Taxonomy (Classification)
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Transcript of Taxonomy (Classification)
Taxonomy (Classification)
Carolus Linnaeus -developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
• A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
White oak:Quercus alba
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.
– uses Latin words (universal, unchanging language)– scientific names always written in italics or underlined– two parts are the genus name and species
o Genus is the first part of a scientific name.o Genus name is always capitalized.
o A species is the second part of a scientific name.o always lowercaseo always follows genus
name; never written alone
o Scientific names are written in
italics or underlined
Tyto alba
– Some species have very similar common names.– Some species have many common names.
Scientific names help scientists to communicate.
Rhinecanthus aculeatus
- Hawaii – Huma Huma Nuka Nuka Apua’a
- Other Places - Picasso Triggerfish
Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Each level is included in the level above it.
• Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
• Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
Levels of Classification
1. Kingdom-largest (least specific)
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species-smallest (most specific)
These levels are called taxa (plural for taxon).
Classifying people!
1. Kingdom – Animal2. Phylum – Chordate (backbones)3. Class – mammal4. Order - Primates5. Family - Hominidae6. Genus – Homo (man)7. Species –sapiens (wise)Scientific Name of people: Homo sapiens
How do I remember the order?
* Use the sentence:Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares
OR
Keep Players Calm Or Fight Gangster Style
OR
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.
• Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
• Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
• DNA shows red panda to be more related to raccoon than pandas
• 1992 rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri was reclassified as Oncorhynchus mykiss because molecular evidence shows it is more closely related to salmon
Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Phylogeny- evolutionary relationships among organisms that show descent from a common ancestor, not similarities based off of physical characteristics.o evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular datao shown with branching tree diagrams
Phylogeny
A cladogram is a graphic that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of
organisms.
Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
Animalia
Plantae
Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
– 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae
Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
– 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae
Monera
The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
Monera– 1959: fungi moved to own
kingdom
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
– 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom
– 1977: kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Archea
Bacteria
There are 3 domains and 6 kingdoms
Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
Domain Bacteria—Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell type: ProkaryoteCell structures: Cell walls with
peptidoglycanNumber of cells: UnicellularMode of nutrition: Autotroph
or HeterotrophExamples: Streptococcus, E.
coliEubacteria live everywhere.
They inhabit your mouth, your skin, your stomach, dirt, desks, floors, etc..
These are the common bacteria that we refer to as germs.
Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis and dental caries)
Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil for years)
Domain Archaea—Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell type: ProkaryoteCell structures: Cell walls
without peptidoglycanNumber of cells: UnicellularMode of nutrition: Autotroph
or HeterotrophExamples: Methanogens,
halophiles, thermophilesArchaebacteria live in very
EXTREME environments. They inhabit volcanic hot springs, black mud with no oxygen, and very salty water.
These are the extreme bacteria that we do not come in contact with frequently.
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
– kingdom Protista
– kingdom Protista
– kingdom Plantae
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
– kingdom Protista
– kingdom Plantae
– kingdom Fungi
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
– kingdom Protista
– kingdom Plantae
– kingdom Fungi
– kingdom Animalia
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
Kingdom Protista
Cell type: EukaryoteCell structures: Some have cell
walls of cellulose and some have no cell walls
Number of cells: Most unicellular; some multicellular
Mode of nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp, algae
Protists display the greatest variety. If something can’t be classified as anything else, it is placed in this category.
All protists live in some type of water or moist environment (like in moist soil or in your own body!)
Kingdom Fungi
Cell type: EukaryoteCell structures: Cell walls of
chitinNumber of cells: Most
multicellular; some unicellular (like yeast)
Mode of nutrition: Heterotroph
Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, mildew
Fungus is important! We can eat some and it can help make bread, but it can also cause athlete’s foot and other fungal infections.
They like moist environments.
Kingdom Plantae
Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
Cell type: EukaryoteCell structures: Cell walls of
cellulose; have chloroplastsNumber of cells:
MulticellularMode of nutrition:
AutotrophExamples: Mosses, ferns,
flowering plantsPlants are non-motile, which
means they cannot move from place to place
Kingdom Animalia
Cell type: EukaryoteCell structures: No cell
wallsNumber of cells:
MulticellularMode of nutrition:
HeterotrophExamples: Sponges,
worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Very diverse!
DOMAIN KINGDOM EXAMPLES
Bacteria Eubacteria Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea Archaebacteria Methanogens, halophiles
Eukarya Protist Amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals