TaK What is TaK? Looking back … What do we know, and how do we know it? Looking forward … How...
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Transcript of TaK What is TaK? Looking back … What do we know, and how do we know it? Looking forward … How...
![Page 1: TaK What is TaK? Looking back … What do we know, and how do we know it? Looking forward … How can enquiry be conducted so that it will lead towards truth.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfe81a28abf838cb60e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TaK
What is TaK?
Looking back … What do we know, and how do we know it?
Looking forward … How can enquiry be conducted so that it will lead towards truth and knowledge rather than error and ignorance?
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TaK
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Fact
Belief
Opinion
Information Prejudice
EvidenceTruth
Knowledge
?
The Raw Material
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What is a Knowledge Claim?
Examples …
Claims
1. (I know that) the sky is blue
2. (I know that) 2 + 2 = 4
3. (I know that) it is wrong to murder a person
4. (I know that) I have a fear of spiders
5. (I know that) I went out for a run yesterday
6. (I know that) what the doctor said is true
7. (I know that) women are more emotional than men
8. I know exactly what God wants of me
9. I know that I am going to heaven
10. (I know that) the fjord is more beautiful than a rubbish tip
11. (I know that) I love my brother
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Knowledge Claims
‘Good’ reasons you might have for what you claim to know, and choose to believe, may include:
TaK
logic
perception
intuition
Self-awareness
memory
consensusauthority
faith
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TaK
Knowledge Claims
Here is a list of things that I might claim to know,and another list of reasons I might give to support these claims.
Claims
1. I know that the sky is blue
2. I know that 2 + 2 = 4
3. I know that it is wrong to murder a person
4. I know that I have a fear of spiders
5. I know that I went out for a run yesterday
6. I know that what the doctor said is true
7. I know that women are more emotional than men
8. I know exactly what God wants of me
9. I know that I am going to heaven
10. I know that the fjord is more beautiful than a rubbish tip
11. I know that I love my brother
Justification
Value judgement
Faith
Memory
Authority
Intuition
Revelation
Sense perception
Logic
Self-awareness
Common knowledge
Instinct
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TaK
(You should have received this as
a handout)
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TaK
What is a Knowledge Issue?
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Questions which may help us to obtain knowledge …
What…?Who…?
How…?Why…?
When…?
Where…?
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… and a partial list of factors which may help or hinder* our ability to obtain the truth…..
Age
Ethnicity
Education
Gender
NationalityPrejudice
Experience
Beliefs
Emotions
Assumptions
*hinder: to prevent, cause delay, get in the way
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What is a Knowledge Issue?
Examples …
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Claim that alternative medical practices such as acupuncture are effective in treating certain conditions
Real-life situation:
Knowledge Issues:
Question of language: what exactly do we mean by ‘effective’?
How do we test whether a treatment is effective?
What constitutes a positive result?
Would statistical likelihood of a positive result serve as justifying the claim – or do we insist on absolute 100% positive results?
If we accept a statistically likely result as being positive evidence for the claim – what precisely do we mean by ‘statistically likely’?
If we accept the claim how can we explain that two different systems of knowledge with quite different assumptions, concepts, and methodologies
can apply to medical conditions?
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The Presentation
• Real-life situation• Contemporary problem
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Real-life situation.
Identify some central conflict
revolving around a knowledge
issue
Tentative resolution of the central conflict in
the real-life situation
Branching Arguments
Underlying knowledge
issues
Evaluationof
Knowledge Issues
ToK vocabulary
Vocabulary ofreal-life situation
Ab
stra
ctio
n
Imp
licat
ion
s
The structure and vocabulary of a ToK Presentation
from Ric Sims
1
2 3
4
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The Presentation
• Examples…? In groups, brainstorm possible Presentation topics and approaches to the topics.
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The Essay
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TaK
Choose real examples from
different Areas of Knowledge to make
sense of the Prescribed Title and highlight knowledge
issues. Examples will generate possible
arguments.
Exploration of the tensions between
examples and abstract ToK vocabulary.
Arguments will show the limits of our assumptions.
Branching Arguments
Prescribed Title
Evaluationof
Knowledge Issues
ToK vocabulary
Vocabulary ofexamples linked to
abstract ToK vocabulary
Mak
e co
ncr
ete
Gen
eral
isat
ion
The structure and vocabulary of a ToK Essay
from Ric Sims
1
2 3
4
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TaK
Some Prescribed Titles:
• Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge.
• Does language play roles of equal importance in different areas of knowledge?
• Are some ways of knowing more likely than others to lead to truth?
In groups, brainstorm possible knowledge issues that are raised by these titles. Think of examples.