Systems Design Data

L

DesignData

+700 °F

+600 °F

+500 °F

+400 °F

+300 °F

+200 °F

+100 °F

0 °F

-100 °F

+400 °C

+350 °C

+300 °C

+250 °C

+200 °C

+150 °C

+100 °C

+50 °C

0 °C

-50 °C

Pub. No. 7239193Version C

DesSystems

SYSTEMSDESIGNDATA

NOTICE: Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter “Information”) are presented ingood faith and believed to be correct as of the date hereof, Solutia Inc. makes no representations or warranties as tothe completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving same willmake their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Solutia Inc. be respon-sible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information or the product towhich Information refers. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product,process, equipment or formulation in conflict with any patent, and Solutia Inc. makes no representation or warranty,express or implied, that the use thereof will not infringe any patent. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHEREXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATUREARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS.

® Registered Trademark of Solutia Inc.

Section 11.1 Piping System Specifications1.1 Selection1.5 Copper System for use from -325°F to 350°F1.7 Class 150 Stainless Steel System for use from -325°F to 350°F1.9 Class 150 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150°F to 350°F1.11 Class 150 Carbon Steel System for use from -50°F to 350°F1.13 Class 150 Carbon Steel System for use from -20°F to 350°F1.15 Class 300 Stainless Steel System for use from -325°F to 750°F1.17 Class 300 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150°F to 750°F1.19 Class 300 Carbon Steel System for use from -50°F to 750°F1.21 Class 300 Carbon Steel System for use from -20°F to 750°F

Section 22.1 Valve Types and Service Specifications2.1 Valve Stem Seals2.1 Gate Valves2.5 Globe Valves2.9 Check Valves2.13 Ball Valves2.16 High Pressure Butterfly Valves2.20 Proprietary Valves

Section 3

3.1 Bolted Joints3.1 Minimizing Leaks3.1 Bolting3.1 Flanges3.2 Gaskets3.4 Gasket Manufacturers

Section 44.1 Pumps and Seals4.1 Pump Selection4.2 Pump Manufacturers4.3 Mechanical Seals4.6 Mechanical Seal Manufacturers

Section 55.1 Insulation Designs to Reduce Fire HazardSection 66.1 Fuel Fired Heater, Electric Heater and Chiller Manufacturers Section 77.1 System Designers

Contents

1.1TM

Solutia Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any particular company or specific brand or product. The final decision on use of a particular company or a specific brand or product should be made only after investigation and/or careful testing.

This data does not constitute an express or implied warranty. See NOTICE at the front of this Guide.

Piping System Specifications

SelectionThere are several things to consider when selecting components for piping systems, many of whichare listed below. The recommended application ranges for the piping system specifications onpages 1.5 through 1.29 are based on these considerations. See the selection logic diagram onpage 1.4.

Material DegradationA wide range of materials are suitable for use with Therminol® fluids. Carbon, low alloy and stainlesssteels, copper and copper alloys, and aluminum alloys are all suitable. Flexible graphite is mostcommonly used for static sealing applications. Fluoro-elastomers have proven to be suitable in theform of O-rings.

Operating TemperaturesMaterials are limited to use at certain temperatures either because their properties are not suitableor because the material degrades outside the specified temperature range. Metals are limited touse at lower temperatures because of their tendency to become brittle. Metals are limited to use athigher temperatures because of low strength, as is the case for copper, or because of materialdegradation, as is the case for carbon steel. Suitable temperature ranges:

Fluoro-elastomers: –10°F ( –25°C) to 400°F (200°C)1

Flexible Graphite: –325°F (–200°C) to 800°F (425°C)3

Copper: –325°F (–200°C) to 350°F (175°C)

Carbon Steel: –20°F ( –30°C) to 800°F (425°C)2

Low Alloy Steel: –150°F (–100°C) to 800°F (425°C)3

Stainless Steel: –325°F (–200°C) to 800°F (425°C)3

1Certain Fluoro-elastomers are suitable for use at temperatures outside of the range shown. Consult the manufacturer.

2Some carbon steel materials are suitable for use down to –50°F (–45°C). Under certainconditions, some codes permit the use of ordinary carbon steels down to –50°F (–45°C).

3These materials are suitable for use at higher temperatures.

Pressure ClassPressure Classes apply to series of flanges for operation at certain pressure-temperature ratings asdefined in ASME B16.5. While Class 150 flanges meet the pressure-temperature requirements foralmost all Therminol® applications, the use of Class 300 flanges is recommended when theoperating temperature exceeds 350°F (175°C) and when the operating temperature range exceedsa differential of 300°F (170°C). The recommended temperature is somewhat arbitrary, but it isbased on experience with the leak tightness of the Class 150 flanged systems in Therminol®

service. Factors affecting the leak performance of the flanges include the ability of the flangebolting to effectively seat the gasket and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments inthe piping system.

1.2TM




Fire ResistanceFire resistance addresses the ability of the piping system to remain free of damaging leaks whenexposed to external fire. A piping component is considered to be Fire resistant when it is able towithstand exposure to 1200°F for 30 minutes. See API STD 607. For liquid phase Therminol®

operating above its flash point and vapor phase Therminol® operating above its boiling point, fireresistant piping systems are recommended. For other operating conditions, the user should judgewhether or not fire resistance is required based on such factors as the volume of combustiblematerial involved, the presence of flammable materials, the fire protection provided, and how closethe unit under consideration is to other operating units.

Materials considered to be fire resistant:High melting point metals: carbon & stainless steel, nickel alloysFlexible graphite packing and gasketsAsbestos packing and gaskets

Materials not considered to be fire resistant:Low melting point metals: aluminum, copperElastomersPTFE gaskets and packingNon-asbestos fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets

Blow-out ResistanceBlow-out resistance is the ability of a gasket to resist being torn out of a flanged joint whensubjected to over pressure. Blow-out resistance is more subjective than fire resistance becausethere are no universally recognized test methods. The following table is presented to subjectivelycompare types of gaskets:

More Blow-out Resistant Less Blow-out ResistantThinner sheet materials Thicker sheet materialsFiber reinforced gaskets Unreinforced gasketsMetal reinforced gaskets Fiber reinforced gasketsMetal gaskets Non-metallic gaskets

Using metal or metal reinforced gaskets is recommended for use in Therminol® service. For Class150 systems, metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended. Flexible graphite filledspiral wound gaskets can be used for Class 150 systems, but it will be more difficult to consistentlyget a good seal. Getting a good seal is a function of the gaskets being supplied, the skills andhabits of the mechanics tightening the bolts, the lubrication used for the bolting, the precision towhich the flanges are aligned before tightening, and the flexibility of the piping system near theflanged joint. For Class 300 systems, flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets arerecommended.


