SXSH Giay-Printed Version

8/14/2019 SXSH Giay-Printed Version

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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy 1

Ti liu hng dnSn xut sch hn

Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

C quan bin son

Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam

Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trngTrngi hc Bch khoa H niB GIO DC VO TO

Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trongcng nghipChng trnh hp tc pht trinVit nam an mch v mi trngB CNG THNG


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2 Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Mc lc

Mc lc.................................................................................................................. 1Mu.................................................................................................................. 4

1 Gii thiu chung............................................................................................. 51.1 Ngnh giy v bt giy ca Vit nam..................................................... 51.2 M t quy trnh sn xut ......................................................................... 6

1.2.1 Chun b nguyn liu th................................................................. 91.2.2 Sn xut bt .................................................................................... 91.2.3 Chun b phi liu bt.................................................................... 121.2.4 Xeo giy......................................................................................... 121.2.5 Khu vc ph tr............................................................................. 131.2.6 Thu hi ha cht............................................................................ 13

1.3 Hin trng cht thi............................................................................... 141.3.1 Nc thi....................................................................................... 141.3.2 Kh thi .......................................................................................... 161.3.3 Cht thi rn.................................................................................. 16

2 Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun .............. 172.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)............................................. 172.2 Nhu cu v SXSH................................................................................. 182.3 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn .................................. 202.4 Cc k thut SXSH............................................................................... 24

3 Cc c hi SXSH trong nh my giy v bt giy....................................... 263.1 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu th................... 263.2 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt giy .............................. 273.3 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt v xeo.......... 373.4 Gii php SXSH cho cng on thu hi ha cht ................................ 433.5 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc ph tr............................................ 44

4 Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH................................................. 484.1 Bc 1: Khi ng ............................................................................... 49

4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm ........................................................ 494.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi......... 534.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on ........................................................ 60

4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh........................................... 604.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, nng lng v cu t........... 624.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh tnh cht ca dng thi ............................... 744.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho cc dng thi ....................................... 754.2.5 Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn............................................... 77

4.3 Bc 3: Phn tch cc bc quy trnh ................................................. 814.3.1 Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH.................................. 814.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH ........................................ 85

4.4 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH................................................ 864.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi kthut................................................. 86

4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t .................................................. 884.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng........................................... 904.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn gii php thc hin............................. 91

4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH............................................... 934.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin.................................................. 934.5.2 Nhim v 15: Trin khai cc gii php .......................................... 944.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi kt qu ................................ 94

4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr hot ng SXSH ......................................................... 95


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5 Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc ............................. 965.1 Cc ro cn thi ............................................................................... 96

5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng ............... 975.1.2 Khng mun thay i..................................................................... 975.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi ............................... 97

5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng .......................................................... 985.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip .................................... 99

5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si............................................................. 995.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu................... 995.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng............... 100

5.3 Cc ro cn t chc ........................................................................... 1015.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh.............................................. 1015.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut ........................................................ 1025.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn......................................... 1025.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc .......... 102

5.4 Cc ro cn k thut........................................................................... 1035.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch........................................................... 1035.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch............................... 1045.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh.......................................................... 1045.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut ................................. 104

5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t............................................................................. 1055.5.1 Cc u i ti chnh ch yu u tin cho .........................................

khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut.......................... 1065.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim ............................................... 1065.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh...................................................... 1065.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t............................. 1065.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh ................. 1075.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch ............................ 1075.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di............................................ 1075.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh..................................................... 107

5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph ........................................................... 1075.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip ....................................................... 108

5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng......................................................... 1085.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph .............................. 108


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Mu

Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngunthng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn

xut sch hn khng chgip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, mcn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi phx l mi trng.

Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut giy c bin sontrong khun kh hp tc gia Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc VinKhoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni v Hpphn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tcVit naman mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng thng.

Mc tiu chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny l nhm tng bc hng dn thc

hinnh gi SXSH (CPA) cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam.i tng ca b ti liu hng dn ny l cc lnh o nh my, cc k thutvin v nhn vin ca cc ban ngnh chnh ph v cc t chc chu trch nhimthc y v iu chnh/quy nh cng tc qun l mi trng ti cc nh my snxut giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam.

Cc cn b bin son dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quann hin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mitrng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kinVit nam.

Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam v Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cngnghip xin chn thnh cm n sng gp ca ng Rajiv Garg, cn b Hi ngNng sut quc gia ca n , cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPROv c bit l Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Linhp quc UNIDO v chnh phan mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA h trthc hin ti liu ny.

Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Trung tm Sn xut sch Vitnam, email: [email protected] hoc Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hntrong cng nghip, email: [email protected].

H Ni, thng 4 nm 2008

Nhm bin son


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1 Gii thiu chung

Chng ny nhm gii thiu tng quan v cc cssn xut giy v bt giyVit Nam nhmcung cp thng tin tng qut v cc xu th v th trng v tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip ny.K tchng ny ngic s c th hiuc cc loi quy trnh khc nhau v nguyn liu thc sdng trong ngnh giy v bt giy. Cui cng, ngic cng c thc tnh v cc loicht thi v nhim khc nhau sinh tngnh cng nghip nyVit Nam.

Giy l mt sn phm ca nn vn minh nhn loi vi lch s lu i hng nghnnm. Thnh phn chnh ca giy l xenluloza, mt loi polyme mch thng vdi c trong g, bng v cc loi cy khc. Trong g, xenlulo b bao quanh bimt mng lignin cng l polyme. tch xenluloza ra khi mng polyme ngi ta phi s dng phng php nghin c hc hoc x l ha hc.

Quy trnh sn xut bt giy bng phng php nghin c hc l quy trnh c

hiu qu thu hi xenluloza cao nhng tiu tn nhiu nng lng v khng loi bht lignin, khin cht lng giy khng cao.

Trong sn xut giy ngy nay, quy trnh Kraft c p dng ph bin nht. Tuynhin, hiu sut thu hi xenlulo quy trnh ha hc khng cao bng quy trnhnghin c hc, nhng quy trnh ha hc ny cho php loi b lignin kh trit ,nn sn phm giy c bn tng i cao.

D lng lignin trong bt giy lm cho giy c mu nu, v vy mun sn xutgiy trng vng cht lng cao th phi loi b ht lignin. Thng ngi ta oxyha lignin bng clo nhng phng php ny u gy nhim mi trng. V vycc nh ha hc tch cc nghin cu cc quy trnh thn mi trng p

dng cho vic ty trng giy.

u thp nin 1990, cc nh khoa hc M pht trin quy trnh kh mc in trngiy nhm mc ch ti ch giy bo v tp ch c. Quy trnh ny da trn c sxc tc enzym l xenluloza v tiu tn t nng lng, hin n c nhiucng ty M v cc nc khc p dng.

Cc nh khoa hc cng ang nghin cu cc quy trnh sinh hc p dng chosn xut bt giy, vi mc ch gim tiu hao nng lng v tng bn cagiy.

1.1 Ngnh giy v bt giy ca Vit namTheo thng k ca Hip hi giy Vit Nam, ngnh giy t tc tng trngcao v lin tc trong nhng nm va qua. T nm 1990 n 1999, tc tngtrng bnh qun l 16%/nm, 3 nm sau (2000, 2001 v 2002) t20%/nm. D bo tc tng trng 5 nm tip theo l 28%/nm.

Vi tc tng trng cao nh vy, cng vi gia tng sn phm giy nhpkhu, gip nh sut tiu th giy trn u ngi ca Vit Nam tng t


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3,5kg/ngi/nm trong nm 1995 ln 7,7kg/ngi/nm trong nm 2000, 11,4kg/ngi trong nm 2002 v khong 16 kg/ngi/nm trong nm 2005.p ng c mc tng trng trn, ngnh giy Vit Nam c chinlc pht trin t nay n 2010, n nm 2010, sn lng giy sn xut trongnc st ti 1,38 triu tn giy/nm (trong khong 56% l nhm giy cngnghip bao b v 25% l nhm giy v sinh) v 600.000 tn bt giy.

Hin ti, bn cnh kh khn v chng ngun bt giy, ngnh giy Vit Namang i mt vi cc thch thc v quy m, trnh cng ngh v cc vn vx l mi trng.

c trng ca ngnh giy Vit nam l quy m nh. Vit nam c ti 46% doanhnghip c cng sut di 1.000 tn/nm, 42% c cng sut t 1.000-10.000tn/nm v chc 4 doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50.000 tn/nm. S lngcc doanh nghip c quy m ln trn 50.000 tn/nm s ngy cng gia tng doqu trnh u t tng trong giai on 2006-2007. Quy m nh lm nh hngn tnh cnh tranh sn xut do cht lng thp, chi ph sn xut v x l mi

trng cao.

Cng ngh sn xut t nhng nm 70-80 hin vn cn ang tn ti ph bin,thm ch c nhng doanh nghip sn xut quy m trn 50.000 tn/nm.

Nc thi, lignin l nhng vn mi trng chnh i vi ngnh sn xut giy.Vic x l l bt buc trc khi thi ra mi trng. Bn cnh , pht thi kh tni hi, cht thi rn ca qu trnh nu, bn thi ca h thng x l nc thicng l nhng vn mi trng cn c quan tm.

Hin ti Chin lc Pht trin ngnh giy v bt giy Vit nam khuyn khch vic

thnh lp cc doanh nghip sn xut bt c cng sut trn 100.000 tn/nm, vsn xut giy trn 150.000 tn/nm. Hip hi Giy Vit nam ang xc tin xydng tiu chun pht thi mi trng ngnh, ng thi xut ct gim h tri vi cc c s sn xut c quy m di 30.000 tn/nm.

1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut

Nguyn liu th c dng trong sn xut giy v bt giy Vit Nam gm haingun cn bn l t rng (tre v g mm) v giy ti ch. Bt giy c dng sn xut nhng loi sn phm khc nhau nh giy vit, giy bao b, ba cc-tng, v.v... l khc nhau. Tuy nhin c th pha trn bt giy c to ra t

nhng nguyn liu th khc nhau c c nhng c tnh mong mun chothnh phm. V d: trong sn xut ba carton, bt giy lm t tre c thc trnvi bt giy lm t giy thi x c c bn cn thit khi cu thnh giythnh phm. Cc b phn sn xut khc nhau v quy trnh vn hnh ca tng bphn c lit k trong Bng 1.


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Bng 1: Cc b phn sn xut v cc quy trnh vn hnh tng ng

B phn Danh mc nguyn liu th Cc cng on sn xut

C ngun gc t rng (tre) Bm nh, lm sch, tch loi mnh ln,

ct, v.v...

Chun b

nguyn liu

C ngun gc t giy thi Loi b kim loi, dy, thy tinh, g, sivi, giy sp, v.v...

C ngun gc t rng (tre) Nu, nghin, ra bt, nghin a, ty,

lm sch v c c.

Sn xut bt

C ngun gc t giy thi Thng ging nhi vi cng on x

l nguyn liu c ngun gc t rng

C ngun gc t rng (tre) Nghin a, ly tm, phi trn, pha btChun b phi

liu btC ngun gc t giy thi Nghin a, ly tm, phi trn, pha bt

C ngun gc t rng (tre)Xeo

C ngun gc t giy thi

Tch nc, sy

C ngun gc t rng (tre)Khu vc ph

trC ngun gc t giy thi

H thng kh nn, h thng ni hi v

thit b hi nc, h thng cung cp

nc sn xut.

C ngun gc t rng (tre) Ni hi thu hi, l nung vi, thit b bc

hi

Thu hi ha

cht

C ngun gc t giy thi Khng c

Hnh 1 trnh by s quy trnh tng qut v qu trnh sn xut giy.


