MATERI I Syahrul Kurniawan

Teknologi Pupuk dan Pemupukan

Fertilizer Terminology

A fertilizer is any substance that is added to the soil

to supply those elements required in the nutrition of

plants.

A fertilizer material or carrier is any substance

that contains one or more of the essential elements

A mixed fertilizer is a mechanical or chemical

combination of two or more fertilizer materials and

which contains two or more essential elements

Fertilizer Terminology

A complete fertilizer contains the three major

plant-nutrient elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium

Fertilizer grade refers to the minimum guarantee of

the plant-nutrient content in terms of total nitrogen,

available phosphorus pentoxide, and soluble

potassium oxide (6-24-24 for example).

Fertilizer ratio refers to the relative percentages of

nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium

oxide (a 6-24-24 grade has a 1-4-4 ratio).

Fertilizer Terminology

Dry bulk blending is the process of mechanically mixing solid fertilizer material

Clear liquid fertilizer is one in which the NPK and other materials are completely dissolved

Conversion factors :

◦ %P x 2.29 = %P2O5

◦ % P2O5 x 0.44 =%P

◦ %K x 1.2 = %K2O

◦ %K2O x 0.83 = %K

Pupuk Nitrogen

Bahan organik alami ◦ guano

◦ Sisa hewan, kotoran, sisa tanaman

◦ Sebagian N yang dilepaskan dikonversi menjadi N dalam sekitar 3 minggu

N anorganik alami ◦ Natrium Nitrat (NaNO3) Ditambah di Chile

mengandung 16% NO3-N

◦ NH3 dari batubara (Eropa)

Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)

Amonia Anhidrous

◦ 82% N; disimpan dalam bentuk cair pada tekanan

tinggi; jika dilepas menjadi gas

◦ Diberikan langsung ke tanah melalui tabung

injeksi

◦ Sebagian hilang ke atmosfer pada saat aplikasi

◦ Diperlukan alat khusus untuk aplikasi

Urea [CO(NH2)2]

◦ 46% N

◦ Hidrolisis cepat menjadi NH4+

◦ Dibenamkan untuk hindari volatilisasi

Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia

sintetik) Amonium Nitrat [NH4NO3]

33.5 -34.5 % N

Menyerap air (higroskopis)

Dibentuk granul untuk hindari menggumpal

Dapat meledak

Larutan Nitrogen (tanpa tekanan) NH4NO3 dan / atau urea

Urea dan NH4NO3 yang dilarutkan dalam air

disebut larutan

Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia

sintetik) Amonium Cair – gas Amonia

dilarutkan dalam air (21% N)

Amonium sulfat 20.5% N

◦ NH3 + H2SO4 =====> (NH4)2SO4

◦ Juga memasok sulfat

◦ Diperlukan penyimpanan dan

penanganan yang baik

Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)

Amonium Fosfat – digunakan terutama sebagai sumber P NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4 .............11-48-0

◦ Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)..... 11-48-0

NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4

◦ Diammonium phosphate (DAP) ... 18-46-0

(NH4)2HOP4

Kalium Nitrat .... 13-0-44 ◦ 6KCl + 12 HNO3 ==> 6KNO3 + 3Cl2 + 6NO2 + 6H20

Kalsium nitrat ◦ Digunakan di Eropa

Phosphorus Fertilizers

Solubility Terminology ◦ Water soluble P - fertilizer compounds

dissolve in water

◦ Citrate soluble P - compounds that dissolve in ammonium citrate

◦ Citrate insoluble P - the portion that is insoluble in both water and ammonium citrate

◦ Available P - water and citrate soluble

Phosphorus Fertilizers

Fertilizer Materials

◦ Rock Phosphate

Source of all P fertilizers; deposits are found

world wide.

Rock phosphate is insoluble; therefore, it is not

a good fertilizer without being processed.

Applications of rock phosphate on very acid

soils has been shown to become slowly

available to plants. T

o be made readily available to plants

phosphate rock must be acid or heat

processed.

Phosphorus Fertilizers

Fertilizer Materials

◦ Acid treated phophate materials

Wet process phosphoric acid. Rock phosphate

is treated with a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to

produce phosphoric acid plus calcium

phosphate (gypsum) and the gypsum is

removed. This is sometimes called "green acid"

and is 54-56% P2O5. This acid is used to make

triple superphosphate and liquid fertilizers.

Superphosphoric Acid - (72% P2O5) - Made by

concentrating the 54-56% through evaporation

used in liquid fertilizers.

Phosphorus Fertilizers

Fertilizer Materials

◦ Acid treated phosphate materials

Ordinary Superphosphate - React sulfuric acid with

rock phosphate.

20 % available P2O5 (85-90 % water soluble)

contains 8-10% sulfur as gypsum (CaSO4)

used in mixing and blending fertilizer and is applied

directly

Concentrated Superphosphate (triple) - Made by

treating rock phosphate with phosphoric acid.

46% P2O5 (86-90% water soluble)

Contains very little sulfur < 3% S

used in mixing and blending and applied directly

Phosphorus Fertilizers

Fertilizer Materials

◦ Acid treated phosphate materials

Ammonium Phosphates - manufactured by ammoniating phosphoric acid. Monoammonium phosphate 11-48-0, Diammonium phosphate 18-46-0. These materials have excellent storage and handling properties, highly water soluble, high nutrient content, uniform granules, and are economical.

Others - Nitrophosphates - Nitric acid and rock phosphate. Ammonium polyphosphates - Made by neutralizing superphosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia.

Potassium Fertilizers

Potassium carriers:

◦ Potassium Chloride - (50-60% K).

◦ Potassium Sulfate - (45-50% K). Source of

S where element is deficient

CONCEPT

Potassium is depleated easily with the rremoval of high yielding

crops without retaining residue

K fertilizer manufacture and

properties Found as water-soluble salts in large

deposits. ◦ Composed mainly of KCl, KCl + NaCl or K2SO4 +

MgSO4.

◦ These salt are mined and refined to produce K fertilizers.

K Fertilizer Materials ◦ 1. KCl - muriate of potash 60% 90% of U.S. consumption

completely water soluble

contains Cl

◦ 2. K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate

K fertilizer manufacture and

properties

K Fertilizer Materials

◦ K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate 50% K2O 18% Sulfur

provides SO4 as well as K and must contain less than 2.5% Cl

used only on Cl sensitive crops because it is more expensive than KCl

◦ K2SO4 * MgSO4 - sulfate of magnesia 22% K2O, 11% Magnesium, 22% Sulfur

max Chloride 2.5 %

◦ KNO3 potassium nitrate react with KCl with nitric acid

44% K2O 13% N

no Cl