Syl Logy Sms

8/12/2019 Syl Logy Sms

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Basics

Subject vs Predicate

onsider this question statement

). All cats are dogs2. Some dogs are birds3. 9o bird is a pig

+. Some pigs are not birds.

In all such statements* first-term is called sub:ect and second is called predicate.

It doesnt matter what word is gien; Table* hair* first term is sub:ect and second term is predicate.

/ets reloo$ at those question statements

Sub:ect "redicate

). All cats are dogs ats 4ogs

2. Some dogs are birds 4ogs Birds

3. 9o bird is a pig Bird "ig

+. Some pigs are not birds."igs Birds

I hope the Sub:ect s. "redicate is clear now. /ets moe to second thing

Classification of statement

In syllogism* each statement usually has following format

,&y= sub:ect is?are #not% predicate.

@or e&ample*

y= Sub:ect Is?are #?-not% "redicate

All ats Are 4ogs

Some "igs Are not birds

Based on ,&y= and ,not* we classify the statements as following

Statement Type odename

). All cats are dogs 'niersal "ositie '"

2. Some dogs are birds "articular "ositie ""

3. 9o bird is a pig 'niersal 9egatie'9

+. Some pigs are not birds."articular 9egatie"9


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"lease remember following words. Cheneer they come* you classify the statement accordingly.

All* eery* any* none* not a single* only etc.'niersal #positie or

negatie%

Some* many* a few* quite a few* not many* ery little* most of* almost*

generally* often* freqently* etc.

"articular #positie or

negatie%

Standard format: conversion

The standard 2-statement syllogism question format is following;

). #&y=% ,A is?are #?- not% ,B2. #&y=% ,B is?are #?- not% ,

So basically it is

). ADEB2. BDE

#read as ,A to B then B to %

Chat does this tell usFGuestion statements must hae 79/H three terms. #A* B and %.

In the e&am* if they gie you two question statements with four terms then your time is saed

Just tic$ the answer ,no conclusion can be drawn.@or e&ample

Guestion statements Answer

). All cats are 4ogs2. Some birds are

pigs

9o conclusion can be drawn. Because it has four terms #cats* dogs* birds*

pigs%A>EB

>E4

Anyways bac$ to the topic*

The standard format for question statements is;

). ADEB

2. BDE

). @irst termDE1iddle Term

2. 1iddle TermDEThird term

But if the gien question statements are not gien in this format* then we must conert them into

aboe format. 7therwise we cannot proceed with answer. @or e&ample

Kien question statements are). ADEB

2. DEB

This must be conerted into). ADEB

2. BDE

Kien question statements are

). BDEA2. BDE

This must be conerted into

). ADEB2. BDE

7$* so how to conert the statementsF


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Universal Positive (UP)

Kien Statement !alid conersions Type

Kien Statement; All ats are 4ogsSome ats are dogs"articular "ositie #""%

Some dogs are cats "articular "ositie #""%

It means '" can be conerted into ""."lease note; if the statement is ,7nly 4ogs are cats* then better conert it into ,All cats aredogs. #7nly A is B >E All B are A%

Universal Neative (UN)


Kien Statement; 9o ats are 4ogsSome dogs are not cats"articular 9egatie #"9%

9o dogs are cats 'niersal 9egatie #'9%

It means '9 can be conerted into "9 or '9.

Particular Positive (PP)


Some ats are 4ogs Some dogs are cats "articular "ositie #""%

It means "" can be conerted into "" only.

Particular Neative

&ample; Some ats are not 4ogs. In "articular negatie statements #"9%* no conersion can be

made.So "96cant conert.

To sum up the conersion rules

Type !alid onersion

'niersal "ositie #'"% 7nly ""

'niersal 9egatie #'9% "9 or '9

"articular "ositie #""% 7nly ""

"articular 9egatie #"9% 9ot possible.

"lease note;

In some lower leel e&ams* sometimes they directly as$ about conersion. @or e&ample

G. Chat can be concluded from the gien statement; ,Some "oliticians are honest men.

!ns"er c#oices


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). Some 5onest men are not "oliticians.

2. All 5onest men are not politician

3. Some 5onest men are politicians.

+. 9one of Aboe.

#"lease donot read further* without soling aboe question.%

Solution

well* the gien statement ,Some "oliticians are honest men. is a particular positie statement

#""%.