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Hnh 1. S quy trnh sn xut giy v bt giy

CHUN B BT

NGHIN BT

CHUN BNGUYN LIU

XEO GIY

Nguyn liu th(tre, na, g mm)

Cht, bm, ct

Nu

Ra

Sng

Lm sch

Ty trng

Ra

Nghin a

Lm sch ly tm

Xeo

Hon tt

Nc

Ha cht

Nc Ncthi

Dch en

Ncthi

Thu hiha cht

Ha cht

Nc


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Sn xut giy l qu trnh s dng nhiu nng lng v nc. Cc ngun nnglng chnh l nhin liu (than, cc sn phm du kh) chy ni hi, in vdu diesel cho my pht in.

Sut tiu hao nng lng ti cc nh myVit Nam c sdao ng rt ln. Skhc nhauchyu l do sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau v do t l phi hp nguyn liu th khcnhau (tre, giy ph liu, v bt giy nhp khu), v d tiu thnng lng cho sn xut giy tissue

s ln hn nhiu so vi giy bao gi hoc giy vit. Sut tiu hao nng lngin v nhit (hinc) tngng l 1000- 2400 kWh/tn giy v 3 x 106Kcal/tn - 6.5 X 106Kcal/tn. Sut tiu haonc nm trong khong t100n 350 m3/ tn giy.

1.2.1 Chun b nguyn liu th

Nguyn liu th c s dng l tre, cc loi g mm khc, giy ph liu hocti ch, v.v Trng hp l g th sau khi cn trng lng, g xp ngtrong sn cha v sau c mang i ct thnh mnh.

Vi loi tre mng th dng my ct mnh 3 li, cn vi loi g/tre dy hn th dng my ct c adao 6 li. Kch cca mnh c to ra l t15-35mm. Cc mnh qu to v qu nh sc

loi ra. Mnh c kch cph hp sau sc chuyn n khu vc sn xut bt giy nu.

Khi s dng cc nguyn liu th nh giy thi, th giy thi sc sng lc tch cc loi tp cht nh vi si, nha, giy sp hoc giy c cn ph. Cc tpcht ny sc thi ra nh cht thi rn v phn nguyn liu cn li scchuyn n cng on sn xut bt giy.

1.2.2 Sn xut bt

Nu: G thng gm 50% x, 20-30% ng khng cha x, v 20-30% lignin.Lignin l mt hp cht ha hc lin kt cc x vi nhau. Cc xc tch rakhi lignin bng cch nu vi ha cht nhit v p sut cao trong ni nu.Qu trnh nu c thc hin theo m vi kim (NaOH) v hi nc.

Lng NaOHc sdng khong 10-14% ca nguyn liu th. Mt m nuc hon tt saukhong 8 giv trong khong thi gian cc loi khc x ra khi ni nu. Trong qu trnh nuphi duy tr tl rn/lng (dung tca tng m) nm trong khong l 1:3 n 1:4.

Sau nu, cc cht nm trong ni nu c x ra nh p sut i vo thp phng.Bt thng c chuyn qua cc sng tch mu trc khi ra.

Ra: trong qu trnh ra, bt t thp phng v sng mu c ra bng nc.Dch en long t bt c loi b trong qu trnh ra v c chuyn n qu

trnh thu hi ha cht. Bt c tip tc ra trong cc b ra. Qu trnh ra nyko di khong 5-6 gi.

Sng: Bt sau khi ra thng c cha tp cht l ct v mt s mnh chac nu. Tp cht ny c loi b bng cch sng v lm sch li tm. Phntp cht tch loi t qu trnh sng bt khi sn xut giy vit v giy in scti ch lm giy bao b (khng ty trng). Phn tp cht loi ra t thit b lmsch li tm thng b thi b. Sau sng, bt giy thng c nng 1% sclm c ti khong 4% chuyn sang bc tip theo l ty trng. Phn nc


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lc c to ra trong qu trnh lm c sc thu hi v ti s dng cho qutrnh ra bt. Loi bt dng sn xut giy bao b s khng cn ty trng v cchuyn trc tip n cng on chun b xeo.

Ty trng: Cng on ty trng c thc hin nhm t c sng v trng cho bt giy. Cng on ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc ha

cht. Loi v lng ha cht s dng ph thuc vo loi sn phm sc snxut t bt giy . Trng hp sn phm l giy vit hoc giy in th cng onty trng c thc hin theo 3 bc, trc mi bc bt u c ra k.Trong qu trnh ny, lignin b phn hy v tch ra hon ton, tuy nhin, x cngb phn hy phn no v dai ca giy cng gim i. Cc ha cht dng choloi ty ny l clo, dioxit clo, hypoclo v hydroxide natri. 3 bc ty trng bttruyn thng l:

Bc 1: Clo ha bt giy bng kh clo, kh ny s phn ng vi lignin to racc hp cht tan trong nc hoc tan trong mi trng kim.

Bc 2: Lignin oxi ha c loi b bng cch ha tan trong dung dch kim.

Bc 3: y l giai on ty trng thc s khi bt c ty trng bng dungdch hypochlorite.

Sau ty trng, bt sc ra bng nc sch v nc trng (thu hi t myxeo). Nc ra t qu trnh ty trng c cha chlorolignates v clo d v, dovy, khng th ti s dng trc tip c. V th nc ny sc trn vinc tun hon t cc cng on khc v ti s dng cho qu trnh ra btgiy.

Hin nay, vic nghin cu s bc ty trng, kt hp s dng cc ha cht tytrng thn thin vi mi trng nh peroxide c trin khai p dng thnhcng ti mt s doanh nghip trong nc.

QU TRNH TCH MC: i vi giy loi qua in, v d: bo, cn phic tch mc mi cth sn xut ra loi giy in cht lng cao. Trong qu trnh tch mc, ngi ta thng cho mt tcnhn kim v ha cht ty trng vo tcngon sn xut bt giy. Sau khi tin hnh sng sb,dch nhuyn cha xca qua cc b tuyn ni. Mc ni trn mt bcyi nhdngkh sc ty b. Hoc mt cch khc, sau khi sng sb, cc xth tmy nghin sc xl bng cc bc ra lin tip, qua mc v cc tp cht khc sc loi b qua phn nclc. Qu trnh tc mc thng gm c mt cngon ty trng ring bit, sdng peoxit hydrohoc mui hydrosulphit. Vic b sung cc bc cng ngh ni trn yu cu cn phi c thm cc

bc ra v c c.


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Mt trong s cc nguyn liu sn xut giy bao b, giy tissue, giy vit hoc in Vit nam lgiy ti ch nh giy bo, tin giy c v bn, hp cc-tng c Vi giy loi, ngi ta sdng thit b nghin c kh, nh my nghin thu lc. Giy c trn vi nc thnh mt hnhp ng nht. Cc cht bn nng nh ct v sc loi b nh qu trnh di chuyn dchcha cc cht l lng qua cc sng i. Ti y kim loi nng s lng xung v c nh kloi khi h thng. Bt t nghin thu lc c lm sch trong thit b lm sch nng cao,tip theo l my phn tch turbo dng phn ring cc cht bn nng nh tng ng. Sau khiqua sng, bt c chuyn n thit b ra ly tm. Ti thit b ra ly tm, ct sc tch ranh lc ly tm. Sau bt giy sc chuyn n thit b lm c. Ti y nc sctch bt v bt giy tr nn c hn. Bt giy sau lm c sc chuyn qua thit b lc tinh, lm bt t ti mn yu cu, ri ti mt b cha. Ti b cha trc my xeo, ngi ta scho thm vo dch bt cc thuc mu v ha cht. S di y m t mt quy trnh inhnh cho cng on lm bt giy t giy thi:

Giy loi

Nghin thy lc nng cao

B cha

iu ha lu lng

Ra nng cao

Li ngang

Hp phn tch

Ra ly tm I

Lm c

Hp phn tch

p trc vt

Vt chn

nh ti

Trn gia nhits b

Vt ti np

Phn tn

Kho cha

Nc lc c

Nc tun hont my xeo

Phn tch loi

Li H thng x lPhn tch loi

Ra ly tm II Ra ly tm IIIPhntchloi

Chp nhn

Nc lctrong

Nc lctrong

Tch nc

Nc trng trong

B cha nc lctrong v c


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1.2.3 Chun b phi liu bt

Bt giy ty trng sc trn vi cc loi bt khc t giy ph liu hoc btnhp khu. S pha trn ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu v loi giy cn snxut. Hn hp bt c trn vi cht ph gia v cht n trong bn trn. Thngthng, cc ha cht dng trn l nha thng, phn, bt , thuc nhum

(ty chn), cht tng trng quang hc v cht kt dnh, , gm cc bc sau:

Trn bt giy v cht ph gia to ra dch bt ng nht v lin tc.

Nghin a to ra c cht lng mong mun cho loi giy cn snxut.

H ( ci thin cm gic v kh nng in cho giy) v to mu (thmpigments, cht mu v cht n) t c thng s cht lng nhmong mun.

1.2.4 Xeo giyBt giy trn li c lm sch bng phng php ly tm loi b cht phgia tha v tp cht, c cp vo my xeo thng qua hp u. V tch ncv xeo giy th my xeo c 3 bc phn bit:

Bc tch nc trng lc v chn khng (phn li)

Bc tch nc c hc (phn cun p)

Bc sy bng nhit (cc my sy hi gin tip)

phn li ca my xeo, qu trnh tch nc khi bt din ra do tc dng catrng lc v chn khng. Nc t mt li c thu vo h thu bng my bmcnh qut v lin tc c tun hon pha long bt ti my ra ly tm. mts my xeo, li c ra lin tc bng cch phun nc sch. Nc c thugom v xc thu hi t nh bin php tuyn ni kh (DAF). Nc trong tqu trnh tuyn ni kh DAF, cn gi l nc trng, c tun hon cho nhiuim tiu th khc nhau. Cc nh my khng c DAF th s hoc thi b ncra li ra cng thi hoc tun hon mt phn s dng cho qu trnh ra bt.

Sau phn li l phn ct bin c c rng nh . Phn bin ct i catm bt giy ri xung mt h di di li v c tun hon vo b trc

my xeo.

cui ca phn li my xeo, ng u ca bt tng n khong 20%.Ngi ta tip tc tch nc bng cun p tng ng u ln khong 50%.

Cui cng, giy c lm kh bng my sy hi gin tip t khong 94% cng v c cun thnh tng cun thnh phm.


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1.2.5 Khu vc ph tr

Khu vc ph tr bao gm cp nc, cp in, ni hi, h thng kh nn, vmng phn phi hi nc.

Ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy l mt ngnh s dng nhiu nc v vic

cp nc c m bo bng cch ly nc t mng cp nc a phnghoc bng cc ging khoan ca cng ty. C mt s trng hp cc cng ty lync trc tip t sng th khi nc cn phi c x l trc khi s dngvo sn xut. Mc d vy, nc s dng cho ni hi phi c x l k lngm bo p ng cc yu cu.

Nhn chung, sn xut mi tn giy th cn t100-350 m3 nc. Ni hi ca Vit nam thng ccng sut 3-10 tn/gi. Cc ni hi sdng than hoc du lm nhin liu. p sut hi nc tia l 10kg/cm2. Hi ncc dng trong cc my sy v my xeo c p sut khong 3-4 kg/cm2v trong cc ni nu l 6-8 kg/cm2.

Trong cc nh my giy v bt giy, kh nn c dng cho vn hnh my xeo,

cc thit bo, cc khu ra phun, Cc my nn thng l yu t gp phnlm gim hiu qu s dng nng lng.