Cost/Delivery for Cold ServicesThe low alloy steel components are frequently difficult to find. Considering the difficulty in procuringthe materials, and the additional testing requirements for welding procedure and welderqualification, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for smallsystems and for modification and repair of existing systems.

Similarly, carbon steel components for use down to –50°F are frequently difficult to find.Considering the difficulty in procuring the materials, and the additional weld metal impact testingrequirements, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for smallsystems and for modification and repair to existing systems.

Another option for systems operating down to –50°F is the use of ordinary carbon steel materialswith some stipulations. ASME B31.3 permits the use of ordinary carbon steels down to –50°F if: (1) the maximum operating pressure of the manufactured components will not exceed 25% of themaximum allowable design pressure, and (2) the combined longitudinal stress due to pressure,dead weight, and displacement strain does not exceed 6 ksi (41 MPa). This provision does notapply to bolting materials, so bolting suitable for use at the lower temperatures would have to beused.

1.3TM



Guide for Selecting Piping System Specifications (PSS)

1.4TM



Cop

per

–325

˚F to

350

˚F

Cla

ss 1

50S

tain

less

Ste

el–3

25˚F

to 3

50˚F

Cla

ss 1

50Lo

w A

lloy

Ste

el–1

50˚F

to 3

50˚F

Cla

ss 1

50Im

pact

Tes

ted

CS

–50˚

F to

350

˚F

Cla

ss 1

50C

arbo

n S

teel

–20˚

F to

350

˚F

Cla

ss 3

00S

tain

less

Ste

el–3

25˚F

to 7

50˚F

Cla

ss 3

00Lo

w A

lloy

Ste

el–1

50˚F

to 7

50˚F

Cla

ss 3

00Im

pact

Tes

ted

CS

–50˚

F to

750

˚F

Cla

ss 3

00C

arbo

n S

teel

–20˚

F to

750

˚F

Con

side

r us

ing

the

stai

nles

s st

eel

PS

S fo

r sm

all s

yste

ms

or m

odifi

catio

nsbe

caus

e of

del

iver

ypr

oble

ms.

Oth

erw

ise,

use

the

impa

ct te

sted

carb

on s

teel

PS

S.

Con

side

r us

ing

the

stai

nles

s st

eel

PS

S fo

r sm

all s

yste

ms

or m

odifi

catio

nsbe

caus

e of

del

iver

ypr

oble

ms.

Oth

erw

ise,

use

the

low

allo

yst

eel P

SS

.

Con

side

r us

ing

the

stai

nles

s st

eel

PS

S fo

r sm

all s

yste

ms

or m

odifi

catio

nsbe

caus

e of

del

iver

ypr

oble

ms.

Oth

erw

ise,

use

the

impa

ct te

sted

carb

on s

teel

PS

S.

Con

side

r us

ing

the

stai

nles

s st

eel

PS

S fo

r sm

all s

yste

ms

or m

odifi

catio

nsbe

caus

e of

del

iver

ypr

oble

ms.

Oth

erw

ise,

use

the

low

allo

yst

eel P

SS

.

Low

est

Ope

ratin

gTe

mpe

ratu

reG

reat

er th

an–5

0˚F

(–4

5˚C

)

Low

est

Ope

ratin

gTe

mpe

ratu

reG

reat

er th

an–2

0˚F

(–3

0˚C

)

Low

est

Ope

ratin

gTe

mpe

ratu

reG

reat

er th

an–5

0˚F

(–4

5˚C

)

Low

est

Ope

ratin

gTe

mpe

ratu

reG

reat

er th

an–2

0˚F

(–3

0˚C

)

Fire

Res

ista

nce

Req

uire

d?

Ope

ratin

g T

empe

ratu

re R

ange

Les

s T

han

300

˚F (

150˚

C)

Ope

ratin

g T

empe

ratu

reLe

ss T

han

350

˚F (

175˚

C)

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes


Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from –325°F to 350°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 4 Braze Joint Copper

Note: Use ASTM B260 Class BAG-1 strip or wire (Brazingtemperature approximately 1150 °F to 1400 °F)

Tube 1/2 - 4 Seamless hard drawn copper water tube, ASTM B88 Type L

Fittings 1/2 - 4 Wrought copper and bronze fittings, ASME B16.22, solder joint

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 4 Bronze flanges, ASME B16.24, Class 150 threaded, flat face

Gaskets 1/2 - 4 Full face gasket, ANSI B16.21, Class 125 1/16 inch thick metalinserted flexible graphite, UCAR CARBON COMPANY GradeGHE

Bolts 1/2 - 4 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, withheavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 8 for Class 150 joint

1.5TM



Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges

1.6TM



Table 1 Branch Construction

Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol®

Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 350°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

ST ST

ST ST

ST with Reducer

ST ST

ST ST

ST ST

ST

STST

4

4

3

3

2

2

11⁄2

11⁄2

1

1

3⁄4

3⁄4

1⁄2

1⁄2

Header Size

Bran

ch S

ize

ST – Solder Joint Tee

150 200 250 300 350-325 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0

50

100

150

200

0

5

10

15

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C

Corrosion Allowance – 0.000 Inches

Class 150 Flanged Joint


Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from –325°F to 350°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1 Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges

1.1/2 - 3 Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges

4 - 12 Buttweld, type A stub ends

1/2 - 12 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings whenthe 304 SS material is not available.