5ence according to our table* it can be conerted into "" only. Therefore

Kien answer choice Thought process

). Some 5onest men are not "oliticians. "articular negatie #"9%* hence eliminate.

). 9o 5onest men are politicians. 'niersal 9egatie* hence eliminate

). Some 5onest men are politicians. "" hence this is correct answer.

). 9one of Aboe. >not applicable because is the correct answer.

In case you are wondering*G. Some politicians are honest men.

In aboe case* cant the answer be ,A; Some honest men are not politiciansF

Cell* if you go by !enn 4iagram method* itll lead to two cases hence it is ,doubtful.

Case $%

4ata

Sub:ect #"oliticians%

). Sardar "atel

2. /al Bahadur Shastri

3.


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4ata

Sub:ect #"oliticians%

). Sardar "atel

2. /al Bahadur Shastri

3. E it doesnt mean Some ,B are not ,A.

The only alid conclusion in aboe case is ;Some ,B are ,A.

Therefore "articular "ositie #""% statement can be conerted into "articular "ositie #""%

statement only.

Similarly

Type of Statement !alid onersion "ath

'niersal "ositie #'"%

All cats#A% are dogs #B%

7nly ""

Some ats #A% are dogs. #B%

Some dogs #B% are cats. #A%

A to B

B to A

'niersal 9egatie #'9%

9o ats#A% are dogs #B%

"9 ;Some 4ogs #B% are not ats #A%.B to A

'9; 9o 4ogs #B% are cats. #A%

"articular "ositie #""%

Some cats #A% are dogs #B% 7nly ""; Some dogs #B% are cats#A% B to A

"articular 9egatie #"9% 9ot possible. >

Anyways bac$ to the topic* what are we discussingF

). Topic of discussion is; 5ow to sole 2 statement syllogism question2. Sub:ect s predicate


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3. Type of statements #'"* '9* ""* "9%

+. Standard format and conersion.

The standard question format is

A>EB

B>E

If the gien question doesnt hae statements in Maboe standard format* then we must conertthem into standard format. 7nly then we can proceed further.

So far* Ce constructed our shortcut table on how to conert the statements. 9ow

let's tr some eam*les

Guestion statements onersionF

). All ats are dogs#B%

2. Some dogs#B% are not

pigs.

Already in standard format #A to B and then B to %

hence no need to conert.

). Some dogs#B% are notpigs.

2. All ats are dogs#B%

9o need to conert any statement.Just e&change the position of first and second statement.

). All ats are dogs#B%

2. Some dogs#B% are not pigs.

). All ats are dogs #B%2. All pigs are dogs#B%

5ae to conert* because not in standard format.).All cats#A% are

dogs#B%2.Some dogs#B% are pigs#%. #


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). '"s politicians hate giing particular statements #both positie and negatie%. .g. they

donot reeal their clear position on @4I in retail until the ))thhour.

2. 'nited 9ations hates negatiity. #both 'niersal and particular%

3. "ritish 9andy hates eerybody.

+. Two-negaties6no conclusion. #although implicit in 23%

N. Two particulars6no conclusion. #although implicit in )3%

Please note:in Maboe situations definite conclusion is impossible. 5oweer* sometimes twoanswer choices are still possible ,either a or b.

That concept is called ,omplimentary pairs. Cell learn about it at the bottom of this article.

@or the moment* lets not complicate the matters with complimentary pairs.7$ bac$ to topic* when you face a ,Two-statement syllogism questionF youll follow these

steps;

). first* ma$e sure it contains only three terms #AB% #else no conclusion.%

2. 1a$e sure question statements are in standard format #A to B then B to %. If not in

standard format* then re-arrange.

3. lassify the question statements. #'"* '9* ""* "9%

+. hec$ if the question statements hae no conclusion combos #MAboe rules%

if aboe things donot yield an answer* then wee to thin$ about what will be the

,conclusion#s%F

Conclusive-Combos

If youe followed aboe steps* then question statements in the format ,A to B and then B to .

@irst statement #A to B% Second statement #B to %onclusion

'niersal "ositie #'"%'niersal "ositie #'"% 'niersal "ositie #'"% #A to %

'niersal 9egatie #'9% 'niersal 9egatie #'9% #A to %

'niersal 9egatie #'9%'niersal positie #'"%

"articular 9egatie #"9%. #C to !%"articular "ositie #""%

"articular "ositie #""%'niersal "ositie #'"% "articular "ositie #""% #A to %

'niersal 9egatie #'9% "articular 9egatie #"9% #A to %

As you can see from aboe table*The answer statement is usually in the format of A to . with e&ception when first question

statement is 'niersal 9egatie #'9%.

