Tank Mixes, Rotations, and Resistance Management combinedfinal · M i x e s Tank Mixes? Why? •...
Transcript of Tank Mixes, Rotations, and Resistance Management combinedfinal · M i x e s Tank Mixes? Why? •...
10/4
/14
Pes
t Rec
ertif
icat
ion
Info
rmat
ion
Sess
ion:
– Ta
nk M
ixes
, Rot
atio
ns &
Res
ista
nce
Man
agem
ent
Stat
es re
cogn
izin
g th
e se
ssio
n: –
Ala
bam
a
Flo
rida
N
orth
Car
olin
a –
Ohi
o
S
outh
Car
olin
a T
exas
–
Virg
inia
Res
ista
nce
Man
agem
ent,
Rot
atio
ns, a
nd
Tank
Mix
es
Col
leen
War
field
, PhD
, Lan
ce
Osb
orne
, PhD
WWhi
tefl
ies
A
n E
xam
ple
of R
esis
tanc
e M
anag
emen
t
Bem
isia
Bem
isia
tab
aci
• OO
ver
900
host
pla
nts.
•
Vec
tors
ove
r 11
1 pl
ant
viru
s sp
ecie
s.
• A
maj
or in
vasi
ve s
peci
es w
orld
wid
e.
• T
axon
omic
sta
tus
deba
ted:
–
betw
een
36 p
revi
ousl
y id
enti
fied
bi
otyp
es.
– ne
wly
pro
pose
d 24
dis
cret
e sp
ecie
s.
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT S
CO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
SCO
UT
Res
ista
nce
is a
N
umbe
rs G
ame
PPLA
N •
Iden
tify
All
Pes
tici
des
Reg
iste
red
for
the
Pes
t an
d C
rop
• D
eter
min
e P
lant
Saf
ety
• D
eter
min
e La
bele
d Fr
eque
ncy
•
Det
erm
ine
Oth
er U
se R
estr
icti
ons
(sit
e,…
) •
Org
aniz
e T
reat
men
ts…
•
Don
’t F
orge
t O
ther
Pes
ts!
TTan
k M
ixes
Tan
k M
ixes
?
Why
? •
Eas
ier t
han
havi
ng to
spr
ay
mul
tiple
tim
es.
• S
ave
time
and
mon
ey o
n la
bor.
Tan
k M
ixes
?
Why
Not
? •
Eac
h pe
stic
ide
is fo
rmul
ated
for m
axim
um e
ffica
cy.
• S
ome
have
adj
uvan
ts a
lread
y in
them
. •
Two
or th
ere
com
poun
ds m
ay h
ave
mat
eria
ls in
th
em th
at a
re li
sted
as
iner
t ing
redi
ents
. Th
ey
mak
e w
ork
at c
ross
pur
pose
s or
they
my
reac
h le
vels
that
are
exc
essi
ve.
This
will
incr
ease
the
chan
ces
of p
hyot
oxic
ity o
r red
uce
effic
acy.
•
Mul
tiple
Che
mic
als
for t
he s
ame
targ
et p
est:
limits
ro
tatio
n?