H thng phn phi hi trong cc nh my giy thng kh phc tp. Khi thit ni hi c thi ra thng qua mt qut gi y vo ng khi. H thng kimsot khi thi nh cyclon a bc, ti lc, v ESP c thc s dng kimsot pht thi ht l lng.

Mt s nh my c cc b pht in dng diesel m bo cc yu cu vin nng, phng trng hp mt in t li in quc gia.

1.2.6 Thu hi ha chtDch en thi ra sau qu trnh nu c cha lignin, ligno sulphates, v cc hacht khc. Cc ha cht ny c thu hi ti khu vc thu hi ho cht v cti s dng cho qu trnh sn xut bt giy.u tin, dch en c c c bngphng php bay hi. Tip , dch en c c c dng lm nhin liu ttrong ni hi thu hi. Cc cht v c cn li sau khi t s dng dch nu chytrn sn l. Dich nu chy cha ch yu l mui carbonate chy xung t trnsn l v c gi bng nc; cht ny gi l dch xanh. Dch xanh ny cmang n bn phn ng (bn kim ha) phn ng vi vi Ca(OH)2 to thnhnatri hydroxide v calcium carbonate lng xung. Phn cht lng sc dng

cho qu trnh sn xut bt giy, cn calcium carbonate c lm kh v cho vol vi chuyn thnh calcium oxide bng cch gia nhit. Calcium oxide li ctrn vi nc ha vi. Hnh 2 m t chu trnh thu hi ha cht v nu bt:


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Hnh 2. Chu trnh thu hi ha cht v nu bt

1.3 Hin trng cht thi

Nh my giy v bt giy sinh ra cht thi dng nc thi, kh thi, v cht thi

rn. Loi pht thi ni bt nht l nc thi, tip l kh thi v cht thi rn.

1.3.1 Nc thi

Cc nh my giy v bt giy sinh ra mt lng ln nc thi v nu khngc x l th c thnh hng ti cht lng ngun tip nhn. Bng 2 chothy cc ngun nc thi khc nhau trong mt nh my giy v bt giy.

Ni hi thu hi

Thit b bay hi

Kim hav thu hi vi

Bn chadch nu

Thp phng

Ni nu

Bn cha dchen long

BT

Thit b ra btMnh g


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Bng 2: Cc ngun nc thi t cc b phn v thit b khc nhau

B phn Cc ngun in hnh

Sn xut bt giy Hi ngng khi phng bt

Dch en b r rhoc b trn

Nc lm mt cc thit b nghin a

Ra bt giy cha ty trng Phn tch loi c cha nhiu s, sn v ct

Phn lc ra khi lm c bt giy

Nc ra sau ty trng c cha chlorolignin

Nc thi c cha hypochlorite

Chun b phi liubt

R rv trn cc ho cht / ph gia

Ra sn

Xeo giy Phn tch loi t my lm sch ly tm c cha x, sn v ct

Cht thi t h li c cha x

Dng trn t h bm qut

Phn nc lc ra t thit b tch nc c cha x, bt vcc cht h

Khu vc ph tr Nc xy

Nc ngng t cha c thu hi

Nc thi hon nguyn t thp lm mm

Nc lm mt my nn kh

Thu hi ha cht Nc ngng t t my ha hi

Dch long t thit b ra cn

Dch long t thit b ra bn

Nc bn ngng ng

Nc ngng t t thit b lm mt v t hi nc

Phn ln nc thi pht sinh l nc dng trong quy trnh tip xc vi nguyn

liu th, vi cc sn phm v sn phm ph, v cht d tha.

Qu trnh sn xut bt giy bng kim tiu tn khong 2 tn g cho mi tn bt giy sn xut ra,ngha l s c khong mt na lng nguyn liu th bha tan trong dch nu. Cc quy trnh snxut bt giy cho loi giy vit v giy in c sn lng bt khong 45-50%. Ti lng BOD5 tccquy trnh ny l khong t300-360 kgi vi 1 tn bt giy kh gi, tng tnhvy ti lngCOD to ra bng khong 1200 1600 kgi vi 1 tn bt giy kh gi.Ti cc nh my m bt giyc ty trng, th cngon ty chnh l cngon gy nhimnhiu nht. Nc thi tcngon ty chim 50-75% tng lng nc thi v chim 80-95% tnglng dng thi nhim.

Sn xut giy v cn bn l mt qu trnh vt l (thu c), nhng cc cht ph

gia trong qu trnh xeo giy nh cc hp cht h v ph, cng l mt trongnhng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim. So vi qu trnh lm bt, nc thi t cccng on sn xut giy c phn cao hn v hm lng cht rn l lng nhnghm lng BOD li t hn. Cc cht nhim xut pht t nc trng d, phntch loi t qu trnh sng, v do trn x, cc cht n v cht ph gia. Cht nhim l lng ch yu l x v hp cht vi x, cc cht n v cht ph, chtbn v ct trong khi cc cht nhim ha tan l cc cht keo t g, thucnhum, cc cht h (tinh bt v gm), v cc ph gia khc. Tng lng nc


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thi v gi tr ti lng nhim cho mt tn giy kh gi trc khi x l ca mtnh my giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam c trnh by bng 3.

Bng 3: nhim ca nh my giy v bt giy in hnh ti Vit Nam

Thng s Gi tr

Lu lng (m3/t) 150-300

BOD5 (kg/t) 90- 330

COD (kg/t) 270- 1200

SS (kg/t) 30-50

1.3.2 Kh thi

Mt trong nhng vn v pht thi kh ng ch nh my sn xut giy lmi. Qu trnh nu to ra kh H2S c mi rt kh chu, methyl mercaptant,

dimethyl sulphide v dimethyl-disulphide. Cc hp cht ny cn thng c gil tng lng lu hunh dng kh (TRS). Cc hp cht ny c thot ra tqu trnh nu, khi phng bt. Cc hp cht mi pht sinh khc c t l tng inh hn so vi TRS v c cha hydrocarbons.

Mt ngun nhim khng kh khc l do qu trnh ty trng bt giy. Ti y, clophn t b r r theo lng nh trong c qu trnh ty. Tuy nng nhimkhng cao nhng loi pht thi ny li cc kc hi.

Trong qu trnh thu hi ha cht, mt lng SO2 nng cao cng b thot rangoi. Cc -xt lu hunh c sinh ra t cc nhin liu c cha sulphur (nh

than , du FO, v.v...) c s dng cho ni hi to hi nc. Pht thi bicng c quan st thy ti mt s l hi t than khi khng c cc thit bkim sot bi (cyclon, ti lc, ESP, v.v...). Mt lng nh bi cng c thot rakhi ct mnh g. Bn cnh nhng loi pht thi ny cn c rt nhiu loi phtthi tc thi khc t qu trnh sn xut.

1.3.3 Cht thi rn

Cht thi rn gm bn, tro, cht thi g, tp sng, phn tch loi t qu trnh lmsch ly tm, ct v sn. Ngun chnh ca bn l cn ca b lng, v cn t tnglm kh ca trm x l nc thi. Bn cnh , i khi cn c cn du thi tthng cha du t. Khi s dng than, xv phn than cha chy t l hi cngl ngun thi rn cn phi c thi b mt cch an ton. Lng thi rn cacc cng on/hot ng khc nhau ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh quy mhot ng, thnh phn nguyn liu th, v.v... v rt kh c tnh.

Tuy nhin, nu tnh trung bnh thVit Nam khi sn xut ra 1 tn giy s sinh ra mt lng chtthi rn khong t45-85 kg. Tuy nhin, lng cha bao gm cc ph liu nhbin giy, v.v... lphn sc tun hon trli sn xut.


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2 Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu vphng php lun

Chng ny gii thiu cc nguyn tc v SXSH, cc yu cu ca tip cn ny v tim nng thchin i vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam. Chng ny s gii thiu

tng quan phng php lun v SXSH v cc bc khc nhau trong phng php lun ny. Ngic cng sc gii thiu nhiu k thut khc nhau xcnh cc la chn SXSH trong snxut giy v bt giy. Chi tit hng dn sdng phng php lun ny v cch tip cn tngbc sc cung cp cth hn trong Chng 4.

2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)

Qu trnh cng nghip ha nhanh v rng l mt trong nhng yu tng gpquan trng vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, i km vi sbng n tng trng cng nghip thng l cc vn v mi trng. Mt trong

cc cch thc tip cn gii quyt vn ny l phng php tip cn cuing ng (EOP), tc l x l pht thi/cht thi chsau khi chng pht sinh.V thc tin, iu ny ng ngha vi xy dng v vn hnh cc c s x lnc thi, cc thit b km sot nhim khng kh v cc bi chn lp an ton -y l nhng cng vic rt tn km.

Xt n quy trnh cng nghip cn phi hiu rng bt c quy trnh hoc hotng no cng khng bao git c hiu sut 100%. Lun c tn hao no vo mi trng v khng th chuyn thnh dng sn phm hu dng. Tn haony l s lng ph hay s nhim lun gn lin vi sn xut cng nghip. Yu tny thng c nhc n nh c hi b mt i trong qu trnh sn xut. T l

pht sinh cht thi thng rt cao v c mt thc t l rt t nh sn xut cngnghip nhn ra iu ny. Hin nay tip cn x l cui ng ng vn ang cp dng ph bin trong cc c s cng nghip, nhng kh nng tip nhn nhim ca mi trng ang gn nh cn kit v cc n v sn xut cng nghipdn nhn thc c s cn thit phi xem xt li cc cng on sn xut camnh.iu ny dn n s xut hin khi nim v mt tip cn mang tnh chng gim cht thi ti ngun trong qun l cht thi. Tip cn chng nyc gi l Sn xut sch hn (SXSH).

SXSH c nh ngha l s p dng lin tc chin lc mi trng tng hpmang tnh phng nga trong cc quy trnh, sn phm, v dch v nhm nng cao

hiu sut v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng.

Vi cc quy trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo tn cc nguyn liuth v nng lng, loi b cc nguyn liu th c hi, v gim lng vc ca tt c cc pht thi cng nh cht thi;

Vi cc sn phm, SXSH bao gm vic gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cctrong vng i sn phm, t khi khai thc nguyn liu th cho ti khi thib cui cng; v


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cc cng ty cam kt thc hin ci tin lin tc trong hot ng mi trng camnh. Chng nhn ny cng th hin s quan tm ca cng ty n mi trng.Mt s nh nhp khu lun i hi chng ch ISO ca cng ty trc khi hthng. SXSH s gip vic trin khai h thng qun l mi trng nh ISO 14000d dng hn nhiu. S dnh vy l do hu ht cc cng vic ban u cthc hin thng qua nh gi SXSH.

Nhu cu do mong mun tip cn cc c hi pht trin th trng mi

Nhn thc ca khch hng v cc vn mi trng ngy cng nng cao lm ny sinh nhu cu v cc sn phm xanh trn th trng quc t. Kt qu lkhi n lc thc hin SXSH th m ra cc c hi pht trin th trng mi chomnh v sn xut ra cc sn phm cht lng cao hn, c th bn c vi gicao hn.

Nhu cu do mong mun tip cn d dng hn ti cc ngun ti chnh

Cc n u t da vo SXSH s cha ng thng tin chi tit v tnh kh thi

mi trng, k thut v kinh t ca khon u t d kin.iu ny to ra mt cs vng chc ginh c s h tr ti chnh t cc ngn hng hoc cc qumi trng. V d: trong cng nghip giy v bt giy, nu mt gii php SXSHl lp t mt chp kim sot vn tc b phn xeo giy, th cn phi tin hnhphn tch chi tit v tim nng tit kim hi nc, tng cng sut sn xutCng ty c th trnh kt qu phn tch ny ln cc ngn hng xin vay vn chod n lp t chp kim sot vn tc. Trn th trng quc t, cc t chc tichnh ang rt quan tm n vn suy thoi mi trng v ang nghin cun xin vay vn theo quan im mi trng.

