyefaqmif&Gufjcif; aocsmap&efwkdY yg0ifygonf/

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424 UN Women. 2013. Forging a New Path: Women at the Peace Tables in Myanmar. Report of trainings for women at the peace table undertaken by UN Women, Swiss Peace and Shalom from November 2012 to June 2013. Yangon.

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tm½kHpkdufrI tvGefenf;avh&Sdygonf/425

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425 J.N. Lahtaw, and N. Raw. 2012. Myanmar’s Current Peace Process: A New Role for Women? Yangon: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.


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426 C. Nicol. 2012. Women’s Participation in Peace Processes: A Critical Analysis. Quarterly Access. 14 (1). Summer. p. 3.

427 UN Women. 2012. Sourcebook on Women, Peace and Security: Overview of Contents. New York. p. 10.




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437 United Nations. 1993. The Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. (DP!/926-41761). New York.



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439 UN Women. 2012. Sourcebook on Women, Peace and Security: Overview of Contents; October; p.6



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446 S.A. Khen, and M.Y.H. Nyoi. 2014. Looking at the Current Peace Process in Myanmar Through a Gender Lens. Yangon: Swiss Peace and Gender and Development Initiative.

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448 R. Htin. 2013. Efforts to Address Women’s Concerns in the Peace Process in Myanmar: Gains, Gaps and the Way Forward. Paper presented at the Open Day on Women, Peace and Security entitled, Women Count for Peace: Advancing Women’s Contribution to Peace Building in Myanmar, organized by the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement; Myanmar Women’s Affairs Federation; and the United Nations, 31 October 2013.



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ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m ukd,fusKd;arQmfvifhcsufr&SdbJ bufvkdufrIuif;onf[kvnf; ,lqaomaMumifh

jzpfygonf/455

avhvmolrsm;tjzpf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcef;u@onf Mum;emjcif;? avhvmjcif;ESifh

tpnf;ta0;tay: xifjrifcsufay;jcif;wkdYwGif uefYowfrI&Sdao;aomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;

aqG;aEG;rIESifh n§dEIdif;rIvkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í aumif;pGm todtjrifay;ygonf/ xkdYjyif

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tpkd;&ESifhvnf;aumif;? qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufqH

a&;vrf;aMumif;wpfckudk¤if;avhvmoltcef;u@rSaeí&&SdcJhygonf/

454 *seef;vaxmfESifh tifwmAsL;jcif;? xdkYaemuf&SvGefazmifa';&Sif;\'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;ESifhtifwmAsL;? &efukef/ 2013 ckESpf?

Edk0ifbmv/

455 atmufygtrsKd;orD;rsm;rSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif avhvmtuJcwfolrsm;tjzpf zdwfMum;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ Kristine Gould, tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS ppfrufqkdif&m r[mAsL[mrSL;ESifh Emma Leslie ? a'oqkdif&m tifef*sDtdkwpfck\ 'g½dkufwmwkdYudk

autifef,lu¤if;\aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odkYzdwfMum;cJhonf/jrefrmha&eH?obm0"mwfaiGUESifhowåKwGif;ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfaom

xm;0,frif;orD;ukrÜPDrS pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif trsKd;orD; wpfOD;rSmvnf; ,if;vkyfief;pOfudk avhvmtuJcwfoltjzpf wufa&muf&ef

tpdk;&nd§EIdif;a&;tzGJUu zdwfMum;cJh onf/ csif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;aumfrwD (pDyDwDpD) \ tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfaom

rdkifcsif;csif;udk csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;u zdwfMum;cJhonf/ rm*&ufwdkrdkudk autifefyDyDESifh aqG;aEG;&ef ,lyD'AvsLpDu zdwfMum;cJhonf/

a'gufwmtefemaraq;yg? jrefrmEkdifiH xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh bmoma&; ,HkkMunfrIqkdif&m avhvmrIynmausmif;\

ausmif;tkyfa[mmif;? aemfqlqefemvSvSpdk;? u&iftrsKd;orD;rsm; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtkyfpk 'g½dkufwmESifh eefYcifat;OD;?