OR
DER
OF
RO
TATI
ON
H
EAVY
PO
PULA
TIO
N
1) C
ON
TAC
T O
NLY
2)
7 D
AY
RES
IDU
AL
3) G
REA
TER
TH
AN
21
Cind
y M
cKen
zie,
USD
A, A
RS
Cris
ti P
alm
er, I
R4
Lanc
e O
sbor
ne, U
nive
rsit
y of
Flo
rida
Vi
vek
Kum
ar, U
nive
rsit
y of
Flo
rida
Ro
n O
etti
ng, U
nive
rsit
y of
Geo
rgia
Chem
ical
Cla
ss R
otat
ions
for
Co
ntro
l of
Bem
isia
tab
aci
Biot
ypes
on
Poin
sett
ia
44 P
rodu
cts
Test
ed f
rom
200
5 th
roug
h 20
09
• A
cele
pryn
(DPX
-E2Y
45)
• A
gri-5
0 •
Ari
a 50
SG
• A
vid
0.15
EC
• Bo
tani
Gard
22W
P •
Bota
niGa
rd E
S •
BugO
il •
Cele
ro 1
6WSG
•
Dis
cus
• D
ista
nce
0.86
EC
• D
PX-H
GW85
•
Dur
sban
•
Eco
E-ra
se
• Ec
oTro
l EC
• En
deav
or
• En
star
II
• Fl
agsh
ip 2
5WG
• Ju
do 4
F •
Kont
os
• M
arat
hon
II
• M
et 5
2 •
MilS
top
• M
-Ped
e •
Nat
ural
is B
•
NoF
ly
• O
rgan
ocid
e •
Orn
azin
3%
EC
• O
rthe
ne T
TO
• Pe
dest
al
• Q
RD40
0 •
Revo
ke
• Sa
fari
20S
G •
Safa
ri 2
5WG
• Sa
nmit
e •
Scim
itar
•
Sorb
itol
Oct
anoa
te
• Su
croc
ide
• Sy
nerg
y (S
uffo
il X
) •
Talu
s •
Tam
e •
Tick
Ex E
C •
TriC
on (B
W42
0)
• Tr
iSta
r 30
SG
• Tr
iSta
r 70
WSP
Obj
ecti
ves
• Tes
t W
F M
anag
emen
t Pr
ogra
m: d
eter
min
e ef
fica
cy o
f di
ffer
ent
trea
tmen
t ro
tati
ons
on a
mix
ed p
opul
atio
n of
Bem
isia
tab
aci
• Det
erm
ine
the
sele
ctiv
e ef
fica
cy f
or
eith
er B
or
Q b
ioty
pe B
emis
ia t
abac
i • O
bser
ve t
he im
pact
of
the
rati
o of
B t
o Q
bi
otyp
es r
esul
ting
fro
m v
ario
us
inse
ctic
ides
and
inse
ctic
ide
rota
tion
s
Expe
rim
enta
l Des
ign
• RCB
des
ign
w/5
rep
& 4
poin
sett
ia/c
age
• Inf
este
d wi
th 2
5B:2
5Q a
dult
whi
tefl
y
• Wee
kly
coun
ts o
f W
F ad
ults
/im
mat
ures
on
2 f
ull l
eave
s/pl
ant
(=8/
cage
or
40/t
rt)
• 10-
12 W
F ad
ults
bio
type
d fr
om e
ach
cage
• S
even
dif
fere
nt r
otat
ions
eva
luat
ed
• E
ach
rota
tion
had
3 d
iffe
rent
che
mic
al
clas
ses
– on
e be
ing
a ne
onic
otin
oid
Unt
reat
ed P
opul
atio
ns
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
54:4
6
47:5
3
58:4
2
70:3
071
:29
68:3
2
53:4
7
% B
:Q
53:4
7
46:5
4
Mar
atho
n (D
) / D
ista
nce
/ A
vid
Popu
lati
ons
Mar
atho
n (D
)D
ista
nce
Avi
dA
vid
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
46:5
438
:62
41:5
925
:75
0:10
00:
100
2:98
50:5
064
:36
% B
:Q
imid
aclo
prid
pyri
prox
ifen
abam
ecti
n
92%
88%
A-
Oil
/ M
arat
hon
(D) /
Jud
o Po
pula
tion
s
Mar
atho
n (D
)O
ilJu
doO
il
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
64:3
616
:84
8:92
5:95
5:95
6:94
0:10
00:
100
86:1
4% B
:Q
imid
aclo
prid
Suns
pray
Ult
rafi
ne
spir
omes
ifen
95%
90%
A
Dis
tanc
e /
Safa
ri (D
) / A
ria
Popu
lati
ons
Safa
ri (
D)
Dis
tanc
eA
ria
Ari
a
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
60:4
04:
962:
982:
981:
9940
:60
