Synergy: “a combined Synergy: “a combined effect ... that exceeds the sum effect ... that exceeds the sum

of individual effects”of individual effects”Oxford DictionaryOxford Dictionary

Jerry VelasquezJerry Velasquez

United Nations UniversityUnited Nations University

Technology Transfer, Education and Technology Transfer, Education and Outreach and Capacity DevelopmentOutreach and Capacity Development

OECD/DAC Report (1999)OECD/DAC Report (1999) Implementing the Conventions: some key Implementing the Conventions: some key

challengeschallenges Increase awareness and ownershipIncrease awareness and ownership

Awareness of the objectives of the conventions and the Awareness of the objectives of the conventions and the challenges of adaptation remains relatively low among challenges of adaptation remains relatively low among policy makers and the general public.policy makers and the general public.

Mainstreaming the conventions within national Mainstreaming the conventions within national strategiesstrategies

Unless they are fully integratedUnless they are fully integrated in existing national in existing national planning processes, the Convention may simply generate planning processes, the Convention may simply generate “just another set of“just another set of plans”. plans”. IIndications ndications notenote that the that the Conventions are not yet mainstreamed as part of national Conventions are not yet mainstreamed as part of national planningplanning processes and that the National Focal Points processes and that the National Focal Points responsible for the Conventions are isolated from responsible for the Conventions are isolated from mainstreammainstream policy making and sectoral planning processes policy making and sectoral planning processes – and from each other.– and from each other.

UNDP Report (1997)UNDP Report (1997) Implementing the Conventions: some key Implementing the Conventions: some key

challenges challenges Planning is essentialPlanning is essential

To turn such potential burdens into possible synergies requires To turn such potential burdens into possible synergies requires planning. The key is to anchor implementation plans into planning. The key is to anchor implementation plans into national development priorities and policies. national development priorities and policies.

Implementation requires new and strengthened Implementation requires new and strengthened capacitiescapacities

Enable countries to translate these international agreements Enable countries to translate these international agreements into action at these levels.into action at these levels. Since capacities diminish from the Since capacities diminish from the national to the local level, thus efforts of governments to national to the local level, thus efforts of governments to decentralize must be supported by additional resources of decentralize must be supported by additional resources of skilled, trained people and money.skilled, trained people and money.

Information systems are a key to sustainable Information systems are a key to sustainable developmentdevelopment

Key challenge is lack of effective information management in Key challenge is lack of effective information management in many developing countries. A systematic approach to many developing countries. A systematic approach to information management not only allows a country to have the information management not only allows a country to have the data necessary to fulfill its obligations and generate reports, data necessary to fulfill its obligations and generate reports, but also to better define, guide and assess the progress being but also to better define, guide and assess the progress being achieved on its development policies.achieved on its development policies.

Rio ConventionsRio ConventionsImplementation LinkagesImplementation Linkages

Approaches to goalsApproaches to goals – – Similar approaches to achieve Similar approaches to achieve goals. Recognize needs for national action guided by goals. Recognize needs for national action guided by international experiences, need for capacity building, international experiences, need for capacity building, awareness-raising as precondition to successes, and need awareness-raising as precondition to successes, and need for cooperation.for cooperation.

Approaches to activitiesApproaches to activities – – All promote activities of All promote activities of research, assessments, information exchange, training, research, assessments, information exchange, training, development of strategies and action plans and development of strategies and action plans and inventories. Decisions of design and detail - open for inventories. Decisions of design and detail - open for interpretation by governments.interpretation by governments.

Subsidiary BodiesSubsidiary Bodies – – CBD - SBSTTA, UNFCCC - SBSTA CBD - SBSTTA, UNFCCC - SBSTA and CCD - Committee on S&T. Linkages between these and CCD - Committee on S&T. Linkages between these bodies?bodies?

Information, Monitoring and ReportingInformation, Monitoring and Reporting – – independent methods & ways of addressing information independent methods & ways of addressing information needs and generation. Independent monitoring and needs and generation. Independent monitoring and reporting requirements.reporting requirements.

Convention Convention RequirementsRequirementsClimate Climate ChangeChange

Biological Biological DiversityDiversity

Combating Combating DesertificatDesertificationion

ClearinghouClearinghouse for se for technical technical informationinformation

(Article 4.5)(Article 4.5) Article 18Article 18 Article 18Article 18

Public Public EducationEducation

Article 6Article 6 Article 13Article 13 Article 5(d), Article 5(d), 19, 619, 6

Public Public ParticipatioParticipationn

Article 6(I)(a)Article 6(I)(a)(iii)(iii)

Article 9Article 9 Article 19(4)Article 19(4)

TrainingTraining Article 6Article 6 Article 12(a)Article 12(a) Article 19Article 19Source: UNDP 1997, (modified)

Note: Relevant links to the issues above are also mentioned in other articles of the 3 conventions

Technology Transfer (1/2)Technology Transfer (1/2)The processes and mechanisms for transfer and cooperation are

expected to be similar across the conventions, but the technologies themselves can be different.

Existing Mechanisms CBD – Clearing house mechanism UNFCCC – TT: CLEAR

Other initiatives Clearinghouses/Databases

ESTIS - Environmentally Sound Technologies Information System maESTro II -Environmentally Sound Technology database

Newsletters/Net-based Discussions RUMBA - Regular Update of Methyl Bromide Alternatives

NetworkNetwork SANet - UNEP-GEF Technology Transfer Networks Global Technology Transfer and Knowledge Management

Partnership SAFFIRE - Strategic Alliance for Freshwater Information,

Resources and Education

Technology Transfer (2/2)Technology Transfer (2/2) Challenges and Issues (source: UNEP IETC)

Efforts not sufficient Prioritization, identification and selection of EST Lowering of cost/stimulation of demand for EST Integration of human skills, org. devt. and info

networks Decision support tools to look at merits of ESTs

and related investments Complexity of investment decisions

What’s possible UNFCCC TT:CLEAR CBD CHM CC Tech Transfer mechanisms could serve as

inspiration for other conventions ???

Education and Outreach Education and Outreach (1/2)(1/2)

Various approachesVarious approaches International/World Day …International/World Day …

To Combat Desertification– 17 JuneTo Combat Desertification– 17 June On Biological Diversity – 2 MayOn Biological Diversity – 2 May On Water, Energy and Climate On Water, Energy and Climate

(WMO) – 1 Sept(WMO) – 1 Sept Water – 22 MarchWater – 22 March On Wetlands – 2 FebruaryOn Wetlands – 2 February OthersOthers

Int’l, regional, national workshopsInt’l, regional, national workshops PartnershipsPartnerships

Global Initiative on Biodiversity Global Initiative on Biodiversity Education and Public Awareness Education and Public Awareness

Web-sitesWeb-sites AwardsAwards

Desertification Press AwardDesertification Press Award Ramsar AwardRamsar Award

OthersOthers

Education and Outreach Education and Outreach (2/2) (2/2)

Challenges/OpportunitiesChallenges/Opportunities Raising awareness (in all levels)Raising awareness (in all levels) Bridging the local to globalBridging the local to global Capacity/ResourcesCapacity/Resources Working with other stakeholdersWorking with other stakeholders OthersOthers

What can be done together?What can be done together? Joint outreach programmesJoint outreach programmes

Joint display at WSSDJoint display at WSSD Joint information strategy (under development)Joint information strategy (under development)

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Capacity DevelopmentCapacity Development DefinitionDefinition Capacity Capacity ddevelopment evelopment nneeds: eeds: iinferred from nferred from

conventionconvention text text Capacity development: responses from the Capacity development: responses from the

conventionsconventions Reported common capacity needs across Reported common capacity needs across

regions and conventions regions and conventions (GEF/CDI)(GEF/CDI) Other capacity issues across conventions in Other capacity issues across conventions in

Asia Pacific (UNU)Asia Pacific (UNU) Capacity Development: What is Possible?Capacity Development: What is Possible? Rio Conventions - Capacity: What exists? Rio Conventions - Capacity: What exists?

What doesn’t exist?What doesn’t exist?

Capacity: DefinitionCapacity: Definition

OECDOECD UNDPUNDP OthersOthers FCCC, FCCC, CBD, CCD CBD, CCD DefinitionsDefinitions

HumanHuman Human Human resourcesresources

HumanHuman- QualitativeQualitative- QuantitativQuantitativee- SustainabiliSustainabilityty

InstitutionInstitutionalal

Infrastructure Infrastructure developmentdevelopment

SystemicSystemic Coordination Coordination and and cooperationcooperation

Generic NeedsGeneric Needs Convention Specific Capacity Dev. NeedsConvention Specific Capacity Dev. Needs

Climate Climate ChangeChange

CCross-sectoral ross-sectoral policymakingpolicymaking

PPlanning and lanning and programmingprogramming

AAssessment ssessment && monitoring of monitoring of ecological ecological && socio-economic socio-economic conditionsconditions