Pipe 1/2 - 3/4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S

1 - 12 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S

Nipples 1/2 - 1 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S

Fittings 1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class3000 socketweld

1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS integral seat union, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class3000 socketweld

1.1/2 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld

1.1/2 - 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1 per Table I

3 - 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, buttweld weldingoutlet, for Sch 10S header and Sch 10S branchFor branch NPS 1.1/2 thru 3 per Table I

6 - 12 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe,Sch 10SFor branch NPS 4 thru 10 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 3/4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore

1 - 3 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 10S bore

4 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweldtype A short stub end

4 - 12 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304, ASME B16.5, Class150 lap joint

Gaskets 1/2 - 12 Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket,MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges

Bolts 1/2 - 12 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, withheavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 8 for Class 150 joint

1.7TM




1.8TM




Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Usewith Therminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 350°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

ET ET

ET ET

ET ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

Socketweld Tee

SW Welding Outlet

BW Welding Outlet

Reinforced Stub-in

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 123211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

3

2

11⁄2

1

3⁄4

1⁄2

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500-325 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

5

10

15

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C


NPS and 8 larger pipe and fittings



Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specificationfor Use with Therminol® Transfer Fluids from –150°F to 350°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges

2 - 24 Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges

Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, ExtraStrong Wall Thickness

2 - 24 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3,Standard Wall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld

2 - 24 Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3,ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld

2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I

4 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,buttweld welding outlet, for Std Wt header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WTbore


Bolts 1/2 - 24 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A320 Gr L7, withheavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 4 for Class 150 joint

1.9TM




1.10TM




Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Usewith Therminol® Transfer Fluids from -150°F to 350°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500-150 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

5

10

15

20

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C



Socketweld TeeSW Welding Outlet

BW Welding Outlet

Reinforced Stub-in


Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

1⁄2

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET


Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from –50°F to 350°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges


Pipe 1/2 - 2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong WallThickness

3 - 24 Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld

2 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WTbuttweld

3 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASMEB16.9, Std WT buttweld

2 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I

4 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweldwelding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 2 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

3 - 24 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WTbore


Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M, with heavyhex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 150 joint

1.11TM




1.12TM




Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Usewith Therminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from -50°F to 350°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components


BW Welding Outlet

Reinforced Stub-in


Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

1⁄2

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET

150 200 250 300 350-50 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

5

10

15

20

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C




Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Transfer Fluids from –20°F to 350°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges


Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong WallThickness

2 - 24 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, StandardWall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class3000 socketweld

1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel integral seat union, MSS SP-83, ASTMA105, Class 3000 socketweld

2 - 24 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WTbuttweld

2 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I

4 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WTheader and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore

2 - 24 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore


Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7, with heavyhex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 150 joint

1.13TM




1.14TM



Table 1.1 Branch Construction

Class 150 Piping SystemsFigure 1.1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500-20 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

50

0

100

150

200

250

300

0

5

10

15

20

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C


Legend

▲ – Class 150 Flanged Joint

▲▲

▲▲

▲▲

▲▲

▲


BW Welding Outlet

Reinforced Stub-in


Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

1⁄2

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET


Class 300 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from –325°F to 750°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1 Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges

2 - 12 Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges

1/2 - 4 Short radius fittings are not permitted

1/2 - 12 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings whenthe 304 SS material is not available.

Pipe 1/2 - 3/4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule40S

1 - 4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S

6 - 12 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule40S

Nipples 1/2 - 1 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S

Fittings 1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304,Class 3000 socketweld

1.1/2- 4 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld

6 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 40S buttweld

1.1/2- 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1 per Table I



6 - 12 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe,Sch 40SFor branch NPS 4 thru 10 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 3/4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore

1 - 4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 10S bore

6 - 12 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore

Gaskets 1/2 - 12 Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centeringring

Bolts 1/2 - 12 Strain hardened stainless steel continuous threaded stud, ASTMA193 Gr B8 Class 2, with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 8-S1,for Class 300 joint

1.15TM




1.16TM




Class 300 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 750°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750-325 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C



ET ET

ET ET

ET ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

Socketweld Tee

SW Welding Outlet

BW Welding Outlet

Reinforced Stub-in


Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 123211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

3

2

11⁄2

1

3⁄4

1⁄2


Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Transfer Fluids from –150°F to 750°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges


14 - 24 Short radius fittings are not permitted

Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, ExtraStrong Wall Thickness

2 - 16 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3,Standard Wall Thickness

18 - 24 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, ExtraStrong Wall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld

2 - 16 Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3,ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld

18 - 24 Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3,ASME B16.9, XS WT buttweld

2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I

4 - 16 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

18 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

2 - 16 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WTbore

18 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

Gaskets 1/2 - 12 Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centeringring

Bolts 1/2 - 12 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A320 Gr L7 with heavyhex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 4, for Class joint

1.17TM




1.18TM



Table 1. Branch Construction

Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Usewith Therminol® Transfer Fluids from -150°F to 750°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750-150 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C



NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings


BW Welding Outlet

Header Size ET - Buttweld TeeRS - Reinforced Stub-in

Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

1⁄2

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET 603

573684727695633RSRS686

RSRSRSRS

RS

RS 723659

609582630606

ET ETET


Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from –50°F to 750°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges



Pipe 1/2 - 2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong WallThickness

3 - 16 Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness

18 - 24 Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Extra Strong Wall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld

2 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WTbuttweld

3 - 16 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASMEB16.9, Std WT buttweld

18 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASMEB16.9, XS WT buttweld

3 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 2 per Table I

6 - 16 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweldwelding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 3 thru 6 per Table I

18 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweldwelding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 3 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 2 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

3 - 16 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WTbore

18 - 24 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WTbore

Gaskets 1/2 - 24 Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite

Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M with heavyhex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 300 joint

1.19TM




Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Heat Transfer Fluids from -50°F to 750°FFigure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

1.20TM




150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750-50 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C



NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings


BW Welding Outlet


Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄41⁄2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

1⁄2

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET 509

483577613586534634702579

648659632692

679

675 610555

514491531511

ET ETET


Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use withTherminol® Transfer Fluids from –20°F to 750°FApplication Size Range SpecificationsConstruction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges



Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong WallThickness

2 - 16 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Standard WallThickness

18 - 24 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Extra StrongWall Thickness

Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class3000 socketweld

2 - 16 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WTbuttweld

18 - 24 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WTbuttweld

2 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outletFor branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I

4 - 16 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WTheader and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

18 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for XS WTheader and Std WT branchFor branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I

Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore

2 - 16 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore

18 - 24 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore

Gaskets 1/2 - 24 Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite

Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7 with heavyhex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 300 joint

1.21TM




Class 300 Piping SystemsFigure 1.2 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components

1.22TM



Table 1.2 Branch Construction

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750-20 to 100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssur

e, p

sig

Max

imum

Inte

rnal

Gag

e Pr

essu

re, b

ar

Temperature, F

Temperature, C


Legend

▲ – Class 150 Flanged Joint● – NPS 16 and larger Pipe

and/or Fittings

● ● ●

▲

▲▲

●▲

● ● ▲▲

▲

▲ ▲● ●

●●▲

●▲●▲ ●▲

●

▲


BW Welding Outlet

Header Size ET - Buttweld TeeRS - Reinforced Stub-in

Bran

ch S

ize

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 243211⁄213⁄4

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

3

2

11⁄2

13⁄4

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET ET

ET ETET

562537580559

528630556

670640693666

RS709RS

738607

583632720

691RS

2.1TM



Valve Types and ServiceSpecifications

Valve Stem SealsFlexible graphite packing, with inner and outer anti-extrusion rings of braided graphite fiber,gives the best results for elevated temperature systems. It is important that flexible graphitering dimensions conform closely to the valve stem and stuffing box. Cup and cone shaped ring sets such as those offered by Garlock are less sensitive to dimensional miss-matches.Flexible graphite packed stuffing boxes are generally considered to be fire resistant.