u&ifa&;&maumfrwDtzGJU0ifwkdYudk autifef,lu zdwfMum;cJhonf/ rdcGefcsefEGef? rGef trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;\ 'kwd,Ouú|udk

tifeftrftufpfyDu zdwfMum;cJhonf/ Khen.,S.A and Nyoi,.M.Y.H. 2014/ usm;ruGJjym;rI½Iaxmifhwpf&yfrS wpfqifh vuf&SdNidrf;csrf

;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGif Munfh½Ijcif;/ qGpfNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh usm;? r uGJjym;rIESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; ueOD;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;/


y#dyu© apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfol trsKd;orD;rsm;

typftcwf&yfpJa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfaom ,EÅ&m;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;

vkyfief;pOfrsm; xda&mufrI&Sdap&eftwGuf ta&;ygygonf/ &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;t&

w&m;0if zGJUpnf;xlaxmifNyD;jzpfonfh typftcwf&yfpJrI apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfa&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh Nidrf;

csrf;a&;apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfa&;tzGJUrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyKyg0ifrI tvGefenf;yg;

ygonf[k ,lqygonf/

csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;ESifh tpkd;&wkdYtMum; oabmwlnDrI\ tusKd;&v'ftjzpf xef

wvef? wD;wdef? rwlyDESifh yvuf0 NrdKUe,fav;NrdKUe,fwGif zGJUpnf;cJhonfh CPTC u ulnDyHhykd;onfh

typftcwf&yfpJa&; apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfa&;aumfrwDrsm;teuf wD;wdefNrdKUe,f aumfrwDESifh

yvuf0NrdKUe,faumfrwDwkdYwGifom trsKd;orD;tzGJU0if wpfOD;pD toD;oD;yg0ifygonf/ u&iftrsKd;

om;tpnf;t½kH;ESifh tpkd;&wkdY\ 'kwd,oabmwlnDcsufü Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOf vG,fulacsm

arGUapa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyK&ef c½kdifESifh NrdKUe,fNidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUrsm;wGif

trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifvkyfaqmifap&rnf[k csrSwfaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rnfokdY rnfonfh

ae&mXmerS yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnfukd wdusjywfom;pGm azmfjyjcif; r&Sdyg/ &Srf;jynfjyefvnf

xlaxmifa&;aumifpD (RCSS) ESifh tpkd;&wkdY\ oabmwlnDrI tusKd;&v'fwpfcktaeESifh Nidrf;csrf;

a&; apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfa&;aumfrwDukd tzGJU0if 19 a,mufjzifh zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ &Srf;jynfjyef

vnfxlaxmifa&;aumifpD (RCSS) u uruxjyKonfh &Srf;jynfe,fynm&Sifrsm;\ tpnf;

ta0;tNyD; 2012 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif ¤if;aumfrwDukd zGJUpnf;jcif;jzpfNyD; trsKd;orD;tzGJU0if

ESpfOD;yg0ifygonf/2013ckESpf?atmufwkdbmvwGifod&onfrSm¤if;aumfrwDtm;taumif

txnfazmfaqmifEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/456

Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfwGif t&yfbuf trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif t&yfbuf trsKd;orD; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;orD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh

vkHNcHKa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGif wuf<upGm yg0ifvIyf&Sm; aqmif&GufaeMuaomfvnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;

pOfwGif w&m;0if yg0ifjcif;rsKd; r[kwfyg/ Nidrf;azmifa';&Sif;\ ppfwrf;t& trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;onf vufeufukdiftzGJUtpnf ;rsm;? jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&tzGJUrsm;

tm;trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;ukdNidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfwGifxnfhoGif;&ef

awmif;qkdwkdufwGef;vsuf&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ wpfEkdifiHvkH;tqifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf

awmif;qkdjcif;rsm;tygt0if wdusaom tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk pmay;ykdYjcif; vufrSwfa&;xkd;pkaqmif;

onfhurfydef;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;ponfwkdYrSwpfqifhawmif;qkdMuygonf/¤if;wkdYonfNidrf;csrf;a&;