Nhu cu cn thit cho vic ci thin mi trng lm vic

Bn cnh nng cao hiu qu mi trng v kinh t, SXSH cn c th ci thincc iu kin v an ton v sc khe ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng. V d,vic gim thiu r r clo ti cng on ty trng s gim mi clo kh chu trongkhng kh nh c th nng cao nng sut ca ngi cng nhn. Cc iukin lm vic thun li c th nng cao tinh thn cho ngi lao ng v ngthi tng cng s quan tm ti vn kim sot cht thi. Cc hnh ng nhvy s gip cho cng ty ca bn thu c li th cnh tranh.

Nhu cu do vn bo tn ti nguyn

Bo tn nguyn liu th: V chi ph nguyn liu u vo tng nn khng c nh

sn xut cng nghip no c th trang tri cho nhng tn tht ti nguyn didng cht thi. Sut tiu hao cc nguyn liu ny c th gim i ng k khi pdng cc gii php SXSH nh ti u ha quy trnh, tun hon v cc bin phpqun l tt ni vi.

mt cssn xut giy v bt giyc th quy m va/nhVit Nam, c th tit kim nguynliu th (gm c xv ha cht) vo khong 6-15 %, mang li li ch khong 4.000.000.000ngmi nm


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Bo tn ngun nc: Nc l ngun ti nguyn ang b cn kit v mt s cs cng nghip ang phi i mt vi vn thiu nc. Vic khai thc ngunnc ngm lin tc cn phi cng thm c chi ph cho vic bm ht nc. Hnth na, mt yu t rt quan trng thng b b qua trong cc ngnh cngnghip ch bin l cng s dng nhiu nc trong quy trnh sn xut th chiph cho ha cht v nng lng cng cng nhiu.

Trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giyVit Nam tim nng tit kim nc l khongt15-20%, iu ny c th mang li tit kim chi ph khong 275.000.000 VND mi nm.

Bo tn nng lng:

Cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy l mt ngnh tiu thnhiu nng lng vi chi ph chim t12-15% tng chi ph sn xut. Tim nng tit kim nng lng thng qua cc bin php n ginv chi ph thp s l khong 10-12% tng lng nng lngu vo. C mt s trng hp tngtim nng bo tn nng lng (gm cc gii php thayi cng ngh, v d lp t h thngngpht sdng sinh khi nng nghip) l khong t20-25%.

Ngy nay di sc p v thay i kh hu v hin tng nng ln ton cu, ccchng trnh nh C ch pht trin sch v thng mi Carbon ang l c hisn sng cc c s cng nghip tn dng bng cch bn lng pht thi khnh knh (GHG) m h gim c qua cc nm nh p dng cc bin phpbo tn nng lng.

Bng 4 di y s m t tnh hnh tiu th ti nguyn trong cc c s sn xutgiy v bt giy Vit Nam so vi cc quc gia khc, t gi tim nng cth khai thc bng vic p dng cc nguyn l ca phng php lun SXSH.

Bng 4: So snh tiu thti nguyn v tim nng cho cc chi SXSHHng mc Vit Nam n (nh my

s dng phthi nngnghip)

Nh my Bc u(giy bao b tytrng g mm)

Tim nng

X (sn lng %) 44 55% 40 44% 55% Trung bnh

Ha cht ( kg/T) 80 - 150 71-135 75 Trung bnh

Nhit nng(kCal/tn)

3 x 106 8 x 106 3 x 106 5 x 106 1 x 1064,6 x 106 Cao

(Kg/tn than ) 575- 1500 575 - 1000 192 -880

(Kg/tn du) 294 - 784 294 - 490 98- 450

in (kWh/tn) 900-1900 855 - 980 700 - 850 Cao

Nc (m3/tn) 175 - 350 180 - 280 20- 40 Cao

2.3 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn

Phn tch dng nguyn liu v nng lng vo v ra ca mt quy trnh l yu ttrng tm ca nh gi SXSH. Vic thc hin mt nh gi SXSH phi cthc hin theo tip cn c phng php lun v logic gip nhn din c cc


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c hi SXSH, gii quyt cc vn v cht thi v pht thi ngay ti ngun, vm bo tnh lin tc ca cc hot ng SXSH ti nh my. Tip cn nh giphn tch ny c tng quannh m t trn Hnh 3. Chng 4 s gii thiu chitit tng bc thc hin nh gi SXSH theo tip cn ny.

Mc d theo nh ngha th nh gi SXSH bao gm c cc vn v nguyn

liu v nng lng, nhng trong thc t cc vn nng lng i vi cc quytrnh t khi c xem xt mt cch chi tit tr cc vn v bo n, r r, thu hinc ngng, v.v ngha l chi vi cc dng hu hnh. y l iu ng ticv SXSH v nng cao hiu qu nng lng thng c tnh b tr cho nhau rtcao v s tch hp gia hai hot ng ny c th to ra sc mnh m rngphm vi ng dng v em li cc kt qu c hiu qu cao hn c v mitrng v kinh t. Ti liu ny s cp n c nguyn liu v nng lng trongngnh giy v bt giy.

Hnh 3: Phng php lun vnh gi SXSH

Do SXSH thng c p dng i vi nhng lng ph ti nguyn hu hnh (vd nguyn liu), nn hin tng lng ph ngu nhin s l rt t. Nhn chung, cth tnh ton truy tm c vt liu u vo cho mt cng on no thng quacc sn phm u ra nh tnh v nh lng c. iu ny khng phi lc no


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cng ng khi xem xt cc dng nng lng. Trong khi cng p dng quy lutcn bn cho cc dng nng lng u vo (v cn bn, nng lng vophi bng nng lng ra), th vn gp phi y l cc dng nng lngu ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi dng vt liu. V th, vic xc nh vnh gi cc dng nng lng lng ph dng n v s dng thiu hiu quthng gp nhiu kh khn. iu ny c bit ng vi cc thit b chy in

nh my bm, qut, my nn kh, v.v khi nng lng u vo di dng innng c th d dng o lng c, nhng mc chuyn i hiu qu sangu ra hu ch (v.d: nc c bm, kh c nn, v.v) th li khng thnhlng trc tip c.

Cc mu thun c th ny sinh

SXSH v nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng (HQSDNL) c tnh b tr chonhau rt cao. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung, cc kt qu c li thu cca mt phng php lun (chng hn SXSH) li c thc hiu l i lp viphng php cn li (HQSDNL). Di y l mt s v d minh chng cho iu

ny:

Tun hon l mt k thut SXSH rt c li, nhng tun hon du v cht bitrn, ti s dng cc m qua sa cha hoc qun li cc ng c bchy (c bit l trng hp vic sa cha hoc qun li c thc hinkhng hon chnh) thng dn n tiu hao nng lng mc cao hn.

Lm lnh bng cng ngh hp th hi l mt gii php SXSH chuyn nghipv thn thin sinh thi khi so snh vi cc my nn hi ang thnh hnh. Tuynhin, khi xt v mt s dng nng lng th cc h thng hp th hi li chiu qu thp hn.

Cc bng n hunh quang tup gy c hiu qu nng lng hn loi bngsi t, nhng v mt mi trng (SXSH) th vic ph thy ngn lm cho loibng ny t thn thin sinh thi hn.

Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH 6 bc c m t trong Hnh 4.Chng 4 s trnh by chi tit hn tng bc thc hin SXSH.


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BC 1: KHI NG

BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNHNhim v 3: Chun b lu ca quy trnh sn xutNhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t

Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi

Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH

Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thutNhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh tNhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng

Nhim v 5: Xc nh c tnh dng thiNhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi

Nhim v 7: Xem xt li quy trnh xc nh ra cc nguyn nhn

BC 3: XUT CC GII PHP SXSH

BC 4: LA CHN CC GiI PHP SXSH

Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH

Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc gii php SXSH c th thc hin c

Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin

Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu

Nhim v 17: Tr v bc 1

BC 5: THC HIN CC GII PHP SXSH

BC 6: DUY TR SXSH

Nhim v 15: Thc hinNhim v 14: Chun b thc hin

Hnh 4: Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH


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2.4 Cc k thut SXSH

Sn xut sch hn l phng php tip cn mi v sng to gim mc sdng ti nguyn trong qu trnh sn xut da vo mt lot cc k thut. Cc kthut ny c thc phn thnh 3 nhm nh sau:

Gim thiu ti ngun

Qun l tt ni vi:y l k thut phng nga cc ch r r, chy trn thng quabo dng phng nga v kim tra thit b thng xuyn, cng nh kim sotvic thc hin ng hng dn cng vic hin c thng qua o to v gim stph hp.

Thayi quy trnh: k thut ny bao gm:

Thayi nguyn liuu vo: Thay th nguyn liu u vo bng cc nguynliu ti to, t c hi hn hoc dng cc vt liu ph tr c tui th hu ch di

hn.

Kim sot quy trnh tt hn: Theo di vic tun th thng s vn hnh ca quytrnh thit k, sa i cc quy trnh lm vic, cc hng dn vn hnh thit bt hiu qu cao hn hn, gim lng ph v pht thi.

Ci t in thit b: Ci tin cc thit b sn xut v ph tr hin c, v d lp thmb phn o c kim sot nhm vn hnh cc quy trnh vi hiu qu cao hn vgim tl pht thi.

Thayi cng ngh: Thay th cng ngh, trnh t trong quy trnh v/hoc cch

thc tng th nhm gim thiu lng ph v pht thi trong qu trnh sn xut.

Tun hon v ti s dng

Thu hi v ti sdng ti ch: ti s dng cc nguyn liu b lng ph chocng on khc trong dy chuyn sn xut hoc cho mt ng dng hu ch khctrong cng ty.

Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu dng: Thay i quy trnh pht sinh cht thinhm bin nguyn liu b lng ph thnh mt dng nguyn liu c thc ti sdng hoc tun hon cho ng dng khc ngoi cng ty.

Ci tin sn phm

Cc tnh cht, mu m v bao b ca sn phm c thc iu chnh gimthiu tc ng mi trng khi sn xut hoc sau khi s dng (thi b).

Bng 5 nu cc v d khc nhau v cc k thut SXSH c ng dng chongnh cng nghip giy v bt giy.