PTFE packing works in systems operating up to 400°F (200°C). PTFE packed stuffing boxes are not generally considered to be fire resistant.

Metal bellows sealed valves are frequently used with excellent results, but these valves arerelatively expensive, especially in larger sizes. Bellows sealed are generally considered to be fire resistant.

Fiber packing materials have given poor performance in Therminol® service, and are notrecommended.

Packed valves should be surveyed occasionally, and valve stem packing should be adjusted tominimize leakage. The more frequently operated valves should be surveyed more often. The use ofspring loaded packing followers will improve the performance of the packing and lower thefrequency at which the packing needs to be tightened.

Packing ManufacturersAnchorChestertonCraneDurametallicGarlockKlingerParkerUCAR Carbon Company, Inc. (formally Union Carbide)

Gate ValvesThese valves are considered suitable for service up to 800°F (425°C).

Carbon steel valves can be used down to –20°F (–30°C), and stainless steel valves can be useddown to –150°F (–100°C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be usedfor services below –20°F (–30°C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves.Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 0°F (–20°C) should be ordered withextended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be keptwarm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packingadjustments and can prevent operation of the valve.

Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valvemanufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.

Various types of stem seals are used to seal valve stemson Therminol® systems.

2.2TM



Valve Types and Service Specifications

Gate Valves (Continued)

Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld gateForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel welded bonnet valve, Class 800 socketweld gateCarbon steel, welded bonnet,OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellitedseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld gateCarbon steel bellows sealedOS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem anddisc, Stellited seat(s). Flexiblegraphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF gateForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 3.

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveDSISmithVogtWalworth Company

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveSmithVogtWalworth Company

ArmourEG&G Sealol EagleHattersley-HeatonKerotest



2.3TM




Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF gateCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited discand seat(s). Flexible graphitepacking: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite ornon-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 2 to 24.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF gateForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 1/2 to 3.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF gateCarbon steel bolted bonnet,OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited discand seat(s). Flexible graphitepacking: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite ornon-asbestos filled jacketedgasket. NPS 2 to 24.

Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF gateCarbon steel bellows sealedOS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem anddisc, Stellited seat(s). Flexiblegraphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2.

CraneHitachi MetalsKitzLunkenheimerNibcoPacificPowellStockhamWalworth Company



ArmourEG&G Sealol Eagle


2.4TM




316 SS Class 300 socketweld gate valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 150 flanged RF gate valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 300 flanged RF gate valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishOICPowellSmithVogt

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishOICPowellTong YungWilliams

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishLunkenheimerOICPowellTong YungWilliams


2.5TM



Globe ValvesThese valves are considered suitable for service up to 800°F (425°C).


Globe valves generally seal better through the seat in vapor phase service than gate valves afterbeing in operation for a period of time.


Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globeForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globeCarbon steel, welded bonnet,OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellitedseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld globeCarbon steel bellows sealedOS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem anddisc, Stellited seat(s). Flexiblegraphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveDSIEdwardSmithVogtWalworth Company

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveSmithVogtWalworth Company

ArmourEG&G Sealol EagleHattersley-HeatonKerotestVogt


2.6TM



Globe Valves (Continued)

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF globeForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF globeCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited discand seat(s). Flexible graphitepacking: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite ornon-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 2 to 14.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF globeForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-insertedflexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Bonney ValveDSIVogtWalworth Company




2.7TM




Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF globeCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited discand seats(s). Flexible graphitepacking: sprial-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite ornon-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 2 to 14.

Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF globeCarbon steel bellows sealedOS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem anddisc, Stellited seat(s). Flexiblegraphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 8.

316 stainless steel Class 300 socketweld globe valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

CraneEdwardHitachi MetalsKitzLunkenheimerNibcoPacificPowellStockhamWalworth Company

ArmourEG&G Sealol EagleHattersley-HeatonKerotest

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishOICPowellSmithVogt


2.8TM




316 SS Class 150 flanged RF globe valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 300 flanged RF globe valve316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Yvalve. 316 SS stem, disc, andintegral seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishLunkenheimerOICPowellTong YungWilliams

Bonney ValveCooperCraneEdwardKitzLadishOICPowellTong YungWilliams


2.9TM



Check ValvesThese valves are considered suitable for service up to 800°F (425°C).

Carbon steel valves can be used down to –20°F (–30°C), and stainless steel valves can be useddown to –150°F (–100°C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be usedfor services below –20°F (–30°C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves.


Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld lift checkForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld swing checkCarbon steel, welded bonnet,OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellitedseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF lift checkForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveDSIEdwardSmithVogtWalworth Company

Anvil ProductsBonney ValveVogt



2.10TM



Check Valves (Continued)

Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 150 wafer checkCast carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. Carbon steel seats anddiscs (304 SS acceptablealternate), Inconel springs.NPS 2 to 24.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF lift checkForged carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr orStellited disc, Stellited seat(s).Flexible graphite packing:spiral-wound 304 SS/flexiblegraphite, soft iron, confinedgraphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF swing checkCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited discand seat(s). Flexible graphitepacking: spiral-wound 304SS/flexible graphite, soft iron,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite ornon-asbestos-filled jacketedgasket. NPS 2 to 24.

Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 300 wafer checkCast carbon steel, boltedbonnet, OS&Y or bolted capvalve. Carbon steel seats anddiscs (304 SS acceptablealternate), Inconel springs.NPS 2 to 24.