/ets condense this table into mug-up rules as well.

onclusie-ombos In your head* isuali=e


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). '"'"6'" If 'ttar "radesh meets 'ttar "radesh* then its si=e doesnt increase.

). '"'96'9If 'ttar "radesh meets 'nited 9ations then its si=e increases and it

becomes 'nited 9ations.

). '9 #'"?""%6"9'nited 9ations Secretary Ban 0i 1oon is in ery positie mood. Buthe meets another positie person* and his attitude is totally reversed-

he becomes particularly negatie #reversed6 to A%

). ""#'"?'9%6""?"9 Chen 1r."" obseres the universeia 9ASA telescope* his moodbecomes positie or negatie depending on the mood of unierse.

Try a question from SS-K/ #Tier-I* 2()(% e&am*

emoQ: Cra/ men and 0omen

Guestion Statements

). All men are women.

2. All women are cra=y.

onclusion

). All 1en are cra=y2. All the cra=y are men

3. Some of the cra=y are men

+. Some of the cra=y are women

Answer

a. 9one of the conclusion follows

b. All conclusions follow

c. 7nly )* 3 and + follow

d. 7nly 2 and 3 follow

#I suggest you pause here. @irst try to sole it on your own* without directly reading the solution.

If youe difficulty* re-read rules gien aboe%

Solution

7ur standard operating procedure #S7"%Guestion Statements

). All men are women.

2. All women are cra=y.


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@irst step; ma$e sure four terms are not gien 6 chec$. 7nly three terms #men* women* cra=y%

Second step* ma$e sure theyre in standard format #A to B and then B to %; hec$ yes theyre.

5ence conersion is not required.

). All men#A% are women. #B% #'"%

). All women#B% are cra=y.#% #'"%

Third step* classify the statements.

). All men are women. 'niersal "ositie #'"%

). All women are cra=y. 'niersal "ositie #'"%

@ourth step; chec$ the combo for question statements.

Cell* since it is '"'"6 its si=e doesnt increase. 5ence conclusion should be '". #A to

% meaning All men#A% are cra=y.#%

hec$ the answer statements.

). All 1en are

cra=yorrect.

). All the cra=y are

men


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). all singers are poets

2. some intelligent persons are not singers

!ns"er c#oices

a. only conclusion one followsb. only conclusion two follows

c. either conclusion one or conclusion two follows

d. neither follows

solution

first step; does the question statements hae only three termsF hec$; Hes. Singers* poets*intelligent. Kood* proceed with ne&t step.

Second step; Are the question statements gien in standard format #A to B then B to %F

hec$. 9ope

). All poets #A% are intelligent #B%2. All singers #% are intelligent. #B%

Then we hae to conert it into standard format. And since both statements are uniersal

positie* we dont need to worry about which statement to conert firstF #that ,priority order*

more about it* e&plained at the bottom of this article.%Second statement is uniersal positie #'"%* according to our table* we can only conert it into

particular positie #""% therefore

All singers #% are intelligent. #B%66E Some intelligent persons#B% are singers.#%9ow the new question statements* in the standard format #A to B then B to % are

). All poets are intelligent #B%2. Some intelligent persons#B% are singers.Third step* classify the question statements

question statement type

). All poets#A% are intelligent #B% 'niersal positie #'"%

2. Some intelligent persons#B% are singers.#%"articular positie #""%

@ourth step* apply the combo rules.

Since '"s politicians hate particular statements #both positie and negatie%* hence no

conclusion can be drawn. That means we cannot connect A to or to A.9ow chec$ the Answer statements

i. all singers#% arepoets #A%

@alse. '"""6no conclusion* as e&plained aboe.

ii. some intelligentpersons are not

singers

hec$ the second original question statement ; All singers are

intelligent. #'niersal positie >'"%.


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According to our conersion table* '" can be conerted into

particular positie #""% only. But this answer statement #II% is a

particular negatie statement. 5ence this is also false.

@inal answer; #4% neither follows.