0:10
00:
100
0:10
0
% B
:Q
pyri
prox
ifen
dino
tefu
ran
flon
icam
id
93%
88%
A-
Aza
tin
/ Tr
iSta
r /
Avi
d Po
pula
tion
s
Tri
Star
Aza
tin
Avi
dA
zati
nA
vid
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
54:4
677
:23
46:5
450
:50
42:5
820
:80
15:8
54:
960:
100
% B
:Q
abam
ecti
naz
adir
acht
in
acet
amip
rid
89%
85%
B+
Ari
a /
Flag
ship
/ K
onto
s Po
pula
tion
s
Fla
gshi
pA
ria
Kon
tos
Ari
a
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
45:5
569
:31
68:3
242
:58
37:6
313
:87
88:1
212
:88
23:7
7
% B
:Q
thia
met
hoxa
msp
irot
etra
mat
flon
icam
id
84%
81%
B
Sanm
ite
/ Ko
ntos
/ T
riSt
ar P
opul
atio
ns
Kon
tos
Sanm
ite
Tri
Star
Sanm
ite
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
60:4
079
:21
56:4
4
55:4
5
49:5
140
:60
26:7
428
:72
23:7
7
% B
:Q
spir
otet
ram
atac
etam
ipri
dpy
rida
ben
67%
76%
C-
Flag
ship
/ J
udo
/ A
vid
Popu
lati
ons
Judo
Fla
gshi
pA
vid
thia
met
hoxa
m
Mea
n nu
mbe
r of
white
fly
per
poinse
ttia lea
f
60:4
054
:46
19:8
122
:78
8:92
0:10
0
60:4
065
:35
35:6
5
% B
:Q
Avi
dab
amec
tin
spir
omes
ifen
87%
87%
B+
Whi
tefl
y Pr
ogra
ms:
B A
dult
Eff
icac
y y
gy
Henderson’s % Control
Mar
atho
n D
ista
nce
Avid
Av
id
Oil
Oil
Mar
atho
n Ju
do
Dis
tanc
e Sa
fari
Aria
A
ria
Aza
tin
Aza
tin
TriS
tar
Avid
Av
id
Aria
A
ria
Flag
ship
K
onto
s
Sanm
ite
Sanm
ite
Kon
tos
Tris
tar
Flag
ship
Ju
do
Avid
Av
id
Whi
tefl
y Pr
ogra
ms:
Q A
dult
Eff
icac
y y
gQ
y
Mar
atho
n D
ista
nce
Avid
Av
id
Oil
Oil
Mar
atho
n Ju
do
Dis
tanc
e Sa
fari
Aria
A
ria
Aza
tin
Aza
tin
TriS
tar
Avid
Av
id
Aria
A
ria
Flag
ship
K
onto
s
Sanm
ite
Sanm
ite
Kon
tos
Tris
tar
Flag
ship
Ju
do
Avid
Av
id
Henderson’s % Control W
hite
fly
Prog
ram
s: B
:Q R
atio
of
Adu
lt P
opul
atio
ns a
t W
eek
0
Whi
tefl
y Pr
ogra
ms:
B:Q
Rat
io o
f A
dult
Pop
ulat
ions
at
Wee
k 8
B+
C-
B B+
A-
A
A-
Resu
lts
& Su
mm
ary
• All
test
ed r
otat
iona
l pro
gram
s m
anag
ed
tota
l pop
ulat
ions
, but
non
e dr
oppe
d th
e po
pula
tion
com
plet
ely
to z
ero
• Usi
ng le
ss a
ctiv
e m
ater
ials
for
re
sist
ance
man
agem
ent
can
still
res
ult
in a
n ef
fect
ive
over
all p
rogr
am
• Bio
type
Q is
less
sen
siti
ve t
o ce
rtai
n pr
oduc
ts t
han
Biot
ype
B
RE
SU
LTS
: In
all
four
exp
erim
ents
, onl
y th
ree
of th
e tr
eatm
ents
co
mpl
etel
y el
imin
ated
the
adul
t or
imm
atur
e w
hitefli
es, b
ut
all s
ignific
antly
red
uced
the
popu
latio
ns. O
ut o
f 18
act
ive
ingr
edie
nts
test
ed, d
inot
efur
an (
appl
ied
as a
soi
l dre
nch)
w
as th
e m
ost e
ffica
ciou
s ag
ains
t bot
h B
and
Q c
rypt
ic
spec
ies
com
pare
d w
ith th
e ot
her
chem
ical
or
bior
atio
nal
inse
ctic
ides
eva
luat
ed. R
educ
ed s
usce
ptib
ility
of Q
was
re
port
ed a
gain
st a
var
iety
of
trea
tmen
t reg
imes
.