APCOGulf Valve CompanyMarlin Valve CompanyKeystone



APCOGulf Valve CompanyMarlin Valve CompanyKeystone


2.11TM




316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing check valve316 SS bolted valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integralseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, ornon-asbestos-filled 316 SSjacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 300 socketweld lift check valve316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integralseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, ornon-asbestos-filled 316 SSjacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 150 flanged RF swing check valve316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integralseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, ornon-asbestos-filled 316 SSjacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishOICPowell

Bonney ValveCraneLadishOICPowellSmithVogel

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishLunkenheimerOICPowellTong YungMarlin Valve CompanyWilliams


2.12TM




316 SS wafer valve, Class 150 wafer check valve316 SS wafer valve. 316 SShinge pins, discs, and integralseats. Inconel springs. Valvebolting and other trim suitablefor operation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 300 flanged RF swing check valve316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integralseat(s). Flexible graphitepacking. Spiral-wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS,confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, ornon-asbestos-filled 316 SSjacketed gasket. Valve boltingand other trim suitable foroperation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS wafer valve, Class 300 wafer check valve316 SS wafer valve. 316 SShinge pins, discs, and integralseats. Inconel springs. Valvebolting and other trim suitablefor operation down to –150°F(–100°C).

APCOEagleGulf Valve CompanyMarlin Valve CompanyKeystone

Bonney ValveCooperCraneKitzLadishOICPowellTong YungMarlin Valve CompanyWilliams

APCOEagleGulf Valve CompanyMarlin Valve Company


2.13TM



Ball ValvesThese valves are considered suitable for service up to 350°F (175°C).



Carbon steel valve, Class 300 socketweld swing out ballCarbon steel ball valve.Electroless nickel or hardchrome-plated carbon steel,ductile iron, or stainless steelball and stem. Seats: PTFE orreinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFEor Viton.

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF ballCarbon steel ball valve.Electroless nickel or hardchrome-plated carbon steel,ductile iron, or stainless steelball and stem. Seats: PTFE orreinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFEor Viton.

ApolloContromaticsCooperDynaQuipGeminiJamesburyMarPacW-K-MWattsWorcester

ApolloCameronContromaticsCooperITT ValvesJacoby-TarboxJamesburyMarPacMcCannaPMBSmithW-K-MWatts


2.14TM



Ball Valves (Continued)

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF ballCarbon steel ball valve.Electroless nickel or hardchrome-plated carbon steel,ductile iron, or stainless steelball and stem. Seats: PTFE orreinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFEor Viton. NPS 1/2 to 12.

316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing out ball valve316 SS or 316L SS ball valve.316 SS or 316L SS ball andsecondary seat. Seats: PTFEor PFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valvebolting and other trim suitablefor operation down to –150°F(–100°C).

316 SS Class 150 flanged RF ball valve316 SS or 316L SS ball valve.316 SS or 316L SS ball andsecondary seat. Seats: PTFEor PFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valvebolting and other trim suitablefor operation down to –150°F(–100°C).

CameronContromaticsCooperITT ValvesJamesburyMarPacMcCannaSmithW-K-MWorcester

ApolloContromaticsCooperMark ControlsMCFTBV, Inc.WhiteyWorcester

ApolloArgusContromaticsCooperCraneITT ValvesJamesburyKitzKTMMark ControlsMCFMcCannaQuartrolSmithTBV, Inc.VelanWattsWorcester


2.15TM



Ball Valves (Continued)

316 SS ball valve, Class 300 flanged RF top entry316 SS or 316L SS ball valve.316 SS or 316L SS ball andsecondary seat. Seats: PTFEor PFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valvebolting and other trim suitablefor operation down to –150°F(–100°C).

ITT ValvesMcCannaVelan


2.16TM



High Pressure Butterfly ValvesThese valves are considered suitable for service up to 350°F (175°C).


Do not use these values with spiral wound gaskets without verifying that the gasket seating areawill not be compromised by the seat retaining bolting.


Carbon steel valve, Class 150 wafer high pressure butterflyCarbon high pressure butterflyvalve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbonsteel, ductile iron, or stainlesssteel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seatsand seals: PTFE or PFA. 316SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglasselastic member in seat (ifrequired). NPS 3 to 24.

Carbon steel valve, Class 150 lug high pressure butterflyCarbon high pressure butterflyvalve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbonsteel, ductile iron, or stainlesssteel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seatsand seals: PTFE or PFA. 316SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglasselastic member in seat (ifrequired). NPS 3 to 24.

ContromaticsDeZurikDurcoMark ControlsMcCannaJamesburyKeystoneNorrisPosi-SealTuflineW-K-M

ContromaticsDeZurikDurcoMark ControlsMcCannaJamesburyKeystoneNorrisPosi-SealW-K-M


2.17TM



High Pressure Butterfly Valves (Continued)

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 wafer high pressure butterflyCarbon high pressure butterflyvalve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbonsteel, ductile iron or stainlesssteel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seatsand seals: PTFE or PFA. 316SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglasselastic member in seat (ifrequired). NPS 3 to 24.

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 lug high pressure butterflyCarbon high pressure butterflyvalve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbonsteel, ductile iron or stainlesssteel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seatsand seals: PTFE or PFA. 316SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglasselastic member in seat (ifrequired). NPS 3 to 24.

316 stainless steel high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 wafer316 SS or 316L SS highpressure butterfly valve. 316SS or 316L SS disc, stem andsecondary seat. 316 SS,Armco Nitronic 50, or InconelX750 shaft. Seats: PTFE orPFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Inconel garter spring (ifrequired). Fire resistant trim.Valve bolting and other trimsuitable for operation down to–150°F (–100°C).

ContromaticsDeZurikDurcoJamesburyKeystoneMcCannaPosi-Seal

ContromaticsDeZurikDurcoJamesburyKeystoneMcCannaPosi-Seal

ContromaticsJamesburyKeystoneMcCannaPosi-SealTufline


2.18TM




316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 lug316 SS or 316L SS highpressure butterfly valve. 316SS or 316L SS disc, stem andsecondary seat. 316 SS,Armco Nitronic 50, or InconelX750 shaft. Seats: PTFE orPFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Inconel garter spring (ifrequired). Fire resistant trim.Valve bolting and other trimsuitable for operation down to–150°F (–100°C).

316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 wafer316 SS or 316L SS highpressure butterfly valve. 316SS or 316L SS disc, stem andsecondary seat. 316 SS,Armco Nitronic 50, or InconelX750 shaft. Seats: PTFE orPFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Inconel garter spring (ifrequired). Fire resistant trim.Valve bolting and other trimsuitable for operation down to–150°F (–100°C).