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Bng 5: V d v k thut SXSH cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy

QUN

L

TTNI

VI

Sa cha cc ch r r Kha cc vi nc khi khng s dng Che chn cc sng rung trnh b trn Loi b cc ch tc trong cc vi phun li v n Kim ra cc by hi thng xuyn

Thay inguyn liuu vo

S dng cc cht mu khng c hi trong snxut giy mu S dng phng php ty bng peoxit hydro

Kim sotquy trnh

Ti u ha qu trnh nu Sn xut bt ng u cao nht c th S dng cc cht ha hc h tr gip gi mu

ti u ho vic s dng cht muCi tin thitb

Lp t cc vi phun hiu qu C b phng ln trnh trn bt giy Thm thit b nghin giy t S dng my ra ly tm cao p tit kim bt S dng t b tng h s cng sut S dng b truyn ng v cp ph hp vi ti

lun thay i

GIMT

HITINGUN

THAYIQUYTRNH

Thay icng ngh

Ci tin quy trnh sn xut bt giy Dng ni nu ng trong nu bt

Xem xt quy trnh sn xut bt giy khc Ci tin quy trnh ra v tch nc thng qua s

dng p ai li kp. Dng quy trnh ty khc, chng hn ty bng

ozone

THU

HIVTI

SD

NGT

I

CH

Tun hon nc cng ngh v nc trng trongkhu ra bt, ty trng v pha long bt

Tun hon bt trong h di my xeo Thu hi v tun hon nc ngng Thu hi v tun hon bt t nc trng bng cch

lp t h thng SAVE ALL Thu hi bt bng tuyn ni kh ng pht in

TUN

HO

N

VTISD

NG

TO

RA

SN

PHM

PHHU

CH

S dng x ngn/ph phm x lm giy bi S dng phn cn li trong khu lm sch nguyn

liu th lm nhin liu cho l hi

C

ITIN

SN

PHM Sn xut cc loi giy sn lng cao

Sn xut giy khng ty thay v giy ty trng


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3 Cc c hi SXSH trong nh my giy v bt giy

Chng ny cung cp thng tin tng quan v chi SXSH c thng dng ti cc nh my giyv bt giyVit Nam. Cc chi SXSH nyc c th trin khai ti cssn xut quy m nhin hnh vi cng sut sn xut 30-50 tn giy mi ngy

3.1 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu th

Nguyn liu th nh mn v ngoi c khng th dng to ra bt giy, m li lyu t tiu tn ha cht v hi nc. Ngoi ra, loi vt cht ny khi i ra khi qutrnh sn xut l nguyn nhn gy nhim COD & TS cao. Cc tp bn gy tcng bt li i vi hiu qu ra v gy qu ti thit b ra ly tm. Cc cht bnny nu thot ra khi thit b ra ly tm s gy ra cc m (cc m en) trn bmt giy thnh phm, lm tng mn v hng thit b c kh (thit b lm sch,my bm, v.v) v quan trng hn c l gim chy ca bt trn li myxeo, dn n gim tc my xeo v gy tn tht cho sn xut. Mt s cht bnthng pht sinh trong khi chun b nguyn liu th khng ng cch gm:

Nguyn liu c ngun gc tre g: bi mn, cc mnh g qu kh, ct,silica

Giy thi: kim loi, dy, thy tinh, g, vi si, giy sp

Bng 7 tm tt mt s c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu.

Bng 7. Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu

STT C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

1 Lu trnguynliu trongiu kinkh ro

- Gimlngnc tiuth

- Gimlng nhim mitrng

- Gimnhim bnct v

C khng gian xp gtrong miche

I= 30.000-60.000 USD

S= khngc xcnh

- Gim TSv CODbin

Bin php nyd thc hinnhng li cn cmt khu vc lutr c chunb tt. Tim nngtit kim so vimc u tkhng hp dnlm i vi ccnh my ccng sut t hn300 tngiy/ngy

2 Sngmnh(mnhqu khv mn)

- Gim hacht v hikhi nu

Thit b:Sng rung

Quy trnh:C

Khng gian:Thng c

Nhn lc:khng cn

I= 16.000-18.000USD --- Tiu th intng


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STT C hi

SXSHLi ch d

kinYu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

3 Chuynmnh tini nubng h

thng guti

- Khng trnv thtthot mnhtrong khu

vn chuyn

Thit b =Gu ti

Quy trnh:C

Khng gian:thng lc

Nhn lc:Khng cn

I= 10.000-12.000USD

S = khngc xc

nh

Khng kh thii vi cc nhmy nh, nhngchc chn s

lm tng nngsut ti cc nhmy ln

4 H thngkim sotv loi bbi

- Gimlng bi

- Thuhi/bn binh mtloi snphm ph

Thit b:Hthng tch(ti lc)

Quy trnh:Thng csn

Khng gian:Thng csn

I= 8.000-15.000USD

S= 100.000300.000USD

Gim 90%lng bitrong mitrng xungquanh

Tiu th innng tng

5 My tomnh loia c t4-6 li

- Mnh uhn

- Nng sutcao hn

Thitb:Thay av ng c

Quytrnh:Khngi

Khng giandin tch:Khng i

I = 2000USD

S = khngc xcnh

Bin php nyd trin khai

I-u t; S-tit kim; P-Thi gian hon vn

3.2 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt giy

Sn xut bt l khu vc gy nhim nhiu nht trong mt nh my giy v btgiy, chim khong 80% ti lng nhim. ng thi y cng l khu c thp dng nhiu c hi SXSH nht, k t vic thay th nguyn liu th cho n citin cng ngh v tun hon. Cc li ch tim nng tng th thu c t victrin khai SXSH khu vc bt giy c nu trong bng 6. Cc c hi c th pdng trong khu vc ny c nu trong bng 8.


28/108


Bng 6. Tim nng p dng SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt t nguynliu t rng

Khu vc tim nng Tit kim/ cht lngc nng cao

USD/tn

Gim ha cht SX bt giy C th gim c 1% vi

mt s ha cht

1,0 3,0

Thu hi x 20-45 kg/t 2,0 4,0

Bo tn (tit kim) ngun nc 20 60 m3/t 0,5 1,0

Gim nng lng hi 0,2 0,6 t/t 1,0 2,5

Gim s dng ha cht ty trng 2-10 kg/t 2,0 3,0

Tng nng sut bt giy 5-7% --

Tng 9,0 18,5

Gim chi ph x l cui ng ng 20-30% 6,5 10,0

Gim kim sot pht thi 20-30% 3,5 6,5

Tng cng ~19-35 USD/tn

Bng 8. Cc c hi SXSH trong sn xut bt giy

TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

1 Ngmnguynliu chnh(mnh) vidch enthu hitrong ccnh mygiy s

dngnguynliu tre g

- Nng caomt xpcht (4-6%)

- Tng cngbt giy t7-10%

- Gim thigian nu t

5-7%- Gim sdng kim

- Gim yucu v hi

- Cho phpdung tthp

- Cht lngbt giyng uhn

Thit b:

- Bng ti

- B cpdung dch

- Vi phun(ti)

- B cpdch en

- Thit btrn chnvt

Quy trnh: Phhp vi miloi ph phmnng nghip

Nhn lc:Khng cn cthm nhn lc

I= 3-5.000USD

S= 1,5-3.000 USD

P= < 2 nm

Kh tnh tonc lnggim nhim

Gii php nyc th d dngtrin khai ticc nh mynh

2 Ni nu atrng (nub nguyn

liu thtrong nicu quayc gianhit trctip bnghi nc)

- Tng cngsut ninu 10-15%

- Gim sdng hinc

- Tng snlng bt

Khng Tit kimt vicgim tiu

th hinc cth nhlng theotngtrng hpc th. Cncc khontit kimkhc tngi khnh lng

Gim lngkh thot ra tni nu 10-

15%

Thi gian cnthm nngti trng gp

i s di hnthi gian phib do gim slng m nu bo mto ra cngmt lng btgiy


29/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

3 Gim t lrn/lng(dung t)

- Gim 5-10% lnghi tiu th

- Gim thigian nu

Khng Khng Khng c tcng trc tip

Khng cn tichnh, giiphp ny cth d dngthc hin

c4 Hi gin

tip chonu theom *

- Dung tgim

- Gim tiuth nnglng bc thuhi hacht

- Thu hincngng ti s dng l hi

Thit b: Csn ti c s

I= 30.000-90.000USD

S= Khngc nhlng

Khng c tcng trc tip

Gii php nyc th khngp dng ccho cc nhmy nh ccng ngh lchu

5 Thu hihi t bphng vti sdng lmnngnctrong btrao inhit

-

6 Nu bngammonium sulphitetrung tnh

- To khnng sdng dchen nhphn bn

- Gim thitb ty hacht

Quy trnh:Cha ctrnh dinthnh cng; cth b chng

minh l khngkh thi

S= chac nhlng

Gim lng nhimkhong 80%v dch enc dng

cho cc ngdng nngnghip

Do c nhngbt li nh ninu bn mn,nhit vthi gian nu

cao hn, vpht thi khammonia, chonn gii phpny cn cnphi cthm nhthm.

7 Nu bngNatrisulphitekim tnh

- Gimlng hacht tytrng

- dai cagiy tt hn

- Gim yu

cu v ra- Gim tiu

th nc

- Tng khnng ty

Trong thc tkhng kh thi

S = Khngxc nhc

Gim mutrong chtthi

Nu iu kinpH thch hpkhng duy trc th ninu c th sb n mn.Qu trnh ny

gii hn cccp nhtnh khi m dai ca giykhng phi lyu t quantrng.


30/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch d kin Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

8 SX bt giysn lngcao, tc qutrnh sn

xut bt hac i visn phmgiy khngty

- Sn lng btgiy cao 85-90%

- Gim ha cht

nu

Thit b: Ccni nu hac

Cng

ngh:C sntrong nc

I = 33.000-90.000USD

S= Khng

nh lngc

Gim TS vCOD 10-15% (tythuc vo

sn lng)

Tiu th hinc vin tng,c th p

dng chocc nh mynh

9 Ti u haqu trnh nu(ngha l vnhnh ti psut hi,nhit vliu lngha cht cnthit)

- Nng cao chtlng bt

- Gim lng btch loi donu cha hoc do sng

- Gim lngthit b nghina

- Gim s dngha cht

- Gim yu cuv hi

- Tng snlng bt

Thit b:

- Ch snhit

- Ch s psut

- Bng iukhin

Nhn lc:Cn c cng

nhn vnhnh c tayngh

I= 3-5.000

S= khngnh lngc

Gim lng nhim tngth

ckhuyn cos dng chott c ccnh my

10 p trc vt loi bhi dch ennng caotrong btgiy

- Ci thin victhu hi dchen

- Cho phptun hon dchen sdng kim d

- Tun hon

dch en nngs lm gimlng hi cndng

- Gip chonguyn liuth thm dchen tt hn

- Gim thigian ra

- Tit kimnc trongkhu ra

- Gim nhu cus dng nng

lng trong xl cht thi

- Cho php lmkh dch enbng mt tri

Thit b:

- B tunhon

- B phng

- Nng cao

- Bm phalong

- Nn trcvt

- ngng

Quy trnh:H thngvn chuynbt giycha racn csa i

Cng ngh:C sn trongnc nhng

cn iuchnh

Nhn lc:Cn c thmcng nhnlnh ngh

I= 4.000-9.000 USD

S= 5.000-10.000USD

P=< 1 nm

Gim lngnc thi40-50% sovi vic ratrng truynthng

Gii phpny ang giai onth nghimv angc trinkhai ti mts nh mygiy. C th

nn trc vts khngc chpnhn chomt s loigiy nhtnh.


31/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

11 Nn aili kp loi ncra khi bt

- D dngvnchuyn vx l dch

en- Tun hon

dch ennng cth lmgimlng hi

- Nguynliu ththm dchen tthn

- C khnng gimtiu th

in- Tit kim

nc trongkhu ra

- Gim yucu v sdng nnglngtrong x lcht thi

Thit b:

- My bmtun hon,p ai li

kp- B phng

- Bm btnng cao

- Thp lmc

Quy trnh: Hthng ra gnnh c loib

Cng ngh:Hin c nhngchi ph cao

Nhn lc: Cn

c nhn lclnh ngh

I= 45.000-300.000USD

S= 30.000-150.000USD

P== 35tn/ngy)


32/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu k thut Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

13 Tch dchen cban ura khi

cc b vvng tunhonnhiu htmc cth

- Nng caohiu sut thuhi v x ldch en

- Ti s dngkim d nhtun hondch en

- Tun hondch ennng s lmgim cyu cu vhi

- Nguyn liuth thmdch en tthn

Thit b:

- Bm thu gom

- Bm v ngng

Quy trnh: Cn ch thng cngthot ring chodch en long vc

I= 1.500 2.500 USD

S= 4.500 7.500 USD

P= 5 nm

Gim lng nhim tngth ti 30-40%

Gii phpny khngc tnh hpdn v kinht vi ccnh myc bitnh.