Rot
atio
ns c
an b
e us
ed to
man
age
B a
nd Q
cry
ptic
sp
ecie
s an
d m
aint
ain
a ve
ry lo
w p
opul
atio
n le
vel o
r co
mpl
etel
y el
imin
ate Bemisia
on
poin
setti
a. I
t is
impe
rativ
e to
con
tinue
to e
mph
asiz
e th
e im
port
ance
of
rot
atin
g am
ong
diff
eren
t mod
es o
f ac
tion
in p
est
man
agem
ent p
rogr
ams
in o
rder
to r
etai
n ef
fect
ive
chem
istr
ies
for
as lo
ng a
s po
ssib
le in
the
mar
ket
plac
e.
CO
NC
LUS
ION
:
Colla
bora
tor
Ack
nowl
edge
men
ts
Part
ially
fun
ded
by t
he F
lori
cult
ure
and
Nur
sery
Res
earc
h In
itia
tive
and
I-R
4 M
RE
C.I
FAS
.UFL
.ED
U
LIN
K
GGoo
gle:
IP
M F
OLI
AG
E P
LAN
TS
RES
EAR
CH
SU
PPO
RTE
D B
Y:
Tha
nk y
ou!
GO
AL
Pre
serv
e fu
ngic
ide
effic
acy
Del
ay
resi
stan
ce
deve
lopm
ent
• • • Dow
ny m
ildew
Bot
rytis
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Sep
t 201
3 se
nt s
poru
latin
g le
aves
to C
olle
en
Sen
sitiv
ity to
Sub
due
MA
XX
(mef
enox
am)
Sen
t spo
rula
ting
leav
es to
Col
leen
Jan
uary
201
4
Dr.
Aar
on P
alm
atee
r, U
FL-H
omes
tead
Fie
ld T
rials
S
ensi
tivity
to P
agea
nt
Inci
denc
e / %
Spo
rula
tion
Sen
sitiv
ity to
Sub
due
MA
XX
(mef
enox
am)
Inci
denc
e / %
Spo
rula
tion
FRA
C C
ode
A nu
mbe
r gen
eral
ly in
dica
tes
a si
ngle
-mod
e of
act
ion
prod
uct
ww
w.fr
ac.in
fo.c
om
w
ww
.ohp
.com
M in
dica
tes
Mul
ti-si
te c
onta
ct a
ctiv
ity
= le
ss ri
sk fo
r dev
elop
men
t of p
atho
gen
resi
stan
ce
FRA
C C
ode
U =
U
nkno
wn
mod
e of
act
ion
NC
=
Not
Cla
ssifi
ed
P =
Hos
t Pla
nt d
efen
se in
duct
ion
(gen
eral
ly le
ss ri
sk)
Res
ista
nce
Man
agem
ent P
rogr
am
2 Ba
sic S
trate
gies
fo
r usin
g fu
ngici
des
with
diff
eren
t MO
A
App
lied
in a
ltern
atio
n (r
otat
ion)
App
lied
toge
ther
in a
m
ixtu
re
• C
o-fo
rmul
atio
ns
• Tan
k m
ixes
1.
Cro
ps w
ith a
hig
h nu
mbe
r of a
pplic
atio
ns p
er
crop
ping
cyc
le
2.