n§dEIdif;rIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vlxktodtjrifEkd;Mum;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;vnf; wuf<upGm vkyfaqmifMu

onf/457 tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? EkdifiHwumtpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ukvor*¾ tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;\ okH;zufaygif;rdwfzuftzGJU (Oyrm-Nidrf;azmifa';&Sif;? at;csrf;jrefrm vlrIzGHUNzdK;a&;

toif;? qGpfZmvefNidrf;a&;ESifh UN Women)rS trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh vufawGU

vkyfaqmifonfh t&nftcsif;rsm; jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfwGif uGJjym;jcm;





em;aom tcef;u@rsm;wGif yg0ifvmap&ef vkyfaqmifay;cJhonf/

wkdif;&if;om;trsKd;orD;rsm;\ vkyfief;uGef&ufrsm;tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfukd wkd;wufBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufMu&ef

&nf&G,fvsufn§dEIdif;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkpnf;½kH;aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMuygonf/¤if;wkdYrSm&efukef

NrdKUü 2012 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvESifh 2013 ckESpf? 2014 ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfonfh jrefrmtrsKd;orD;

rsm;\ trsKd;orD;rsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;zkd&rf (Myanmar Women's Forum on Women,

Peace and Security)? &efukefNrdKUü 2013 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvwGif jyKvkyfonfh jynfaxmifpktrsKd;orD;

rsm;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? vkHNcHKa&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ (National Women's Dialogue on

Peace, Security and Development) ESifh rGeftrsKd;orD;tzGJU? ucsifESifh csif;trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;uJhokdY aom

wkdif;&if;oltrsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;u usif;yMuaom zkd&rfrsm;wkdYjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

\ wuf<uvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifhtwl ukvor*¾\ ulnDyHhykd;rIjzifh vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyef

vnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;XmeESifh jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mrS BuD;rSL;um jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ü

yxrqkH;taeESifh 2013 ckESpf? atmufwkdbm 31 &ufwGif Open Consultation on Women,

Peace and Security ukdpDpOfusif;ycJhNyD;¤if;\tusKd;&v'frsm;rSmjrefrmEkdifiHtwGuftrsKd;orD;

rsm;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfukd xGufay:apcJhygonf/

rsm;rMumrDu jrefrmEkdifiH\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGif usm;? r a&;&mtjrifrsm; xnfh

oGif;jcif;qkdif&m rdwfzuftzGJU (Alliance for Gender Inclusion in Peace Process in Myanmar)ukd

zGJUpnf;MuNyD; trsKd;orD;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;rsm;ukd n§dEIdif;aqmif&Guf&mwGif ykdrkdaumif;rGef

atmif aqmif&GufMuygonf/ xkdrdwfzuftzGJUrS trsKd;orD;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;vkyfief; vkyf

aqmifrIrsm;udk vrf;jyajrykHa&;qGJMuNyD; xkdawGU&Sdcsufrsm;tay:wGif xda&mufaom vkyfief;pDrH

csufukd a&;qGJcJhMuygonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufol trsKd;orD;rsm;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&SdbJ zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI rjzpfEkdifouJhokdY zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIr&SdbJ Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&Sd

Ekdifyg/jrefrmEkdifiHütrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onfa&SUrSmazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf yg0ifvkyfaqmif yHhykd;ay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;

onf ajr,m? tdrf&mtaqmufttkH? aumif;rGefaom tvkyftukdifwkdYtwGuf wef;wlnDrQaom

tcGifhta&;rsm;uJhokdYaom trsKd;orD;rsm;\ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m vkyfEkdifpGrf;

&Sdvmapjcif; udpö&yfrsm;? ynma&;? pmwwfajrmufa&;? aomufokH;a&? tajccHusef;rma&;? rdv’m?

obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; tygt0if jynfolY0efaqmifrIrsm;? qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfaom

tqifhwkdif;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm; ukd,fpm;jyKcGifhjyóemrsm;ESifh tMurf;zufrIuif;a0;pGm aexkdifEkdif

onfh vGwfvyfcGifhjyóemrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/458

trsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;onf tqkdygudpö&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí usm;? r a&;&mtjrif xnfhoGif;xm;

aom tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;? okawoejyKvkyfjcif;? rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf wkduf

wGef;jcif;? todtjrifzGifh ynmay;tpDtpOfrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;? &yf&Gmtqifh pGrf;aqmif&nfwnf

458 Myanmar Information Management Unit, 2012.


aqmufjcif;ESifh &yf&GmtajcjyKpDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;wkdYukd vkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwGif yg0ifaom trsKd;orD;rsm;\ OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;

wGiftrsKd;orD;ESifh¤if;wkdY\OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;ukdNidrf;csrf;a&;BudK;yrf;rIwGifaygif;pyfxnfh

oGif;jcif;? BudKwifowday;jcif;ESifh y#dyu©apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxl

axmifa&;? a&&Snf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;? y#dyu©tvGefumv tkyfcsKyfrI? vkHNcHKa&;

ESifh w&m;Oya'u@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifa&; ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/

OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf y#dyu©twGif;ESifh y#dyu©tvGef tajctaersm;wGif vdifykdif;

qkdif&m tMurf;zufrItygt0if usm;? r a&;&m tajccHjyK tMurf;zufrIrS BudKwifumuG,fa&;ESifh

wkHYjyefta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;wkdYvnf; yg0ifygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;onf

y#dyu©cHpm;ae&onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom okawoeawGU&Sdcsufrsm;? wkdifyifaqG;aEG;

csufrsm;? tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS aqG;aEG;tBuHjyKcsufrsm;tay: tajccHyg

onf/

okdY&mwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udkxnfhoGif;yg0ifap

jcif;onf tpkd;&ESifh wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; oabmwlnDrIrsm;\

t"duae&mwGif &Sdraeyg/ vwfwavmvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0if

onfh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;av;zGJUjzpfaom csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD; Chin National

Front (3 bilateral peace agreement)? u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½kH; Karen National Union(3)?

rGefjynfopfygwD New Mon State Party (2 bilateral peace agreement) ESifh &Srf;jynfjyefvnfxl

axmifa&;aumifpD Restoration of Shan State(3 bilateral peace agreement) wkdYESifh

tpkd;&tMum; obmwlnDcsuf pkpkaygif; 11 csuf459 ü tusKH;0ifaom udpö&yf 149 ck tay:

usm;?ra&;&mtajccHaomavhvmqef;ppfrIu¤if;tcsufukdaxmufcHygonf/460

csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;ESifh tpkd;&wkdYtMum; oabmwlnDcsufokH;ckü tusKH;0ifaom udpö&yf

pkpkaygif; 51 ckteuf 'kwd,jynfaxmifpktqifh oabmwlnDrI tykd'f 24? ]EkdifiHh0efxrf;

a&G;cs,f wm0efay;tyf&mwGifjzpfap? &mxl; a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&mwGif jzpfap? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;?

ukd;uG,f&m bmomomoem? trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;udk taMumif;jyKvsuf cGJjcm;jcif;rjyK&} 461

459 ukvor*¾XmaeñSdEIdif;a&;rSL;\ qef;ppfokH;oyfcsuf/


461 pDtifeftufzfu tpdk;& (,lyD'AvsLpD) ESifh pmcsKyfokH;ck csKyfqkdcJhonf/ yPmroabmwlnDcsufudk 2012 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 6

&ufwGif csKyfqkdcJhNyD; typftcwf &yfqJa&;oabmwlnDrIudk t"duudkifwG,frnfh tcsuf 9 csufyg0ifonf/ 'kwd,oabmwlpmcsKyf-

yxrqHk; jynfaxmifpktqifh oabmwlpmcsKyfvnf;jzpfonfh ,if;pmcsKyfudk typftcwf&yfpJa&;jyóemrsm;?