X l sinhhc ton blng dchen nhnchung lkhng khthi.

15 Thu hiha chtt dchen (cc nhmy sdngnguynliu treg)(CRS)

- Thu hikim 60-80%

- Gim lng nhim

Thit b:

- L hi thu hiv h thng ikm

- My bm

- Thit b ha hia cp

- Trm kim ha

- Thu hi bn vihoc h thngthi b

Cng ngh:Cha c kimchng, mt snc M Latinh,Th Nh K, AiCp s dngCRS

Nhn lc: Cn cnhn lc lnhngh

I= 1-2 triuUSD

S= 50.000-100.000USD

P=>20nm

Gim lngCOD ti85%

D dng pdng cti cc nhmy giy vbt giy sdngnguyn liutre g


33/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

16 Nghin abt nng

- Gim tiuth nnglng in

- Gim

xung cpca giy

- Cht lngbt giy tthn

- Gimlng bloi khisng

- Nng caokh nngchy trnli

Thit b: Mynghin

Quy trnh:Trnh t ra

v nghincn csa i iuchnh

I= 3.000-7.000 USD

S= kh nhlng

Gim chtthi rn

c dngcho cc loigiy khng ty,lp bi.

17 Nu li

cc umu dngcho SXgiy khngty (ti ccnh mys dngnguynliu tre g)

- Tit kim

nguyn liuth

- Tit kimha chtnu

Vn chuyn

t sngsang ninu

I= a dng

S= 3.000-10.000 USD

Gim cht

thi rn

18 Bin ligninthnhlignosulphonate

- Gimlng nhim vmu cadng thi

- To thm

sn phmph, thay thnhp khu

Thit b: Nhxng vthit b SXlignosulphate

Cng ngh:

Cha cchng minhcho dch enc ngungc nngnghip

I= 1,0-1,3triu USD

S= 45.000-60.000 USD

P=20 nm

Gim lngCOD ti 50%nu khngchn lp dchen

y l mt giiphp v cngtn km vgn nh tngng vi vicxy dng mt

nh xngmi. p dngc cho ccnh my giynh khng thuhi ha cht.p dng chocc nh mys dng canxisunphit.

19 Thu hilignin chong dngci to t

- Gim tilng nhim vmu cadng thi

- To rathm snphm ph

- Nng caosn lngnngnghip

Thit b:

- Nhxng vthit b thu hi

lignin- Axit

Sulphuricv cc hacht khc

Quy trnh:Cn phi ctch lp tinhvi

I= 24.000-30.000 USD

S= chac tnhton c do

th trngcha phttrin

Gim lngCOD ti 50 %

Th trngcht ci tot v phnbn t lignincha pht trin


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TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

20 H thngra theonguyntc chy

ngcdng chocng onty

- Gim nhucu sdng nc

- Gim tiu

thin- Gim ti

lng nhim

- Ty trngtt hn

Quy trnh:My ra vng ngchng n

mn.

Cha nhlng c

Gim tilng chtthi hu ccho trm x

l cui ngng

Ch khuynco cho ccnh my sdng nguyn

liu tre g.Nc trongcng onkim ho cti ch tunhon cho cngon kim hotrc .Nc trongcng on axitho c tunhon cngon axit hotrc .

21 Kh clo

lin tip(thay thclo, tibc tyu tinbng dioxitclo)

- Bt c

sng hn- Tng sn

lng bt

- Cho phpthc hinclo ho nhit cao

- Gim tilng nhim chotrm x lcui ngng

Cng ngh:

Cn c cs h tngtrong nhmy chun bdioxit clo

Chi ph cao Gim bin ti

lng nhim hu ccho trm xl cui ngng

Gim phtthi halogenhu c (AOX)

ng dng cho

cc nh mys dngnguyn liu treg.

22 Ty bngNaOCI - Cht lngbt cao hn

- Gim phtsinh bncn trongqu trnhchun bha chtty trng

- Gim yucu vchun bha chtnh dungdch ty cnng clocao hn

Thit b: Bcha NaOCI Gii php nykhng c tnhkh thi vmt kinh tdo chi phcho NaOCIcao

Vn chuynv thi bcht thi rngim.

C kh nngto rachloroformtrong dngthi

Gii php nyc th trinkhai c nugi th trngca NaOCI vCaOCI2 tngng nhau.


35/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

23 Ty bngH2O2

t c lich mi trngr rt do:

- Khng c clo

trong dngkh ca nhmy

- Khng c clotrong ncthi

- Khng to raAOX

- Khng to rabn cn trongqu trnhchun b hacht ty trng

- Gim din

tch khu vcchun b hacht

- Loi bcnguy c trongkhu vnchuyn clo

Thit b:Thit b vnchuyn vo m H2O2

Quy trnh:i hi phicn thn van ton trongkhi vnchuyn

I= 15.000-30.000 USD

S=Chanh lng

c

Khng kh tixngkhng cnclo

Khng cnclo trongdng thi

Khng AOX

Khng sinhra bn cntrong qutrnh chunb dung dchty trng

Gii php nyvn chac thnghim vi

cc nh mys dngnguyn liuth l phphm nngnghip

Ha cht tyrt t

24 Ty ccht trOxy

C li ch lnv mitrng do:

- Gim nng clo trongkhng khtrong xng

- t chlorinetrong chtthi hn

- To ra tAOX hn

- Khng to rabn cn trongqu trnhchun b hacht ty trng

- Gim dintch khu vcchun b hacht

- Gim nguy

c trong vnchuyn clo

Thit b:Thit b tooxy

Quy trnh:Yu cu van ton trongvn chuynoxy

Cha nhlng

- t chlorinetrongkhng khti xngv trongcht thihn

- To ra t

AOX hn

Bin php nyvn chac trnhdin ti ccnh my sdng nguynliu l phphm nng

nghip. Rrng l tnhkh thi kinh tca n ti ccnh my nyl khng c.


36/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmitrng

Ghi ch

25 Ty ozone C li ngk i vimi trng:

- Khng cclo trongkhng khti xng

- Khng cclo trongdng thi

- Khng tora AOX

- Khng tora bn cntrong qutrnh chunb ha chtty trng

- Gim dintch khuvc chunb ha cht

- Loi bnhngc nguyc do vnchuyn clo

Thit b:Xng toozone

Quy trnh:Cc yu cuv an tontrong khuchun b vvn chuynozone

Cng ngh:Trong nccha csn, vncha ckim chngi vi ccnh my s

dngnguyn liul ph phmnngnghip.

Cha nhlng

Xng sn

xut ozonec chi phu t rt tnkm

- Khngc clotrong

khngkh tixng

- Khngc clotrongdng thi

- Khngto raAOX

- Khngto rabn cntrongqu trnh

chun bha chtty trng

ang c trinkhai thng miti mt s nh

my p dngty khng clo. Chkh thi ti cc nhmy quy m ln.

26 Ty sinhhc

- Gimlng clocn chocng onty

- Khng tora dioxin

- c boco l ctnh kinh t

Cn phi tmhiu xemliu trongnc csn loi

enzymescn thit haycha.

Cha r

S= khngc nhlng

Khng ctc ngtrc tip

Vn cha c ngdng thng mino ca phngphp ty sinh hc

27 Cung cpncnng duy tr tdung trongni nu,nhit thic thuhi t mypht inDiesel(DG)

- Gim thigian nu30-45 pht

- Gim yucu v hit 0,2-0,5tn/tn giy

Thit b:

- ngng vmy bm

- B thu hinhit thi

Cng ngh:C sn trongnc

I= 30.000-150.000 USD

S= 36.000-175.000 USD

P=


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3.3 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt vxeo

My xeo l thit b tiu th nc sch nhiu nht (khong 60% tng lng nctiu th ca nh my). Mt lng ln dng thi c cha xc thi ra t cngon ny. Cc c hi v SXSH ch yu l gim thiu lng nc thi thi ra,

cng vi vic thu hi v ti s dng x. Vic nng cao hiu qu s dng nnglng ca my xeo thng qua bo ton nng lng v gim cc vt cht b tchloi bng cch p dng bin php kim sot quy trnh tt hn v ci tin cng tcbo dng cng l nhng gii php em li hiu qu kinh t. Bng 9 trnh bymt s c hi SXSH c th trin khai ti cng on chun b phi liu bt v xeo.

Bng 9. Cc c hi SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt v xeo

TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

1 Dngpolyaluminiumsilicatesulphate(Pass) lmcht hha thaycho phn

- Tng tnhdn lu

- Gip lc tthn

- Cho phpsn xutc loigiy c nhlng cao

Khng I= Cha nhlng

S= Chanh lng

C th gimc TStrong dngthi

Tnh hiu quca h cnng cao khiPASS c sdng vi tinh btcation

2 S dngcht ntrung tnh to giyt trngcao

- Sn xut racng 1 tngiy nhngtiu th tbt giyhn

- Chi ph sn

xut thphn v linhun caohn

Cng ngh:Cha ctrnh din ticc nh mys dngnguyn liul ph phm

nng nghipQuy trnh:Ch p dngc khinhit bttrong b trnthp hn38oC

I= Khngng k

S=Cn cnh lng

Khng c tcng trctip

Ch p dngc cho ccnh my snxut giy in vgiy vit

3 Ch snng bt

-iu chnhnng bttr nn ddng hn

- Trnh cs binng nhlng giy

- Gim hintng tgiy

- Cho phpsy giyng u

Thit b:Thit b och s nng bt

I= 3.000-6.000 USD

S= 4.000-8.000 USD

P=


38/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

4 Thit biu chnhnng bt

- T ngiu chnhnng bt

- Trnh c

s binng nhlng giy

- Gim chin tngtgiy

- Cho phpsy giyng u

Thit b:Thit b iuchnh nng bt

I= 50.000-90.000 USD

S= 6.000-15.000 USD

P=


39/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch d kin Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

9 Ngnnga trnbt giy tthng u

my xeobng cchb tr hpl b phnche chngn ccim uca li

- Tng thu hi x

-iu kin lmvic tt hn

Khng I= Khng

S= 2.000-10.000 USD

P=


40/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch d kin Yu cuk thut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

14 Dng chnkp gim hintng

dnh giydo p

- Gim t giy

- Kh nng chpnhn bt mncao hn

- Nng cao cngsut do mychy tc cao hn

- Gim tiu thkerosin

- Gim tiu thphn myxeo

- Gim yu cuv hi nctrong my sydo cng ontch nc c

hc c hiusut cao hn

- Gim VOCtrong nc thi

Thit b:

L chn bsung

I=US$10.000-12.000

S=US$

10.000-15.000

P=


41/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch d kin Yu cuk thut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

17 Loi b ctv cht trra khinc thi

ca myra ly tm.

- Ngn ct vcht tr i votrm x lnc thi

(ETP)- Gim s mn

v thng bmtrong ETP t gim bodng

Thit b:Sng i

I-US$ 500-200

S=khng

Khng Trnh c vicphi thngxuyn lm schng cng thi

18 Cung cpcc uphun tthn trongcc viphun lmsch

- Gim tiu thnc

- Hiu sut lmsch cao hnnn kh nnghot ng cathit b cng tthn

Thit b:

- Dngqut phnghoc ccu phunph hpkhc thaycho cc ving c lth s hinti

- Bm plc cao

Cngngh:Ccu ph vmy bmc sntrong nc

I-US$5.000-8.000

S=US$3.000-5.000

P=< 2 nm

Gim thtch dngthi

D thc hin

19 iu chnh rngca giybng vi

phun ctbin

- Gim tiu haogiy do xn

- Gim ti x lgiy bavia

- Gim tiu thhi bin lsy

Khng I-khng

S=phthuc vonhu cu

ca thtrng choloi giy c rngkhc nhau

Khng Chiu rng cagiy do nhu cuth trng chiphi. Thng th

vic ct giy sch yu theokch c yu cu.