only
a li
mite
d nu
mbe
r of
fung
icid
es w
ith
diffe
rent
mod
es o
f act
ion
avai
labl
e
FR
AC
sug
gest
s th
at ro
tatio
n ra
ther
than
a
com
bina
tion
of fu
ngic
ides
may
be
a m
ore
effe
ctiv
e w
ay to
redu
ce s
elec
tion
pres
sure
No
evid
ence
to s
ugge
st th
at e
ither
stra
tegy
is
bette
r for
resis
tanc
e m
anag
emen
t M
ixtu
res
Impr
oved
dis
ease
con
trol
• B
road
en th
e sp
ectru
m o
f dis
ease
con
trol o
f a p
rodu
ct
• To
incr
ease
effe
ctiv
enes
s (p
rote
ctan
t + c
urat
ive)
•
Add
itive
or s
yner
gist
ic in
tera
ctio
ns
• M
ixtu
re d
oes
not i
n its
elf p
rovi
de re
sist
ance
man
agem
ent,
but c
an b
e us
ed w
ith a
pro
gram
requ
iring
man
agem
ent
Dis
ease
con
trol s
ecur
ity w
hen
resi
stan
ce is
pre
sent
R
esis
tanc
e ca
n de
velo
p ra
pidl
y an
d it
may
not
be
poss
ible
to k
now
if
resi
stan
ce in
the
popu
latio
n R
esis
tanc
e M
anag
emen
t A
t lea
st tw
o co
mpo
nent
s of
the
mix
ture
hav
e ac
tivity
aga
inst
the
field
po
pula
tions
of t
he ta
rget
pat
hoge
n w
hen
used
alo
ne
Pag
eant
Intri
nsic
: b
osca
lid +
pyr
aclo
stro
bin
(7)
(11)
Orv
ego:
am
etoc
tradi
n +
dim
etho
mor
ph
(45)
(4
0)
Wha
ts
in y
our m
ixtu
re?
Pag
eant
Intri
nsic
: b
osca
lid +
pyr
aclo
stro
bin
(7)
(11)
Orv
ego:
am
etoc
tradi
n +
dim
etho
mor
ph
(45)
(4
0)
Wha
ts
in y
our m
ixtu
re?
Bro
ad-s
pect
rum
dis
ease
con
trol
Bos
calid
: Rhi
zoct
onia
, Alte
rnar
ia, R
ust,
Bot
rytis
, pow
dery
mild
ew,
Scl
erot
inia
, Cer
cosp
ora,
Myr
othe
cium
Pyr
aclo
stro
bin:
Phy
toph
thor
a, P
ythi
um, P
eron
ospo
ra
Res
ista
nce
man
agem
ent t
ool
Bot
h m
odes
of a
ctio
n ta
rget
oom
ycet
es
Gen
eral
rule
s fo
r mix
ture
s w
hen
used
for
resi
stan
ce m
anag
emen
t •
At l
east
two
com
pone
nts
of th
e m
ixtu
re to
hav
e ac
tivity
ag
ains
t the
fiel
d po
pula
tions
of t
he ta
rget
pat
hoge
n w
hen
used
alo
ne
• C
ompo
nent
s of
mix
ture
mus
t not
be
cros
s-re
sist
ant a
nd
the
dose
rate
s of
eac
h co
mpo
nent
use
d in
the
mix
ture
sh
ould
pro
vide
suf
ficie
nt c
ontro
l of s
ensi
tive
isol
ates
whe
n us
ed a
lone
•
Exa
mpl
e:
• C
ross
-res
ista
nce
with
in F
RA
C C
ode
MO
A G
roup
40
• If
path
ogen
pop
ulat
ion
resi
stan
t to
Sta
ture
, it w
ould
als
o be
resi
stan
t to
Mic
ora
Wha
ts
in y
our m
ixtu
re?
• M
ost c
omm
on m
ixtu
res
cons
ist o
f sin
gle-
site
fung
icid
es
(with
mod
erat
e or
hig
h re
sist
ance
risk
) mix
ed w
ith m
ulti-
site
fung
icid
es (w
ith lo
w re
sist
ance
) as
eith
er ta
nk m
ixes
or
co-
form
ulat
ions
Co-
form
ulat
ions
of s
ingl
e-si
te fu
ngic
ides
mix
ed
with
mul
ti-si
te fu
ngic
ides
Zyba
n: th
ioph
anat
e-m
ethy
l (1)
+ m
anco
zeb
(M3)
S
pect
ro 9
0: th
ioph
anat
e-m
ethy
l (1)
+ c
hlor
otha
loni
l (M
5)
FRA
C M
OA
Gro
up 1
: Hig
h ris
k fo
r res
ista
nce
Mor
e re
gula
tory
rest
rictio
ns a
re b
eing
impo
sed
on m
ulti-
site
fung
icid
es.