,m,DavhvmrItajccHrsm;pwifjcif;? qufqHa&;½Hk;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef,lrIrsm;? EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;jcif;

tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;? EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDrIESifh pyfvsOf;aom udpö&yfrsm;? trsm;jynfolwkdifyifrI? vlom;csif; pmemaxmuf

xm;rItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom udpö&yfrsm;? vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh aiGt&if;tESD; jr§ifhwifjcif;? w&m;r0ifrl;,pfaq;rsm;udk

tjrpfjzwfacsrIef;&ef yl;wGJBudK;yrf;rIrsm;? ADZmrsm;? csif;trsKd;om;aeY? pDtifeftufzfESifh csif;trsKd;om;wyf (pDtifefat)

ESifhywfoufaom udpö&yfrsm;? tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;? typftcwf&yfpJa&;apmifhMunfha&;tzGJUESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqmif&Gufa&;

tzGJU\ tzGJUtpnf;? wwd, oabmwlnDpmcsKyf- jynfaxmifpktqifh 'kwd,oabmwlpmcsKyfvnf;jzpfonfh ,if;pmcsKyfudk

2012 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv? 9 &ufwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhNyD; &if;jrpfig;ck emrnftm;jzifh csif;trsKd;om;jyóemrsm;?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;? vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh ywf0ef;usif? ppfwyf? zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIudpö &yfrsm;xJwGif tcsuf

27 csufu trsKd;tpm;cGJ xnfhoGif;onf/ jrefrmtusKd;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI? 2012 ckESpf? arv 7 &ufudkMunfhyg/ Khen.,S.A and



tykd'fwpfckwnf;rSm usm;? r a&;&mukd yg0ifonfqkd½kHrQ &nfñTef;azmfjyygonf/462

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½kH;ESifh tpkd;&wkdYtMum; oabmwlnDcsufokH;ckü tusKH;0ifaom

jyóem 58 ckteuf 'kwd,oabmwlnDrI\ yÍörtcsufwGif ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; vG,f

ulacsmarGUapa&; taxmuftuljyK&ef c½kdifESifh NrdKUe,fNidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUrsm; ukd

xlaxmif&ygrnf/463 txl;ojzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifap&ygrnf}

[lí a'oqkdif&m Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIudk

wdusjywfom;pGm &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ okdY&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; rnfokdY yg0ifvkyfaqmif

oihfaMumif; vrf;ñTefcsufrsm; wdusjywfom;pGm ryg0ifyg/464 typftcwf&yfpJa&;qkdif&m us

ifh0wfpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;a&;twGuf tao;pdwf

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apmifha&SmufrI? apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfrIESifh aqG;aEG;ESpfodrfhrIqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; tenf;

tusOf;rQom &Sdygonf/

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l u,fq,fa&;pcef;rsm;?txl;ojzifhvlenf;pktkyfpkrsm;rSpcef;rsm;wGif¤if;wkdY\oGm;vmvIyf

&Sm;rIrsm;tay: uefYowfxdef;csKyfrIrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;tm; vufvSrf;rD

rI tcuftcJ? tjcm;a'orsm;okdY a&TUajymif;&rIESifh txD;usefrIwkdYaMumifhvnf;aumif;? rd½kd;

474 Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. 2014. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar. Geneva.



477 UNFPA et al. 2013. Rapid Assessment Protection Situation of Women and Girls: Rakhine Humanitarian Response. Yangon.


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aumif; vkdtyfygonf/


aumufcsufrsm;ESifh tMuHûycsufrsm; 8

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onf/479

a,bk,swkd;wufrIrsm;ESifh uGm[rIrsm;

rl0g'ESifh Oya'a&;&m wkd;wufrIrsm;ESifh uGm[csufrsm;

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Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in ptersons Especially Women and

ChildrenESifh ukdufnDpGm txl;ojzifh 2000 ckESpf Transnational Organized Crimeukd OD;wnfvsuf

United Convention ukd tm;jznfhum jy|mef;cJhygonf/ vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae

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478 www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index wGif Munfhyg/


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aumufcsufrsm;ESifh tMuHûycsufrsm;


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qkdif&mESifh trsKd;om;zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHcsuf (FESR) (2011-2030) rlabmifwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd oD;

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OD;wnfyg onf/484

okdY&mwGif FESR onf usm;? r a&;&m wef;wlnDrQrIESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;

483 www.countryeconomy.com/demography/population/Burma wGif Munfhyg/

484 Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 2013. Framework for Economic and Social Reform. Nay Pyi Taw.



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&nf&G,faom ,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/

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vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd tjcm;vkyfief;pOfrsm;? ta&;ygaom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhtwl wpfNydKifwnf;

aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfygonf/ wpfNydKifwnf;aqmif&Guf&rnfh tjcm;vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm...

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vmapa&; vkyfaqmif&rnf/

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wHhckdifNrJa&;twGuf trSefyif ta&;ygygonf/

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rnf/

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csrSwfrIwkdY yg0ifygonf/

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8-4/ tBuHjyKcsufrsm; tESpfcsKyfazmfjycsuf

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r[mAsL[mpDrHudef; (2013-2022)} taumiftxnfazmfrIukd taxmuftuljyKap&ef wifjyyg

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vkyfaqmif&eftwGufjzpfygonf/

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&G,fcsufwpf&yftjzpfvnf;aumif; aocsmap&ef/

l ¤if;rl0g'rsm;ESifhpDrHcsufrsm;wGifEkdifiHawmfrSvkHavmufxda&mufaomb@maiGaxmufyHhrI

rsm;? jynfyrS zGHUNzdK;a&;qkdif&m tultnDrsm; tygt0if arQmfrSef;&nfrSef;csufrsm; csrSwfxm;rI

aocsmap&ef (,if;wkdYonf Accra Agenda For Action? yJ&pfaMunmpmwrf;ESifh ulnDaxmufyHh

rI xda&mufapa&;vkyfief;pOfwdkYukd tajccH&ygrnf)

l tBuD;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; rufc½kdabm*aA'rl0g'rsm; (ukefoG,frI? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI? aiGa&;

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tqifh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;\ usm;? r a&;&m tajccHaom tusKd;oufa&mufrIukd jr§ifhwif&ef/

trsKd;orD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmif&nf &Sdvmapjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í vdifcGJjcm;azmfjyonfh tcsuf tvufrsm;ESifh usm;? r a&;&m pm&if;tif;rsm; tokH;jyKjcif;rsm; wkd;wufvmap&ef



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tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&ef/

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&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd wkd;wufckdifrmaponfh ,EÅ&m;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef/

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a&;qGJ&ef/

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Oya'rsm; a&;qGJjy|mef;&efESifh tmPmoufa&mufap&ef/

l Oya'? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh taotcsm ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;rIay;Ekdifjcif; &Sdraeaom pD;yGm;

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UN

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todtrSwfjyKjcif; ponfh rufvkH;rsm; zefwD;&ef/

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rD;zGm;cGifhcHpm;cGifh? usef;rma&;tmrcHESifh tNidrf;pm;vpmwkdY yg0ifonf/

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tajccHywf0ef;usifaumif;ukd yHhykd;ygonf/



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xm;NyDjzpfaomfvnf;rJqE´&Sifrsm;?trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf¤if;tcGifhta&;rsm;

ukdem;vnfod&Sdjcif;aocsmap&eftwGufenf;vrf;rsm;csrSwf&efvdktyfygonf/¤if;wkdY\

tcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif; rcH&yg[k xifjrif,lqvQif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vuf

vSrf;rDaom enf;vrf;rsm;tm;jzifh rnfokdY awmif;qkd&rnfukd em;vnfod&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/488

EkdifiHa&;u@ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;u@ü trsKd;orD;rsm;\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í vdifcGJjcm;azmfjyonfh tcsuf tvufrsm;ESifh usm;? r a&;&m pm&if;tif;rsm; aumuf,l&efESifh tokH;jyKEkdifap&ef

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l tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif touft&G,f? pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;? wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpk?

ynma&;tqifhtwef;? tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae? ,kHMunfukd;uG,faombmom? yx0Da'o

488 UNDP. 2012. Gender Equality in Elected Office in Asia Pacific: Six Actions to Expand Women’s Empowerment. Bangkok. pp. 11–15.



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