C!1-levelSame '"-'9 oncept but they pac$ 3-+ or more syllogism questions into one question to testyour speed* not :ust your understanding. for e&ample;

emoQ: S"eet 1estin !**les (C!1)

gien question has fie statements followed by options containing three statements put together

in a specific order. hoose the option which indicates a alid argument* where the thirdstatement is a conclusion drawn from the preceding two statements.

Question statements (C!1 %222)

a. Apples are not sweet

b. Some apples are sweet

c. All sweets are tasty

d. Some apples are not tasty

e. 9o apple is tasty

ans"er c#oices

). cea

2. bdc

3. cbd

+. eac

solution and a**roac#

wee to chec$ the gien options one by one.

7ption #i%. A. 1eaning wee to ta$e as our statement #I%* as our Statement #II% and thenobsere* if statement #A% can be concluded from and .

All sweets are tasty 'niersal positie

9o apple is tasty. 'niersal negatie

AApples are not sweet'niersal negatie


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In the actual AT e&am* we cannot afford to waste time in actually conerting all statements and

chec$ing them.

5ere is the fast approach). three termsF6 yes

2. in standard formatF 9o. but we can conert second #'9% into another '9 and then combo rule

is '"'96'9.5ence this answer choice #A% is correct.

@inal answer #i% A

emoQ: 0or,in mot#er nurses (C!1)

question statement answer choices

a. 9o mother is a nurse.

b. Some 9urses li$e to wor$

c. 9o woman is prude

d. Some prude are also nurses

e. Some nurses are women

f. All women li$e to wor$

). AB

2. 4

3. @B

+. B@

hec$ the answer choices one by one.

i. !B3

A #Statement I% 9o mother is a nurse. #'9%B #Statement II%Some 9urses li$e to wor$

#onclusion% Some 9urses are women.

This is inalid. Because Statement I and II hae three terms #1other* 9urse and wor$% while

gien conclusion statement adds fourth new term ,women

1oe to ne&t choice.

ii. C3

Statement Type

#Statement I% 9o woman is prude 'niersal negatie

#Statement II% Some nurses are women "articular positie

4 #conclusion% Some prude are also nurses "articular positie


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Guestion statements hae three termsF Hes #women* prude* nurses%

Are they in standard format #A to B then B to F% nope.

9o woman#B% is prude 'niersal negatie

Some nurses are women#B% "articular positie

change position of first and second statement.). Some nurses#A% are women#B%

2. 9o woman#B% is prude#%

question statement type

). Some nurses#A% are women#B% "articular positie #""%

2. 9o woman#B% is prude#% 'niersal negatie #'9%

Apply the combo rules

""'96FF

Chen 1r."" obseres the universeia 9ASA telescope* his mood becomes particularly

negatie or positie depending on the mood of unierse. 5ence ""'96"9.#A to %

So legitimate conclusion is ,Some "rune arenot nurses.

But hec$ the gien conclusion statement; ,Some prude are also nurses. It is "articular

positie #""%.

But According to conersion table* "9 cannot be conerted. So we cannot say that since

,Some prune are not nurses* that means some prunes are nurses

Therefore gien answer choice#ii% 4 is false because 4 cannot be concluded from

. 1oe to the ne&t answer choice.

Actual thought process; three terms 6yes. Standard form6no. rearrange. But ""'96"9* cant

be conerted to "". 5ence false.

iii.43B

Statement Type

@ #Statement I% All women li$e to wor$ 'niersal positie '"

#Statement II% Some nurses are women "articular positie ""

B #conclusion% Some nurses li$e to wor$ "articular positie ""

three terms 6yes. Standard form6no. but no need to conert* :ust e&change position of statement

I and II.


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Some nurses#A% are women#B% "articular positie ""

All women#B% li$e to wor$ #% 'niersal positie '"

Apply combo rule* again same situation

Chen 1r."" obseres the universeia 9ASA telescope* his mood becomes particularly positieor negatie depending on the mood of unierse. 5ence ""'"6"".#A to %.

Some nurses#A% li$e to wor$#%. 4one This is same as the gien conclusion #B%

Therefore* final answer is #iii% @B.

emoQ: 5 6uestions in %7

This one is from AT-)OOO.

ach of the gien question statement as three segments. hoose the alternatie where third

segment of the statement can be logically be used using the both preceding two but not :ust fromone of them

Question statements

a. all dinosaurs are prehistoric creatures. Cater buffaloes are not dinosaurs. Cater buffaloes

are not prehistoric creaturesb. all politicians are fran$. 9o fran$ people are crocodiles. 9o crocodiles are politicians

c. no diamond is quart=. 9o opal is quart=. 4iamonds are opals.

d. All mon$eys li$e bananas. Some Joes li$e bananas. Some Joes are mon$eys.

