Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

AP World History

Imperialism: The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political and social life of the people of that nation

Presentation Outline

1) Causes of Imperialism

2) Forms of Imperialism

3) Imperialism in Africa

4) British India

5) American Imperialism

1) Causes of Imperialism The Industrial Revolution caused a need

for resources to fuel industrial production in Europe and the United States

Where would these resources come from?– Africa– Asia– Latin America

Causes of Imperialism Economic competition between European

nations; new markets to sell their goods The need of European nations to add colonies

to their empires as a measure of national greatness

Growing racism, or the belief that one race was superior to another– Because they were more technologically advanced,

many Europeans and Americans felt they had the right to dominate the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America

Causes of Imperialism

Social Darwinism: the idea that those who were fittest for survival and success were superior to others – Because of Social Darwinism, Europeans

felt they had the right and duty to bring progress to other nations

Need to Christianize the people of Asia and Africa

Need to civilize and “westernize” others

What Enabled Imperialism?

Europeans’ technological superiority (including the machine gun)

Improvements in transportation to and within Asian and African colonies

Medical advances, such as Quinine, which protected Europeans from foreign diseases (malaria)

Disunity among ethnic groups in Africa

Imperialism in 1914

2) Forms of ImperialismFORMS OF

IMPERIALISMCHARACTERISTICS

Colony A country or region governed internally by a foreign power

Protectorate A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges

Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

Forms of ImperialismTypes of Management

INDIRECT CONTROL Examples

Local government officials were usedLimited self-ruleGOAL: to develop future leadersGovernment institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules

British India

British West Africa

British South Africa

American imperialism in the Philippines and Latin America

Forms of ImperialismTypes of Management

DIRECT CONTROL Examples

Foreign officials brought in to ruleNo self-ruleGOAL: assimilation (the process in which a minority group adopts the customs of the prevailing culture)Government institutions based only on European stylesPaternalism: people governed in a fatherly way where their needs are provided for but they’re not given rights

French AlgeriaFrench West AfricaFrench IndochinaBelgian CongoGerman Southwest Africa

In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.

King Leopold

Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.

3) Imperialism in Africa

In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited.

Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference

Scramble for Africa

BritainFrance

GermanyItaly

PortugalBelgium

Spain

EuropeansIn AfricaBy 1914

Europeans in Africa

Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources.

British Territory

Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.

Cape Colony

In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known as Boers settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station.In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800s.

The Boers

CapeTown

Cape Colony

Boers

AFRICA

British South Africa

In the late 1800s, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war.

The war was from 1899-1902 and involved bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won, but at a great cost.

The Anglo-Boer War

British Boers

The Zulus

The Zulus were skilled and organized fighters. Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters.

The Zulus

ZuluNation

The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated north from Cape Colony.

CapeTown

Cape Colony

Boers

The Anglo-Zulu War

The Zulus came into conflict with the British as well. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out a British force at the battle of Isandlwana.

However, it was not long before the superior weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus at the battle of Rorke’s Drift.

The Anglo-Zulu War

European Territory AFRICA

CapeTown

Cape Colony

In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid.Apartheid – government policy calling for separation of the races.

SouthAfrica

British South Africa

France was very powerful in North Africa, and later spread into West and Central Africa. The territory France controlled was as large as the United States.

French Territory

French Algeria

Algeria: Colonial History

1834- French colonize Algeria after 4 year occupation following a brutal conquest

Approach to Colonization: Spread of civilization. – Citizenship was offered to Algerians who converted

to Christianity and had attained a university education.

Thousands of French settlers moved to Algeria and settled along the coast, including famous French novelist Albert Camus

French troops capture the capital Algiers

Arrival of French settlers in Algeria 1840s

The newly formed German empire had to fight many battles against African natives to take lands in the southern half of Africa.

German Territory

Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I.

German colonization of Southwest Africa was particularly brutal

The German colonial army massacred the indigenous Herero population in the early 1900s

King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed. It is estimated that 10 million Congolese died under Belgian rule.

Belgium Territory

Chained Congolese slaves working on a rubber plantation in the Belgian Congo

After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.

Independent Africans

In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.

PresidentMonroe

Liberia and Ethiopia

Liberia

Independent Africans

The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. When the Italians invaded they were defeated so badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia.

Ethiopia

Menelik

Positive Results Negative Results1. Unified national states created 1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating

artificial borders

2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

2. Created population explosion famine

3. Increased agricultural production 3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans

4. Improved transportation and communication facilities

4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights.

5. Expanded educational opportunities

5. Downgraded traditional African culture westernization

Effects of Imperialism in Africa

4) British India

British East India Company

● controlled British trade in India eventually the company gained political control over Bangladesh,

Southern India, and Northern India (along Ganges River)

British East India Company 1800’s: company operated in India with no regulation by

British government

company had its own army Company army led by

British army officers

“Jewel in the Crown” Industrial Revolution turned India into a major supplier of

raw materials to Great Britain

300 million Indians were

a large market for

British products

Raw Materials Taken from India Tea Indigo (dye for clothing)

Raw Materials Taken from India Coffee Cotton

1857 Sepoy Mutiny 1857 gossip spread amongst Sepoys (Indian soldiers for

the British)

the seals of their ammunition had to be bitten off they believed the British dipped the seals of their

ammunition in beef and pork

(Hindus can not eat beef/ Muslims can not eat pork)

Sepoy Mutiny Fierce fighting between British

and Sepoys (aided by other Indians)

East India Company took more than a year to regain control of the country

British government sent troops to help them

Indians Did Not Fully Unite During Sepoy Mutiny

serious splits between Hindus and Muslims

unclear inconsistent leadership

Many Indian princes did not take part in the rebellion (made alliances with

British)

Sikhs (Indian religious group) remained loyal to the British

Raj India was divided into 11 Provinces and 250 districts

sometimes a handful of

officials would be the only

British amongst millions of

Indians in a district

Mutiny increased distrust between British and Indians: it fueled more British racism towards Indians

World War I Great Britain got 1 Million

Indians to enlist in the British army to fight in World War I

Britain promised Indians self-government in exchange for them enlisting in the British army

1918 Indian troops returned home: expected Britain to fulfill its promise

Rowlatt Act (1919) instead Indian troops were treated as second class citizens

again by Great Britain many Indians committed acts of

violence against British in India

in response

Great Britain passes Rowlatt Act (1919) in response

Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed British gov’t to jail protestors for 2 years with no

trial

violent protests by Indians in Punjab (province with most Indian World War I veterans)

Amritsar Massacre (Spring 1919) 10,000 Hindus and Muslims

went to Amritsar (capital of Punjab Province): festival to pray and hear political speeches

alliance of Hindus and Muslims scared the British

Amritsar Massacre (Spring 1919) Britain had earlier banned public

protests: Britain issued the ban without informing most Indians!

British General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on the unarmed crowd without warning

Shooting lasted 10 minutes: 400 Indians Killed; 1200 wounded

news of the massacre spread rapidly across India: Indians demanded independence

5) American Imperialism

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

American view of Hawaiians

The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s