2.19TM




316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 lug316 SS or 316L SS highpressure butterfly valve. 316SS or 316L SS disc, stem andsecondary seat. 316 SS,Armco Nitronic 50, or InconelX750 shaft. Seats: PTFE orPFA, with metal-to-metalsecondary seat(s). Flexiblegraphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Inconel garter spring (ifrequired). Fire resistant trim.Valve bolting and other trimsuitable for operation down to–150°F (–100°C).



2.20TM



Proprietary ValvesThese valves are valve types offered by a single manufacturer and are suitable for use up to 800°F(425°C).

Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 piston valvesCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y piston valve. 13 Crpiston and flexible graphite/metal laminate seal rings.

Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 rising stem ball valvesCarbon steel, bolted bonnet,OS&Y rising stem ball valve.Stainless steel seat and flexible graphite packing.

Klinger

Orbit

3.1TM



Bolted Joints

Minimizing LeaksMinimizing leaks from bolted joints requires the proper marriage of the flanges, gaskets, bolting, and, for the case of piping, appropriate level of external loading on the joint. Softer gaskets can beused with lighter flanges successfully as long as external moments do not distort the joint enough tocause leakage. Harder gaskets require heavier flanges and strong bolting, and the heavier flangescan usually resist higher external moments. For the range of applications for Therminol,® Class 150flanges are lighter flanges, and Class 300 flanges are heavier flanges.

Using appropriate procedures for assembling the joints and tightening the bolts is essential tominimize leaks. Suggested steps are:

Gasket A new gasket should almost always be used. The only exception is that the metalinserted flexible graphite gaskets can be reused if the graphite is intact on both sides of thegasket.

Flange Faces Flange faces should be finished with a spiral or concentric grooved pattern asspecified in ASME B16.5. Flange faces should also be clean and free of grooves or gougesrunning radially across the surface.

Bolting Bolting must be clean and free of rust and burrs. Threads should be lubricated toreduce difficulty in seating the gasket. Threads and the nut face in contact with the flangeshould be lubricated with antiseize compound.

Bolt Tightening Tighten bolts in small increments and in a crossing sequence until the jointis tightened completely. The bolts should be tightened again after waiting 1/2 hour or longer inorder to compensate for gasket relaxation.

BoltingUsing bolting at least as strong as those listed by ASME B16.5 as having intermediate strength suchas strain hardened stainless steel and ASTM A193 Gr B7M is recommended for any Therminol ®

service. Using high strength bolting such as ASTM A193 Gr B7 is recommended when the highstrength bolting will meet corrosion and operating temperature requirements. High strength bolting is especially valuable for use with hard gaskets such as spiral wound and ring joint.

FlangesFor custom designed flanges, such as those in pump casings and body flanges for heat exchangers and pressure vessels, using recognized rules for design such as those shown inAppendix 2, Section VIII, Division 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code isrecommended.

For ASME B16.5 flanges, recommendations are based on expected operating conditions. Foroperating temperatures above 350°F (175°C), and for systems which have an operating temperaturerange of 300°F (170°C), Class 300 flanges are recommended. For other systems, Class 150 flangesare recommended. The recommended temperatures are somewhat arbitrary, but they are based onexperience with the leak tightness of these flanges in Therminol ® service. Factors affecting the leakperformance of the lighter Class 150 flanges include the ability of the lighter bolting to effectively seal the gaskets and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments in the piping system.

3.2TM



Bolted Joints

GasketsFlexible graphite reinforced in a number of different ways is recommended for use as gaskets inTherminol® service. Some fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets, especially compressed asbestosgaskets, have proven to perform satisfactorily, but are not recommended because the flexiblegraphite materials have been shown to perform much better.

Gaskets for Custom Designed Flanges These joints can be designed to handle virtually any of thegaskets.

For non-circular gaskets such as for pump casings and some valve bonnet gaskets, foil insertedflexible graphite is probably the best choice. This gasket can be cut in the field and has seatingrequirements similar to other sheet gaskets.

For circular gaskets, including heat exchanger gaskets with pass partitions, any of the followinggaskets can be used:

Foil Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHR, flat 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) thick316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite adhesively bonded on each side. Can be cut inthe field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 20 in. (500 mm).

Tang Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHE, perforated tang 0.004in. (0.10 mm) thick 316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite mechanically bonded toeach side. Cannot be cut in the field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 30 in. (750 mm).

Corrugated Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite MARINE & PETROLEUM MFG. INC.Graphonic,® corrugated 0.026 in. (0.66 mm) thick carbon steel or stainless steel insert withflexible graphite adhesively bonded to each side. Custom fabricated. Easier to handle in thelarger diameters. Requires the lowest seating stress.

Flexible Graphite Filled Spiral Wound Manufactured to API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20by a number of manufacturers, alternate windings of metal and flexible graphite. Customfabricated. Easier to handle in the larger diameters, but may unwind when handling sizeslarger than 40 in. (1 m). Spring action of metal windings makes joint able to withstand smalljoint movements without leaks. Requires higher seating stresses.

Bolted Joints

Gaskets (Continued)Double Jacketed with Flexible Graphite Tape Applied to Seating Surfaces Manufacturedto API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20 by a number of manufacturers, a non-metallic fillingencased in metal. Graphite tape is applied to improve sealing. Easier to handle in the largersizes. Requires the highest seating stress.

Gaskets for Class 150 Flanges The metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended.These gaskets have lower seating stresses, and a proper seal can be obtained with the more lightlybolted Class 150 flanges.

Gaskets for Class 300 Flanges The flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets are recommended.These gaskets require the bolts to be tightened more in order to properly seat the gasket, but thetighter bolts, along with the spring action of the gasket, make the joint more resistant to leakagewhen it is subjected to external moments. Ring joint gaskets will also perform well with Class 150flanges, but the gaskets and flanges with ring grooves result in a more expensive joint.

Spiral wound gaskets should be tightened until the raised face portion of the flange comes incontact with the centering ring on the gasket. The joint tightness can be checked visually, with theaid of a feeler gage when necessary. When the visual method of judging joint tightness is notsatisfactory, tightness can be judged by bolt tension. Bolting should be tightened until the boltsreach about 30,000 psi (200 MPa). Bolt tension can be judged, with a significant error in accuracy,by the use of bolt torque measurements on well lubricated nuts as shown in the table below:

MinimumStud Size Torque

(inch) (ft-lb)1/2 305/8 603/4 1007/8 1601 245

1-1/8 3551-1/4 5001-3/8 6801-1/2 800

3.3TM



Bolted Joints

3.4TM



A partial list showing the full name and location of gasket manufacturers is provided at our website,www.therminol.com.