!ns"er c#oice

i. 7nly

ii. 7nly B

iii. 7nly A and 4

i. 7nly B and

!**roac#

. 4iamonds*

Guart=* 7pals.

Three terms yes. Standard format 69o.Both question statements are 'niersal

negatie. Ce can conert either of them* into '9 or "9. But in any case* both

question statements will remain negatie. And Two negaties6no conclusion.

So , is not possible. 5ence answer choice #i% and #i% eliminated.

B. @ran$

politicians and

crocodiles

Already in three terms standard format.'"'96si=e enlarged and becomes

'9.

So conclusion should be ,9o crocodile is politician so this statement is

correct. 5ence answer choice #ii%.


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@inal answer; #ii% only B.

The ndF

9o.Picture abhi baaki hai mere dost; :ust three more concepts before concluding the Two-Statement Syllogism

S*ecial Conversions


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c. ither ) or 2 follows

d. 9either follows

Apply the standard operating procedure;

Three termsF hec$; yes

Are they in standard formatF A to B then B to F chec$. Hes

Then classify the statements

). Some "oliticians#A% are males#B%"articular positie.

2. Some males#B% are honest#% "articular positie.

@rom the gien rules* Two particulars 6 9o conclusion

But please obsere one of the answer choice #%6 ither ) or 2 follows.

onsider these cases

Case$&

"oliticians 1ales honest

). Sardar "atel

). /al Bahadur Shastri

).


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Therefore answer becomes ,ither ) or 2 follows

Such syllogism-situations are called ,complementary.

Houe to chec$ following things* before thin$ing about ,complementary cases.

). Two statements with three termsF Hes

2. Guestion statements are gien in standard format #A to B Then B to %. if not* then

rearrange or conert them.

3. lassify the statements #'"* '9* ""* "9%

+. Apply the rules. Ket the answer.

N. If Step Q+ gies ,9o conclusion A94 one of the answer choice is in the format of

,ither I or II follows* only then chec$ for complemantary case.

C#ec,list: com*lementar case

). Two answer choices hae same sub:ect and predicate.

Applicable 9ot applicable

). Some "oliticians are honest.2. 9o"oliticians are honestBecause both hae

common sub:ect #politician% and common

predicate #honest%

). Some "oliticians are honest.2. 9o 5onest are"oliticians.In first statement* sub:ect6"olitician but in

second statement* sub:ect6 5onest. 5ence

complemantary case not possible.

2%. The answer choice combo must be either of these three

Answer choice combo e&ample

'ttar "radesh #'"% "ritish 9andy #"9%). All "oliticians are honest.2. Some "oliticians arenot honest

"" "ritish 9andy #"9%). Some "oliticians are honest.

2. Some "oliticians arenot honest

"" 'nited 9ations #'9%). Some "oliticians are honest.

2. 9o "oliticians are honest

Chen these two conditions are met* then answer would be ,ither #I% or #II% follows.

Priorit order

Hou $now that when Guestion statements are not in standard format #A to B Then B to %* wemust conert them. But here is a thing to $eep in mind. onsider these statements

Guestion statements;

). All 4ogs are ats.

2. Some 4ogs are "igs.ommon term or middle term is 4ogs. So thats our ,B.


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). All 4ogs#B% are ats.

2. Some 4ogs#B% are "igs.

Ce can conert it ia two routes


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7


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onclusion statement Thought process

). Some birds are

flowers9ot possible because combo rule.

). Some leaes

are flowers

first question statement says All flowers are leaes. If you apply theconersion rule '"-E""* thenAll flowers are leaes6E Some leaes are

flowers. 5ence this conclusion is correct* although it did not employ both

question statements.

1oral of the story;


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particularly positie or negatie dependingon the mood of unierse.

#""'"?'96""?"9%

N. #rarely required%; if no-conclusion and ,either or gien in answer* then chec$ for

omplimentary case.

This concludes the discussion on 2 statement Syllogism question.In later article* well see the 3-statement syllogism. It is basically e&tention of the same '"-'9method that we learned here. 5oweer* to quic$ly sole 3-statements* first you must become a

master of 2-statement. So* practice as many sums as you can* from any of the following boo$s.

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