FForecastingorecastingPPolicy olicy

formulationformulationDDialogueialogueNNegotiation egotiation

mediation, mediation, conflict conflict resolutionresolution

EEducation ducation && awareness-awareness-raisingraising

Formulation of measures for adaptation to the impact of climate Formulation of measures for adaptation to the impact of climate change, preparation of national programmes to address climate change, preparation of national programmes to address climate change as part of national development plans, establishment of long change as part of national development plans, establishment of long term national capacity to comply with future reporting obligations, term national capacity to comply with future reporting obligations, formulate and implement climate change-relevant projects, technology formulate and implement climate change-relevant projects, technology needs assessment; the identification of sources and suppliers, the needs assessment; the identification of sources and suppliers, the determination of optimal modalities for the acquisition and absorption determination of optimal modalities for the acquisition and absorption of relevant technologies and the assessment of policy options for of relevant technologies and the assessment of policy options for reducing barriers to technology transfer, develop the policy and reducing barriers to technology transfer, develop the policy and institutional framework necessary to attract private investment in institutional framework necessary to attract private investment in support of climate-friendly projectssupport of climate-friendly projects, etc, etc. .

Biological Biological DiversityDiversity

AAssessment of the impact of climate change on biodiversity, especially ssessment of the impact of climate change on biodiversity, especially in relation to forests, research on indigenous knowledge of in relation to forests, research on indigenous knowledge of conservation of forest resources, the establishment of long-term conservation of forest resources, the establishment of long-term reliable access to relevant scientific information networks and data reliable access to relevant scientific information networks and data bases, including notably through internet, and human resource bases, including notably through internet, and human resource development in a wide a range of scientific disciplines including development in a wide a range of scientific disciplines including information technologyinformation technology, etc., etc.

Combating Combating DesertificaDesertificationtion

Establishment or strengthening of early warning systems; mechanisms Establishment or strengthening of early warning systems; mechanisms for assisting environmentally displaced persons; drought preparedness for assisting environmentally displaced persons; drought preparedness and management systems; drought contingency plans; food security and management systems; drought contingency plans; food security systems, including storage and marketing facilities in rural areas; the systems, including storage and marketing facilities in rural areas; the promotion of alternative livelihood projects to provide incomes in promotion of alternative livelihood projects to provide incomes in drought-prone areas and the development of sustainable irrigation drought-prone areas and the development of sustainable irrigation programmes for crops and livestock, etc. programmes for crops and livestock, etc.

Capacity Development Needs: Inferred from convention text

Capacity Development: Subsequent responses

within the conventionsClimate Climate ChangeChange

decisions 10/CP.5 and 11/CP.5, COP 5 launched a process to address capacity-building in decisions 10/CP.5 and 11/CP.5, COP 5 launched a process to address capacity-building in an integrated manneran integrated manner COP 6 decision on capacity-building in both developing countries and countries with COP 6 decision on capacity-building in both developing countries and countries with economies in transition (EITs)economies in transition (EITs) COP 7 agreement on capacity-building for developing countries and EITs and on additional COP 7 agreement on capacity-building for developing countries and EITs and on additional guidance to the GEF, along with other decisions that include capacity-building componentsguidance to the GEF, along with other decisions that include capacity-building components Progress in implementing the frameworks will be monitored by the SBI, and COP 9 will Progress in implementing the frameworks will be monitored by the SBI, and COP 9 will conduct a comprehensive review in 2003conduct a comprehensive review in 2003

Biological Biological DiversityDiversity

Provisions on capacity building are incorporated on each of the conventions thematic Provisions on capacity building are incorporated on each of the conventions thematic programmes of work and cross-cutting issues are reflected in the COPs guidelines to the programmes of work and cross-cutting issues are reflected in the COPs guidelines to the financial mechanismfinancial mechanism COP5, reiterating the call of decision EM-I/3, adopted decision V/1 on the work plan for the COP5, reiterating the call of decision EM-I/3, adopted decision V/1 on the work plan for the Intergovernmental Committee on the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (ICCP), which Intergovernmental Committee on the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (ICCP), which highlighted capacity building as a key requirement for the early entry into force and for the highlighted capacity building as a key requirement for the early entry into force and for the effective implementation of the Protocoleffective implementation of the Protocol COP7, Feb. 2000, will focus on the issue of technology transfer and cooperationCOP7, Feb. 2000, will focus on the issue of technology transfer and cooperation

Combating Combating Desertifica-Desertifica-tiontion

Capacity building and promotion of an enabling environment within the framework of the Capacity building and promotion of an enabling environment within the framework of the Regional Action Programmes (RAP)Regional Action Programmes (RAP) The AHWG meeting in Bonn (2000) reflected on the need for capacity building in their reportThe AHWG meeting in Bonn (2000) reflected on the need for capacity building in their report The CRIC meeting in Rome (2002) reviewed the status of implementation in the various The CRIC meeting in Rome (2002) reviewed the status of implementation in the various implementation frameworks, and made pertinent recommendationsimplementation frameworks, and made pertinent recommendations The COP through various decisions at its sessions has reflected on the need to The COP through various decisions at its sessions has reflected on the need to strengthened capacity in several issue areasstrengthened capacity in several issue areas

Reported cReported common capacity ommon capacity needsneeds

across regions and across regions and conventionsconventions (1/2) (1/2)

Low levels of awareness and knowledge limit the Low levels of awareness and knowledge limit the ability for discussion, decision-making and action.ability for discussion, decision-making and action.