Gasket Manufacturers

4.1TM



Pumps and Seals

Pump SelectionThe conventional high temperature pump is a horizontal frame, centerline supported centrifugal with a mechanical seal. Some fluid leakage at the seal is common. For those applications wherethe small leakage is undesirable, consider the use of a double mechanical seal or using cannedpumps. Small flow rates (100 gpm or less) are frequently handled using positive displacementpumps.

Therminol services can be handled with properly applied sealless pumps. Either canned motor ormagnet drive type can be used and the considerations for the application are essentially the same.Other than hydraulics, sealless pump application must consider heat and temperature, pressuresand operations in more detail than for a mechanically sealed pump.

Since the fluid being pumped in both designs is used to cool and lubricate the pump sleevebearings (carbon and/or silicon carbide materials are generally used) and remove heat generatedby motor stator magnetic drive inefficiency losses, the impact of that added heat needs to beassessed relative to the vapor pressure of the pumped fluid. The pump manufacturer should beconsulted as to the amount of heat added for the specific range of operating conditions.

The temperature at which the fluid is pumped will impact the need for cooling for both designs, thestator insulation class and stator fill material for canned motor designs, and the magnet materialtype and power rating for magnet drive designs.

Either design can be furnished for a wide range of pressures. For sealless pumps considerationneeds to be given to the need for pressure containment outside the containment can should thecan rupture.

Because the pump bearings are lubricated by the pumped fluid, special operating attention andinstrumentation is needed to assure a reliable application of sealless pumps. Potential to run thepump dry, at too low a flow to remove the heat, variations in fluid properties such as vapor pressureand viscosity over the range of operation, solid materials in the system, etc. all need to beaddressed. Start-up and shutdown in particular require consideration.

Sealless pumps have been successfully applied in Therminol services at temperatures over 600°F.To assure a good application and installation it is essential to involve the end use (operationsconsiderations), Therminol sales and technical service (fluid properties), and the pumpmanufacturer (heat generation and removal) at the design stage.

4.2TM



Pump Selection and Pump Manufacturers

Pump Manufacturers

A partial list showing the full name and location of pump manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.

4.3TM



Mechanical Seals

Mechanical seals in high temperature heating systems are universally preferred for rotaryequipment. Even though the state-of-the-art of mechanical seal application has progressed greatlyin recent years, seal failure still occurs.

Certain conditions within a high temperature heating system will increase the incidence of sealfailure. The most critical conditions are heat, pressure, corrosion, cavitation and productcharacteristics. Therminol ® heat transfer fluids can affect, or be affected by, these conditions. Otherconditions, such as particle debris, shaft deflection, bearing wear, vibration and poor installation,also can affect the life of a seal. These problems, however, are usually minimized by proper pumpselection for the intended service, careful installation and proper maintenance.

HeatExcessive temperature at the mechanical seal face usually leads to premature failure. The sealenvironment should not normally exceed 300°F for most heat transfer fluid applications, includingthe Therminol fluids.

Common seal face materials, such as carbon, Stellite, tungsten carbide and silicon carbide requiresome fluid film lubrication. High temperatures decrease lubricity, and the resulting friction and heatbuild-up can promote abnormal face wear. Therminol heat transfer fluids generally provide adequate lubricating characteristics below 300°F.

Excessive temperatures also vaporize fluid at the seal face resulting in no lubrication and/ormechanical damage to face materials, such as carbon. Therminol heat transfer fluids are low vaporpressure, high boiling compounds that normally do not vaporize over their use range. Some thermaldecomposition products of Therminol head transfer fluids, however, are lower boiling componentsand could cause vaporization conditions at the seal face.

Dead-ended stuffing boxes provide little chance for fluid circulation. They frequently collect abrasive or corrosive system dirt, as well as heat, that can damage the seal faces.

In addition to stuffing box and seal gland cooling to control seal temperatures, many pumpsuppliers offer a seal flush system that provides a cooled, filtered supply of the pumped fluid. Flush systems minimize mechanical seal face wear and particle debris accumulation on flex metal bellows in many high temperature applications. Flush systems should be considered where Therminol heat transfer fluids are used.

A secondary seal with a vent and drain gland fixture outside the primary seal generally is effectivein collecting leakage that may occur, offers a gland for inert gas blanketing, and provides sealprotection in case of primary seal failure. “Inert gas blanketing” of a steam quench helps inpreventing carburized material from forming on the outside of the seal faces resulting in longer seal life.

PressureHydraulic seal face loading depends on the stuffing box pressure and the type of seal used.Generally, a single, inside, unbalanced or partially balanced seal is used in high temperatureTherminol heat transfer fluid applications. Excessive face pressure, either hydraulic or installationimposed, can reduce face lubrication, increase frictional heat build-up, and cause face distortionresulting in reduced seal face life.

Pressure surges and hydraulic shock created by automatic valving within the system also canreduce seal life. While this is not a common problem, proper valve selection and system hydraulicsoperation generally decreases this type of overload on the seal faces.

Mechanical Seals

CorrosionSome heat transfer fluids may create – through decomposition or contamination – a corrosiveenvironment at the mechanical seal. Therminol® heat transfer fluids normally do not create corrosiveconditions within the heating system. And, even though most heating fluids are miscible whencombined, certain chemical incompatibilities can result in a corrosive environment.

Acidic conditions can form acidic metal salts. These can be abrasive to seal faces in the latentenvironment of a dead-ended pump stuffing box.

The seal flush mentioned above also can be effective in minimizing excessive seal wear byremoving harmful corrosive deposits. The seal flush has prevented particulates from centrifuging inthe seal face area and avoided seal lift off and resulting leakage.

CavitationCavitation – the formation and collapse of vapor pockets from fluid near its vapor point or from lowboiling components in the fluid – normally does not have a direct impact on mechanical seals.Frequent or continuous cavitation at the pump can cause pressure variation (discussed above),shaft deflection, vibration or mechanical shock that will damage seal components.

An effect similar to cavitation – entrained gases or rapid liquid to vapor phase change – canproduce chattering on the seal, causing face damage and leakage.

System design, with attention to Net Positive Suction Head requirements, usually correctscavitation problems.