20 Lp tthit bnghingiy tngay timy xeo

- Gim yu cuti s l

- Gim tiu thha cht vcht n

- Gim yu cuvn chuyn domy nghin tgn im ct

giy- Gim ti lng

nhim

Thit b:

- Mynghingiy t

-ngng vnchuynbt giy

- Bm

Quy trnh:Cn cdin tch10 m2trong khuvc myxeo

I-US$20.000-50.000

S=US$6.000-12.000

Gim thtthot x

Khon tit kimc th cao hnkhi sn xut giyvit do lu licc cht n vha cht


42/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

21 Lp tthm b lp

- Tng khnng tchnc chc

- Gim tiuth hinc trongkhu sy

- Tng tc my xeo vt nngcao cngsut

Thit b: B lp

Quy trnh: Cnphi c khng

gian gia l phin ti v bphn sy

I-US$25.000-40.000

S=US$

15.000-20.000

P=< 2 nm

-- Gii php nythng cp dng trongtrng hp c

khng gian.Chuyn mysy l mtcng victng iphc tp votn km.

Trang b thmb phn chnh

22 Thay thkp thi lp phatrn gim hintngdnh do p

- Gim tgiy

- Gim tiuth kerosinv cc cht

chng dnh- Tng 3-4%

cng sut

- Gim tilng nhim

Thit b: Ngita bo corng cc qu lSS v MS tihot ng hiuqu hn ccqu l kiutruyn thng

I-US$6.000-10.000

S=US$10.000-

15.000P=< 1nm, datrn tuith qu lbnh qun6 thng

Gim tilng TS vyu cu

Gii php nyyu cu gimst cht chcc qu l p thay thngay khi chin tngdnh do ptng

23 Cung cpthm chptc cao my syhi nc

- Tng nngsut myxeo

- Ci thinbin hiusut sy

Thit b:

- Chp tc cao

- Gii php nyc khuynngh cho bcsy cui cng

Cng ngh: Csn trong nc

I-US$50.000-80.000

S=US$60.000-80.000

P=< 1 nm

Gim bin nhim khngkh

Gii php nyl tn km ivi cc nhmy nh. Tuynhin thi gianhon vn rtn tng.

Cn phi dng

my lu lpt h thng.

Trang b thmb phn chnh

24 Thit bsave all thu hi x

- Tngcng thuhi x

- Gim tilng nhim

- Gim thtch dngthi

- Phn nc

lc c thdng thaycho ncsch

Cng ngh:

- C ba loi hthng save all.

- Tuyn ni khho tan(DAF), lng,v lc a.

Thit b: Mybm h thngsave all

Quy trnh:

- Tiu th thmnng lng

- Tiu th thmcht in ly acc

Nhn lc: DAFcn phi cnhn s c tayngh

Cho hthng DAF:

I-US$30.000-50.000

S=US$15.000-25.000

P=< 2 nm

Cho hthng lng:

I-US$10.000-15.000

S=US$10.000-15.000

P=< 1 nm

Gim 4% tilng TS vCOD

H thng DAFs dng nhiuha cht vnng lnghn nhng lic th khnng thu hix cao hn.H thng nycng yu cucn phi quantm cn thnkhi vn hnh.

B lc asave all l hotng thay gphn c ti ccnh my mip dng chohu ht ccloi giy.


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TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh khthi kinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

25 Lp tmt hthng kimsot cht

lng trctuyn

- Ci tin snxut

- Sn lngcao hn

- Ci thincht lngsn phm

- Gim suttiu haonng lngv nc

Phn cng:Tuyn ni yucu cn c nhns tay ngh cao

Phn cng: Yucu cn phinghin cu chitit hn

Cha nhlngc

26 Thay ic mtli t 40ln 80 umti thit bra

- Gim thtthot x

Thay i c mtli ca myra potcher

I = US $500

S = Khngc s liu

Gim TS

27 Thay i

c mtli t 40m ln100 m tithit b lmc

- Gim tht

thot x

Thay i c mt

li ca thit blm c

I = US$

500S = Khngc s liu

Gim TS

28 Tng nhit nghina btnng

- Tng khnng thuhi x

- Gim phphm sng

khng I = US$125

S= US$5.000

Gim TS Cn khm phkh nng pdng ti ccnh my sdng nguynliu g

3.4 Gii php SXSH cho cng on thu hi ha cht

Mc ch chnh ca vic thu hi ha cht l ly li nhng ha cht dngtrong qu trnh nu bt. Vic thu hi ny c thc hin bng cch c c dchen v em t trong ni hi thu hi.

Trong cc nh my s dng quy trnh sn xut bt kraft, dung dch nng chysau khi t c cha cacbonat natri, v sunphua natri. Sau dch nng chyc ha tan to ra dch xanh. Dch xanh sc kim ha bng vi ti to ra dch trng s dng trong cc ni nu. Bn vi c to ra bi kim si sc ra v thu hi li bng cch nung thnh vi trong mt l quay. Mt s nhmy s dng nguyn liu th c cha silic th s khng thu hi bn vi m thi racc bi chn lp. Cc gii php c trnh by trong bng 10.


44/108


Bng 10. Cc c hi SXSH trong thu hi ha cht

TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

1 Ti u hathu hinhin liu

ngng t

- Gim tnglng phtthi cc

hp chtlu hunh

- Gim tiuth nc

Phn cng:Tch hinc (Ct

chng ct agiai on)

Ngun t hthng ti tunhon

I=US$3.000-4000

S=US$6000-8000P= 0,5 nm

Gim thtch v tilng

nhim huc

Ti s dngphn ngng tcc nh my

giy bao b

2 Cung cpl vi nung bnvi

- Thu hi snphm ph

- Gim chiph vnchuyn vx l chtthi

Phncng:L vi,b phn lngtnh in lvi v phncng i km

I=US$ 0,6 1,0 triu

S=US$ 0,3 0,5 triu

P = 2 nm

Gim TS t10,0 n15,0 kg/tngiy

Khng kh thi rt nhiu nhmy s dngnguyn liu lph phm nngnghip v tre dotch t silic

3 Trnh trnbn vi

trong rabn

- Ci thiniu kin

lm vic- Gim pht

thi

Khng I=US$10.000-15.000

S= USS$20.000-30.000

P= 0,5 nm

Gim TS t5,0 n 10,0

kg/tn giy

4 Thay thmy hahi a tcng bngmy hahi mngri

- Gim lnghi tiu th

- Gim s lndng snxut

- t n mn

Phn cng:

Thit b hahi mng riv cc phkin

I=US$0,5 0,7 triu

S= USS$ 0,1 0,15 triu

P= nm

Khng

3.5 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc ph tr

Khu vc ph tr thng bao gm l hi (khng bao gm l hi thu hi khu vcthu hi ha cht), trm lm mm nc, v tua-bin cng nh my pht in diesel(DG). L hi l ngun pht sinh cht thi chnh di dng kh, nc v rn. ythng c xem l h thng h tr sn xut duy nht v v th t khi ngi taquan tm n tnh hiu qu ca n.

Do cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc ph tr ch yu tp trung vo ci tin hiuqu v cc c hi thu hi/tun hon. Bng 11 tm tt nhng gii php SXSH cho

khu vc ph tr.


45/108


Bng 11. Cc c hi SXSH cho khu vc ph tr

TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

1 S dngncmm lm

nc cpcho nihi

- Gim bmcn ng lhi v v th

gim t lhng ng

- Tng hiuqu v cngsut ni hi

- Gim thtthot nhitqua nc xy

- Gim chi phbo dngni hi

- Gim yucu xy

Thit b:Trm lmmm nc


Nhn lc:Yu cunhn s ctay ngh

I=US$4.000-8000

S=US$4.000-8.000P=< 1 nm

Gim nhim khngkh 3-5%

Chi ph b sungcho vic ti chha cht v yu

cu nhn lc lrt thp so vikhon tit kimc. S dngnc mm ctc dng tt vitui th ni hi.

L gii phpquan trng trongcc ni hi psut cao.

2 Lp tb nccp vb thuhi ncngng

- Tng cngcng sutsinh hi

- Gim yucu v nhinliu

Thit b: Vtliu cchnhit

I=US$1.000-2.000

S=US$3.000-6.000

P=< 1 nm

Gim nhim khngkh

D thc hin

3 Cchnhit ttcho ngdn hi

- Gim p suth thng vhin tnggim nhit

- Gim tn thtnhit t ngdn hi

- Nu hiu qu

hn do psut hi caohn


I = US$2.000-10.000

S=US$1.000-10.000

P=< 1-2nm

Gim bin nhim khngkh

D thc hin

4 Bodngnh kcho bDG

- Gim suttiu haonhin liu 5-10%

Quy trnh:Bo dngphng nga

I = US$3.000-8.000

S=US$6.000-10.000

P=< 1 nm

Gim nhim khngkh t b DG

Cn phi chunb v tun th khoch bodng phngnga

5 Ti uha hthngngpht

bngcchnngcp/hini ha

- Gim tiu thnhin liu

- Gim tiu thhi nc

Phn cng:

- Bo tn nihi tng si

- Tua-bin

pht in

I = US$1.000-12.000

S=US$4.000-5.000

P=< 3 nm

Khng cnh hngln

Cn phi dngmy trong mtkhong thi gianng k


46/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

6 Thu hinhit thit b DG


ng ngtrao i nhit

7 Lp tthit bkim sotnhu cuti a

- C th trnhvic pht dodo vt qunhu cu vin camkt

Thit b:Thit b kimsot nhu cuti a


I = US$5.000-10.000

S= kh nhlng

Khng c tcng trctip

Gii php nyc th p dngc cho ccthit b c ccgii hn nhu cucam kt thp.Khon tit kimc c th phthuc vo s lnnhu cu ti avt qu mccam kt.

8 Thit lpc chkim sotcpnhin liu(v tru)cho nihi

- Cho phpcc ni hihot ngvi cng sutti a bngcch mbo tnhin liuu n

Thit b:Thit b kimsot cp


I=US$3.000-7.000

S= kh nh

lng

Gim nhim khngkh

Gim phtsinh tro bi

n gin, dthc hin

9 Cpnc bsung choncngng

- Gim hintng khahi mybm ncngng

- Gim tiuhao hi x tb ncngng

Thit b:ng ng

US$ 200 300

S=US$3,300-5000(trn c ssn c)

P=< 1 nm

nh hngbin

n gin, dthc hin

10 Ti uha qutrnhchytrong lhi

- Gim yucu v nhinliu do gimtn tht nhitqua khi lv thankhng chyht trong x

Nhn lc:Cng nhnl hi co to vnhnh ni hi c th tiu ha qutrnh tchy

I= KhngS= da trnvic nng 2-7% CO2hin ti cth tng ln10%

Gim nhim khngkh

Gii php nyyu cu phi cci tin trongthc hnh snxut

11 ngthu hincngng

- Gim tn thtnhit

- Nhit nc cpcao hn v vth sinh hinhanh hn


I=US$ 700 1.000

S=US$ 700 1 .000

P= 1 nm

Khng cnh hngln

n gin v dthc hin

12 Trnh rr ncngng vhi nc

- Gim tn thtnhit

- Gim yucu v bnc

Khng I= khngng k

S= kh nhlng

Khng c tcng g ln

Gii php nyyu cu cngtc bo dngsa cha phidin ra kp thi


47/108


TT

C hiSXSH

Li ch dkin

Yu cu kthut

Tnh kh thikinh t

Tc ngmi trng

Ghi ch

13 Hp lhanghi v

ngncngng

- Gim nhit v hintng rt p

Thit b:ng ng

Kh nhlng; cth khcnhau ty

trng hp

Khng c tcng ln

Cn phi cbit ch trnhcc on congv cc on ni

ph khng cnthit trn ngng ncngng.

