Symbiotic Relationships in Higher Plants

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN HIGHER

PLANTS.

MYCORRHIZA

Vicente T. Monje Lpez

Pablo Jos Sancho Pla


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INTRODUCTION

From Latin myces fungi and rizae root.

German botanic Albert Berdhhar Frank (1885)

George L. Mosse. (1955)


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INTRODUCTION

More than 90% of plants have mycorrhiza.

Also has been found in some fossil of primitivevascular plants.

The fungi infection is establish in periods ofgrowing up.


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA

Seven types of mycorrhiza.


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA

But basically two principal types:

Ectomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA

1. Ectotrophic Mycorrhiza


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA


The fungic mycelium do notpenetrate inside the cell.

They forms the Harting net.

Never enters the inner partof the cortex.

Basidiomycetes.

3-10 % of terrestrial plants.


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA


In the Harting net the mycelium is non septated.

This symbiosis is only produced on secondary

roots, shorts and with limited growing.

While the mycorrhiza is developing the fungus

secretes growing regulatory substances that

produces changes in the root.


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA

2. Endotrophic Mycorrhiza


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA


Most common kind ofmycorrhiza (around 90%).

The fungi mycelium penetrateinside the cortex cells.

They belong to theZigomycetes.

The most common mycorrhizais the Vesicular-Arbuscular (VA).


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TIPE OF MYCORRHIZA


The mycelium is not

septated.

This symbiosis is very easy

to see in the microscopy .

Mature arbuscules with finely

branched hyphae

( Mycotown Greentech AG)

Endomycorrhiza penetrate the cortical

cells of roots where they form highlybranched arbuscules.

hyphae, vesicles and spores in

soybean roots


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BENEFITS FOR THE PLANT

The most of the higher plants interact with other

organism. One of this types of relationships is

symbiotical ones between plants and fungi.


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1 Increases the soil volume that roots can

use

2

Faster efficient transport of nutrients

and water

3

Protection against changes in the

temperature and soil acidification

4

Lengthen the live spam of the roots

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Protection against pathogenic fungy and

namatodes


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1 Increases the volume that

roots can use.



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2 Protection against changes in temperature and

soil acidification.



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3 Lengthen the life span of the roots


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BENEFITS FOR MYCORRIZA

-Receive

primarily carbohydratesand vitamins from

plants.

- Establish symbiotic

relationships so get a

protected niche.


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NUTRIENTS INTERCHANGE


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APPLICATIONS

Biotechnological

Fruits and vegetables commercialproduction.

Bioremediation.

Environmental

Reforestation and recuperation ofarid zones and degraded soils.

Biological control to pathogen

agents of the rhizosphere.


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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

FUITS AND VEGETABLES COMERCIAL PRODUCTION


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Potential Use of Mycorrhizal Fungi as Bioremediation Agents

BIOREMEDIATION

Fungi

conferheavy

metal

tolerance

in plants

Atmospheric CO2

fixation

Hyphal mantle ofECM act as filter

barrier for metalson the root

surface

Vesicular-arbuscular &

ectomycorrhiza

(ECM) Aceleratephytoimmobilization, improves plant

root association

Intracellular

chelation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppjQwCRvxiU


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REFORESTATION


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REFERENCES

Botnica 2 Ed. Jess Izco. E. Barreno I cia. Ed

McGrau Hill interamericana Marcel Bucher. Functional biology of plant phosphateuptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. New Phytologist.

Bettina Hause Thomas Fester. Molecular and cellbiology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Springer-Verlag 2004

http://www.mycorrhizae.com/

http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=17063

http://www.bio-pro.de/magazin/thema/04445/index.html?lang=en&artikelid=/artikel/03801/index.html

Symbiotic Relationships in Higher Plants

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