Many heat transfer fluids form lower boiling components on thermal or oxidative decomposition thatcan result in cavitation conditions. Therminol heat transfer fluids can form low boilers from thermaldamage. Venting a slip stream of pumped fluid to a nitrogen or CO2 inert, vented expansion tankgenerally will relieve low boilers from the fluid. Any vented material should be collected for proper,non-polluting disposal. Inerting usually prevents oxidation damage to the fluid during ventingoperation.

The seal flush system continuously vents the stuffing box and cools the seal area with filtered fluid.

4.4TM



Mechanical Seals

Product CharacteristicsMechanical seal performance can be affected by certain characteristics of the heat transfer fluid,such as system dirt pick-up, decomposition products, chemical compatibility, sludge formation,oxidation resistance, vapor pressure and lubricity.

Abrasive particles are a major contributing factor to seal failure, particularly particles under 200mesh size. These particles include: thermal decomposition products, such as salts, oxides and tars;carbonaceous oxidation products from certain types of fluids; dirt from the environment external tothe seal; or combinations of these.

Rust and scale usually found in the pipework are loosened frequently by heat transfer fluids andcirculated throughout the system. Filtration through a glass string-wound filter in a side streamoperation usually effectively removes the particles.

Decomposition products from some fluids can create conditions detrimental to seal performance.For example, highly acidic decomposition products not only catalyze further fluid decomposition,but also establish the corrosive seal environment discussed earlier. Oxidation products from manyfluids develop into abrasive carbonaceous deposits that can seriously affect seal face wear. Aircontact should be minimized with those fluids with oxidative instability. Cold or inerted (nitrogen)expansion tanks generally reduce oxidation problems and potential seal problems from oxidationresidues.

Some fluids may be chemically incompatible with one another in heating applications. Certainly, anychange of heating fluid or top up with another fluid should be evaluated thoroughly to preclude sealand other system problems. Most heat transfer fluids can form high boilers and tars on thermaldecomposition. These tars are sludge-like and abrasive to the seal faces. This sludge-like deposithas been observed as an uneven coating on mating seal faces which prevents sealing of thesurfaces and results in leakage.

Most Therminol® heat transfer fluids are low vapor pressure, high boiling compounds. Vaporizationof the fluid is not expected under conditions of proper pump selection and operation. Low boilers ofTherminol heat transfer fluids occasionally develop from over-heating or excessive oxidation.Venting the system, as discussed under Cavitation, generally resolves this problem. Attentionshould be given to operating conditions that might bring about low boiler formation, such as aircontact, over-heating and process leakage contamination.

Lubricity of clean Therminol heat transfer fluids usually is adequate for seal faces, even at sealenvironment temperatures above 300°F. Some work on uncooled seal applications using improvedface materials shows reasonable lubricity at pumped fluid temperatures approaching the fluidboiling point within 75°F fluctuation. Seal environment temperatures, however, should be maintainedbelow 300°F for long-term service.

Virtually all heat transfer fluid systems generate dirt or debris that can affect seal performance. Themechanical seal or pump supplier should be contacted to determine how seal failures can beminimized.

In summary, a clean and cool mechanical seal environment is a prerequisite to satisfactory sealservice in high temperature heating systems. As a heat transfer fluid supplier, we welcome theopportunity to work with you and your seal or pump supplier on application of the Therminol heattransfer fluids.

4.5TM



Mechanical Seals

4.6TM



A partial list showing the full name and location of mechanical seal manufacturers is provided at ourwebsite, www.therminol.com.

Mechanical Seal Manufacturers

5.1TM



Insulation Designs to ReduceFire Hazard

Insulation systems can bedesigned to minimize fire problems in the event of fluidleakage.

Fires have occurred in insula-tion materials that have beensoaked with heating fluids atapparent temperatures of 500°-600°F, which is wellbelow the auto-ignition temper-ature of most commercial heating fluids. Tests indicatethat magnesia, calcium silicateand silicate-bonded asbestosinsulations are subject to thisproblem. While the exactmechanism by which such fires occur is not fully under-stood, the most probableexplanation is that a slowexothermal oxidation reactionbetween hydrocarbon-typeheating fluids and air inside the voids of the insulationstarts at about 500°F. Such areaction is believed to occur for these reasons:� The combination of the largeheating fluid surface exposedon the insulation fibers� Poor heat dissipationconditions� The formation of low flashpoint oxidation products� Temperature build-up in thesaturated insulation mass,causing material ignition whenexposed to air

Fires such as these have beenreported from time to time inheat transfer systems.

Calcium silicate, asbestos andmagnesium oxide insulationcan absorb almost their origi-nal weight of leaking fluid. Thissaturation, when spread overthe large surface area withinthe insulation at high tempera-ture, can cause fluid oxidationand the formation of lower boiling, more combustible,decomposition products. Thenthe fluid within the insulationsystem can ignite.

An alternate insulation, cellularglass, resists saturation by theheat transfer fluid and, there-fore, may be a safer insulationto use. Cellular glass normallyis more costly for most applica-tions because of its higherinstallation cost and its ten-dency to crack when thermallyshocked. The use of cellularglass insulation does notensure that insulation fires willnot develop, but the amount offluid that can be absorbed bythe insulation system and beoxidized is reduced greatly.

The following suggestions mayhelp minimize the fire hazardpotential in insulation systems:� Install and maintain a leak-free piping system when com-bustible heat transfer fluids arebeing used. Reduce the num-ber of flanges in initial systemdesign. Use suggested pipingspecifications. If a leak devel-ops, remove the insulation,contain and control the fluiduntil the leak can be repaired.

� On horizontal runs of pipewith welded joints and properflange fittings, use the stan-dard high temperature insula-tion, such as calcium silicate,magnesium oxide, etc.� On vertical runs of lineswhere occasional leak sourcescan develop at flanges andvalves, install protective, tight-fitting caps below flanges andvalves to divert any fluid leak-age to the outside of the insulation.� Install valve stems horizon-tally so that any stem leakagedoes not enter the insulation.� On those sections of lineswhere control valves andinstrument fittings are attachedand where leaks are a poten-tial problem, install cellularglass insulation or metalshielded insulation to minimizeor eliminate any fluid saturationof the insulation system.� Consult your insulation sup-plier and insurance companyfor suggestions on reducingfire hazards.

6.1TM



Fuel Fired Heater, ElectricHeater, and ChillerManufacturersA partial list showing the full name and location of fuel fired heater, electric heater and chiller manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.

7.1TM



System Designers

A partial list showing the full name and location of system designers manufacturers is provided at ourwebsite, www.therminol.com.

Systems Design Data

Documents

Transcript of Systems Design Data