Mix
ture
s of
sin
gle-
site
fung
icid
es a
re a
ppea
ring
on th
e m
arke
t and
mor
e ca
re re
gard
ing
the
resi
stan
ce s
tatu
s of
the
path
ogen
pop
ulat
ion
need
s to
be
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion.
The
Dut
ch M
PS
• I
nter
natio
nal c
ertif
icat
ion
orga
niza
tion
whi
ch o
wns
an
d de
velo
ps c
ertif
icat
es fo
r hor
ticul
tura
l pro
duce
rs.
• Env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues
set u
p th
e fra
mew
ork
for M
P • G
oal i
s to
ass
ure
the
publ
ic a
nd b
uyer
s th
at c
ertif
ied
grow
ers
are
usin
g be
st p
ract
ices
, whi
ch in
clud
es
sust
aina
bilit
y is
sues
MP
S: M
ore
Prof
itabl
e Su
stai
nabi
lity
• C
ateg
oriz
e pe
stic
ides
into
4 g
roup
s.
1. Th
ere
are
a fe
w it
ems
grow
ers
are
not a
llow
ed to
use
. The
se
item
s ar
e ty
pica
lly n
o lo
nger
regi
ster
ed fo
r use
. 2. R
ed"
3. "A
mbe
r
4. "G
reen
•
The
leve
l of c
ertif
icat
ion
is b
ased
on
true
quan
titat
ive
mea
sure
s of
inpu
ts in
clud
ing
ener
gy, p
estic
ides
, fer
tiliz
ers,
et
c.
• O
ne re
ceiv
es a
bet
ter s
core
, if l
ess
"red
" pes
ticid
es a
re u
sed.
MP
S: M
ore
Prof
itabl
e Su
stai
nabi
lity
MP
S-A
, MP
S-B
and
MP
S-C
M
PS
-A m
eans
you
r com
pany
is th
e m
ost e
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
etrid
iazo
le
thio
phan
ate-
met
hyl
chlo
roth
alon
il
Sph
aero
thec
a fu
ligin
ea
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Cuc
urbi
ts G
roup
1
Sph
aero
thec
a fu
ligen
ea
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Cuc
umbe
r Gro
up 3
S
phae
roth
eca
fulig
inea
P
owde
ry m
ildew
C
ucur
bits
Gro
up 8
S
phae
roth
eca
fulig
enea
P
owde
ry m
ildew
C
ucum
ber
Gro
up 1
1
Bot
rytis
cin
erea
G
rey
mol
d c
ycla
men
Gro
up 1
B
otry
tis c
iner
ea
Gre
y m
ould
L
isia
nthu
s G
roup
1
Bot
rytis
cin
erea
G
rey
mou
ld
Lis
iant
hus
Gro
up 2
B
otry
tis c
iner
ea
Gre
y m
ould
L
isia
nthu
s G
roup
17
Bot
rytis
cin
erea
G
rey
mol
d G
lass
hous
e ve
geta
bles
Gro
up 1
4
Res
ista
nce
to G
roup
4 (m
efen
oxam
) P
hyto
phth
ora
nico
tiana
e P
lasm
opar
a ob
duce
ns
Pyt
hium
aph
anid
erm
atum
P
ythi
um c
ylin
dros
poru
m
P
ythi
um d
isso
tocu
m
P
ythi
um h
eter
otha
llicu
m
P
ythi
um ir
regu
lare
Pyt
hium
spl
ende
ns
Pyt
hium
ulti
mum
Prim
ary
met
hods
of I
PM
CH
EM
ICA
L C
ULT
UR
AL
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L
PH
YS
ICA
L
BIO
LOG
ICA
L
IPM
FIR
ST
• A
ltern
ate
chem
ical
s w
ith d
iffer
ent
risk
leve
ls
• Av
oid
cura
tive
appl
icat
ion
• A
pply
at-r
isk
fung
icid
es w
ith m
ulti-
site
, bro
ad s
pect
rum
, low
-ris
k fu
ngic
ides
•
Use
hig
h la
bel r
ates
und
er h
igh
dise
ase
pres
sure
• R
esis
tanc
e ca
n ha
ppen
pre
tty
quic
kly
if on
ly u
sing
one
, sin
gle-
site
co
mpo
und