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Imperialismtakeover of a country by a stronger nation with
the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that
nation (building an empire)
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Role of Industrial RevolutionIndustrial economies and mass production created
need for additional raw materialsIndustrial powers looked to other lands that were
rich in raw materials to fulfill production needsIndustrialized nations have the technology (steam
engine) to access far away landsAlso have superior weaponry to conquer peopleIndustrial powers also needed markets to sell
finished goodsColonies (conquered lands) provide lots of people
to sell stuff to
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Forces enabling ImperialismExternal= European’s technological
superiorityMaxim gun-1st automatic “machine gun”Steam Engine—Allowed Europeans to travel to and
within colonized landsMedical Advances-quinine protected Europeans from
Malaria
Internal—Division among the groups of people in colonized landsAfrica – numerous tribal groupsIndia – Hindus vs. Muslims
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Justification:Paternalism—people need to be watched over & taken
care of with out individual rightsSocial Darwinism—Darwin’s idea of “survival of the
fittest” applied to social change those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success
and were considered superior non-Europeans were less fit because of their lack of technology,
religion, and government thus Europeans had a right and duty to bring the results of
progress to other countries
Racism—the idea that one race is superior to othersmany Europeans believed that they were better than other
peoples, in part because of their advanced technologies and Christianity
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Eras of ImperialismOld Imperialism (1450-1750)
characterized by exploration, missionaries, and gold
Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)characterized by inventions, progress,
capitalism, class divisions, rise of middle classNew Imperialism (1850-1914)
took over much of Africa & Asia
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Causes of New Imperialism nationalism—the belief that people should be
loyal mainly to their nation, rather than to a king or empirenations competed for colonies & trade
economic competition demand for raw materials and new markets
spurs search for coloniesmissionary spirit
Europeans believes they must spread their Christian teachings to the world
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Effects of New Imperialismcolonization
Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asian, and Latin America
Colonial economicsEuropeans control trade in the colonies and set
up dependent cash-crop economicsChristianization
Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia
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Different Forms of ControlColony—ruled directly by that colonial power
U.S. & Canada to BritainSphere of influence—a claim for only exclusive
trading privilegesLatin America to U.S.
Protectorate—country has its own gov’t, but does what imperial power wantsCuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.
Economic Imperialism—independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments
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Imperial Management MethodsDirect Control
Driven by concept of paternalism…colonies were unfit to rule
Foreign officials brought in to ruleNo self-ruleGoal: assimilation Government institutions are based only on
European styleExamples:
French colonies such as Somililand, Vietnam German colonies in East Africa Portuguese colonies such as Angola
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Imperial Management MethodsIndirect Control
Local government officials were usedLimited self-ruleGoal: to develop future leadersGovernment institutions were based on
European styles but may have local rulesExamples:
British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands
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Impact of Imperial RulePositive
reduced local warfare because of European military presence
humanitarian efforts improved sanitation and brought hospitals and schools in some colonies
economic expansionrailroads, dams, telegraph and telephone
lines…really for Europeans business interests
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Impact of Imperial RuleNegative
lost control of their land and independence many died of new diseases such as smallpoxlost thousands of lives in resisting Europeansfamines resulted from the change to cash crops
in place of subsistence farming breakdown of traditional culturedividing up of African continent has caused most
lasting damage long-term tribal rivalries were forced to unite kinship groups were split apart
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Impact of Imperialism on “Mother Countries”
Mass Society – middle class becomes most influential
NEW ELITE – 5% of populationControlled 30-40% of world’s wealthGovt/military leaders & industrialists
MIDDLE CLASS – 15% of populationUpper M.C. – doctors, lawyers, small business
owners, managers, architects, engineersLower M.C. – traders, some farmers, white collar
workers salesmen, secretaries, managers, etcWORKING CLASS – 80% of population
Blue collar workers Domestic servants, factory workers, peasant farmers
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Values of the Middle Class dominate Western Society
1. hard work2. Christian morality3. Victorian lifestyles – etiquette, manners4. Universal education – education
necessary for new jobs created by Industrial Rev. & for participation in democratic govt
1900 – most European adults (80-90%) were literate
Only 20% of Serbian/Russian adults could read
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LeisureRead newspapers – gossip columns, crime,
cartoonsAmusement parks – Coney Island (NY)Dance hallsOrganized sports teams – cricket, croquet,
baseball, rugby, soccerSpectator activities
Bicycle/automobileMiddle class & elites can afford to pay the
increased costs of leisure activities
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Recall!!!What were the justifications for imperialism?What role did the Industrial Revolution have on
Imperialism?What were some of the forces that enabled
imperialism to occur?What were some causes/effects of imperialism?What nations were major imperialists?Compare/contrast direct & indirect control of
colonies.What were some positive/negative impacts of
colonialism?