Lack of information management, monitoring and Lack of information management, monitoring and observations hampers policy and decision-making.observations hampers policy and decision-making.

Lack of synchronization of national policy, legal Lack of synchronization of national policy, legal and regulatory frame-works leads to confusion and regulatory frame-works leads to confusion between sectors and between national, regional between sectors and between national, regional and local levels.and local levels.

Incentive systems and market instruments are Incentive systems and market instruments are inadequately developed.inadequately developed.

Institutional mandates either overlap or have Institutional mandates either overlap or have gaps, key institutions are not involved, and gaps, key institutions are not involved, and interactions between institutions are not always interactions between institutions are not always effective.effective.

SourceSource: Country Capacity Development Needs and Priorities: A Synthesis: Country Capacity Development Needs and Priorities: A Synthesis

Science and technology are ineffectively Science and technology are ineffectively mobilized in support of policy and decision-mobilized in support of policy and decision-making.making.

Preparing for, skill in participating in, and Preparing for, skill in participating in, and reporting back on, international negotiations reporting back on, international negotiations and agreements is weak.and agreements is weak.

Coordination, and processes for interaction Coordination, and processes for interaction within the country are poorly developed.within the country are poorly developed.

Cooperation and networking within regions is Cooperation and networking within regions is often lacking.often lacking.

Individuals tend to be ineffectively deployed, Individuals tend to be ineffectively deployed, mobilized, motivated or given responsibility.mobilized, motivated or given responsibility.

Institutional effectiveness is hampered by weak Institutional effectiveness is hampered by weak management and resource constraints.management and resource constraints.

Lack of financial resources and technology.Lack of financial resources and technology.SourceSource: Country Capacity Development Needs and Priorities: A Synthesis: Country Capacity Development Needs and Priorities: A Synthesis

Reported cReported common capacity ommon capacity needsneeds

across regions and across regions and conventionsconventions (1/2) (1/2)

Other Other capacity capacity issuesissues acrossacross

conventionsconventions in Asia Pacific in Asia Pacific Cyclic nature of the lack of capacityCyclic nature of the lack of capacity Super delegates and the issue of Super delegates and the issue of

sustainability of capacitysustainability of capacity Role of consultants and regional Role of consultants and regional

facilitatorsfacilitators Lack of proper knowledge managementLack of proper knowledge management Lack of capacity to seek fundingLack of capacity to seek funding Role of endogenous capacity providersRole of endogenous capacity providers Re-use, re-targeting or multi-purposing of Re-use, re-targeting or multi-purposing of

trainingtraining Variation of synergetic capacity Variation of synergetic capacity

development needsdevelopment needs

Capacity Development:Capacity Development:What is Possible?What is Possible?

UNUN: UN Decade on Education for Sustainability : UN Decade on Education for Sustainability (2005-2015), World Summit on Information (2005-2015), World Summit on Information Society (2003), GEF’s NCSA and follow-up, Society (2003), GEF’s NCSA and follow-up, UNESCO/IUCN/UNEP/ CBD project, UNEP’s UNESCO/IUCN/UNEP/ CBD project, UNEP’s various projects , othersvarious projects , others

GovernmentsGovernments: Malaysian training on diplomacy : Malaysian training on diplomacy for Cambodia, German DSE project for journalistsfor Cambodia, German DSE project for journalists

Int’l NGOsInt’l NGOs: IISD’s ENB, WWF’s Symbol: IISD’s ENB, WWF’s Symbol Private SectorPrivate Sector: Japan NTT’s Iwate Environment : Japan NTT’s Iwate Environment

NetworkNetwork Other civil societyOther civil society: Vanuatu’s “One bag : Vanuatu’s “One bag

theater”, PNG’s partnership with church, theater”, PNG’s partnership with church, Vietnam’s youth programmesVietnam’s youth programmes

Rio ConventionsRio ConventionsCapacity: What Exists? What Capacity: What Exists? What

Doesn’t?Doesn’t? What expertise exists?What expertise exists?

Convention processConvention process SecretariatsSecretariats NetworksNetworks GEF, other institutionsGEF, other institutions

What What do we needdo we need?? EducatorsEducators, media professionals, , media professionals,

ccommunicatorsommunicators Education/Communication systemsEducation/Communication systems Other partnershipsOther partnerships