14 B kimsot vix l ivikhngkh d tini hi


- Gim tiu thin

Phn cng:

- Thit bcm ngxi

- Cng ckim sot

- Cn cVSD chocc qut vloi ny c

sn trongnc

Khng cnh lng

Khng cnh hngln

--

15 S dngtua-binnh dngp sutngctrong ccvan hp gim t10kg/cm2 xung3 kg/cm2

- Pht in Thit b:Tua-bin nhcho hinc boha

I = khngc nhlng

S= khngc nhlng

Khng c tcng

Cn phi kimtra xem trongnc c sntua-bin loi nhkhng, tuy nhinta c th nhpkhu loi thit bny

15 Bt knn

cc chr trongngng dnkh nn

- Gim tiu th

in

Khng I = Khng

S= khngc nhlng

Khng c tc

ng

16 To rakh nn p sutthp

- Gim tiu thin

Khng I = Khng

S= khngc nhlng

Khng c tcng

17 nh klm schb phnlc khvo trong

my nn

- Gim tiu thin

Khng I = Khng

S= khngc nhlng

Khng c tcng


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4 Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH

Chng ny gii thiu chi tit cch thc tip cn tng bc tin hnh nh gi sn xut schhn ti mt nh my giy v bt giy. Cc phiu cng tc sc cung cp ti cui mi nhim vnhm h trcho vic thu thp, phn tch v bin son dliu. Mc d cc phiu cng tc nycthit k ring cho cc nh my giy v bt giy, nhng vn cha thc sst vi tngiu kin cami doanh nghip, v v th tu thuc vo quy trnh v sn phm khc nhau cn iu ch nh choph hp.Bn cnh cc phiu cng tc, chng ny cn cung cp v dc th v mt nh my giy v btgiy. V dnyc xy dng da trn nghin cunh gi SXSH c thc hin ti cc nhmy khc nhauVit Nam. Km theo nhng v d, chng ny cnga ra nhng nhn xt v sthong ca cc d liu v phn tch tin hnh. Cc nhn xt ny s gip ch cho c gi khithu thp v phn tch dliu cho ccnh gi SXSH tng lai.

L thuyt c bn sau mi nh gi SXSH (CPA) l bt k vt cht no i vo mtnh my th si ra di dng ny hoc dng khc; Tuy nhin, ginh cn bn

c a ra l nguyn liu c d tr s khng tri qua bt c s thay i nov dng v v cht. Thc hin CPA gip pht hin ra ngun pht thi trong quytrnh t c th hn ch cc nguyn nhn v ng thi cht lng snphm c th cng c nng cao.

SXSH ti mt nh my giy v bt giy cn c s tham gia ca tt c cc khuvc sn xut nh lit k Chng 1, v bt k khu vc no cng c timnng gim thiu pht thi. Ngoi ra, cc gii php SXSH ca mi khu vc s chiu ng lin i v tng h vi cc b phn khc. V d, nu thc hin ttkhu lm sch nguyn liu th (ct nh tre trc khi em nu, hoc phn loigiy ph liu k hn trc khi nghin thu lc) th s lm gim lng ha cht,

hi nc trong qu trnh sn xut bt v cng s c tc ng n tng lngnc tiu th v cht lng bt giy tt hn, v.v V th, iu quan trng l phip dng phng php tip cn tng bc phi hp tt c cc b phn vinhau v m bo thc hin SXSH. Phng php tip cn cn phi c s linhhot cn thit thch ng vi nhng tnh hung bt ng. Phng php tip cnny cng m bo vic khai thc ti a nhng c hi SXSH. Chng ny slun bn v mt tip cn c trng c th nghim v kim chng nhiungnh cng nghip ti Vit Nam.

Cng ty Giy Vit Tr thc hin cc nghin cu SXSH nm 1999. Cng ty Giy Vit Tr l mtdoanh nghip nh nc trc thuc B cng nghip. Nh my ca cng ty giy Vit Trc xy

dng nm 1958 v i vo hotng nm 1961. Mt bng c din tch 150.000m2

. Cng ty c tngs 680 cng nhn. Nh my sdng nguyn liu l tre v khng c trm thu hi ha cht. Cng ty c k hoch mrng sn xut ln cng sut 25.000 tn/nm. K hoch sn xut nm 2010t50.000 tn/nm.


49/108


4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng

4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm

CPA st c hiu qu cao nht khi c thc hin theo nhm. V th victhnh lp nhm l mt phn quan trng khi ln k hoch trin khai CPA. Nhm

s gm cc thnh vin l nhn vin ca doanh nghip, v c s h tr thmt trung tm sn xut sch hoc chuyn gia t vn trong nc khi cn. Cn phich to mi quan h cht ch gia cc thnh vin thng qua cc cuc hp nhk. Chn la thnh phn ca nhm l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng v nulm khng tt th nhm c th gp phi nhng tr ngi t ni b v c t bnngoi (v d t pha cc nhn vin v cng nhn ca doanh nghip).

Vi cc doanh nghip ln, mt nhm c th bao gm trong mti nng ct (gm i din cacc phng ban khc nhau) v mt s thnh phn cho tng nhim vcth. Vi cc doanh nghipva v nh, nhm c th chgm chdoanh nghip v mt qun c - ngi gim st cc hotng hng ngy. Nhm ny nn khi xng, iu phi v gim st cc hotng CPA.cc nh my giy v bt giy quy m ln, mt nhm c th gm 8-10 thnh vin, cn vi cc

nh my nh th nhm c th chcn t4-6 thnh vin.

thc hin c hiu qu, v c bn, nhm phi c kin thc phn tch vr sot thc hnh sn xut hin ti ca doanh nghip. H cn phi c c sngto pht hin, xy dng v nh gi nhng ci tin trong thc hnh sn xut.Cui cng, h phi c nng lc trin khai nhng can thip kh thi v kinh t.

mt nh my giy v bt giy, nhm ny cn phi gm nhn s ca cc bphn chun b nguyn liu th, sn xut bt giy, chun b phi liu bt, myxeo, (b phn thu hi ha cht, b phn ty trng cc nh my c sn xut tchhp), cc trang thit b ph tr, v bo dng. Ty vo nhu cu c th, nh my

c th mi cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia vo thnh phn ca nhm.

Nhm SXSH trc ht cn phi ln k hoch cng vic v cc vn v t chccn thit m bo s c cc d liu hoc cc thng tin cn thit trong nhiugiai on nh gi. n cui qu trnh nh gi, nhm cn phi thu thp ccc thng tin chung v nh my. Phiu cng tc 1 s h tr vic thu thp v tnghp thng tin.


50/108


PHIU CNG TC 1: Thng tin chung

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

t n/nm t n/nm

Lng

m3/nm

m3/nm Ni hi 1 t/gi

kwh/nmNi hi 2My nn 1

t/gicfm

kwh/nm My nn 2 cfm

t/nmMy pht

in 1 KVAt/nmt/nm

My pht

in 2 KVACCT

INGUYNN

CV

N

NGL

NG

Chc v B phn

Bt giy nhp

PHIU CNG TC 1

Tn v a ch cng ty

TnNHM SXSH

Vi

Nha

Ty trngKhng ty trng

Ty trng

Tre

HA

CHT

KimClo

Peoxit hidro

Cc sn phm chnh

Giy vitGiy bao gi

Giy tissueGiy c bit

Khc

NGUYNL

IU

Neozapha

Eucylyptus

Phn

Thng tin c bn v cng ty v chi tit sn phmCng sut lp t, tn kh gi

(ADT)/ nm Vn hnh thc t, ADT/ nm

Khu vc bt giy

Khu vc xeo

Khng ty trng

Cc cht n

Than

Khc

Thu hi hacht

Hypo

Cc u vo s dng

Giy ph liuGiy bo

Khc

t/giDu t pht in

CC

THIT

BPH

TR

Nc ging khoan

in muain pht

Nc mua

Du t cho l hi

Cng sut


51/108


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

2512

740

khng

khng

625

67336

622

S lng

m3/nm Cng sut

m3/nm

kwh/nm

kwh/nm

t/nm

t/nm

t/nm

Tn/nmtn/nm

2801

1272 Vi

Hypo

27927

Phn

Khc

Giy ph liu

Giy boKhc

Bt giy nhp

Clo

Peroxit hidro

4727

khngkhng

654

333

Thnh vin

Cng sut lp t ADT/ mm nm

Thnh vinPh gim c phn xng ni hi

Cng nhn

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

3000

500

Cng nhn

Cng ty giy Bi Bng

i Hc Xy Dng H Ni

Cng ty thit k ha cht cng nghip

9000 7439

Tp on ha cht Vit Nam

Thnh vin

Nguyn Xun Sinh

Thng tin c bn v cng ty v sn xut (1999)

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vin

Thnh vinNginh Bnh

Ph gim c nh my bt giy

Ph gim c nh my giy

L Th Hin

Nguyn Th Qunh Hng

PHIU CNG TC 1 (V d)

Cng ty giy Vit Tr, Huyn Thanh Miu, Tp Vit Tr, Tnh Ph ThTn v a ch cng ty

Nguyn Ngc Chu

T - 210 846 702

Thnh vinPh tng gim c

K thut vin mi trng

Trng phng k thut

Cng nhn

inh Vn Ngi

Ph phng k thut

Nguyn Th Bng

Nguyn Trng Qu

Nguyn Cng Thnh

V Ngc Thc

Nguyn Thnh Chung

Luinh Ton

Bi Th Hoa

K ton

Vai trNguyn Vn Hin

Dng Vn Chin

Tn Chc vNHM SXSH

Ty

Tre

HA

CHT

Kim

Khng ty

Nha

NC

V

NNGL

NG

khng p dng

t st

Sn phm chnhGiy vit

Giy bao b

Giy TissuGiy c bit

Khc

Tng 12500

Cc u vo s dng

Tng 9072

TyKhng ty

Nh my giy

Nh my bt giy10000

NGUYN

LIU

Neozapha

Du pht in

8735500

8211

khng p dngNc mua

Than

Eucylyptus

khng p dng

Ni hi

Trm thu hi HC

My nn

khng p dng

CC

THITBPHTR

Nc gingkhoan

in mua

in pht

1065

2385000

My pht diesel

Du t l hi


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NHN XT: Nhm c thnh lp cng ln th vic tng hp s liu v sphi hp gia cc thnhvin trong nhm nhng giaion tip theo s ngy cng kh khn. Hn th na vic tp hp ycc thnh vin trong cc cuc hp cng gp nhng kh khn nhtnh.

Mt s d liu ca nh my khng sn c, v th cc thnh vin ca nhm cnthu thp v in vo cc thng tin cn thiu.

Mt nh gi SXSH s yu cu phi c mt lng ti liu v thng tin nht nh.Nu cha c nhng yu t ny th s phi xy dng v cp nht. Phiu cng tc2 s gip nh gi mc sn c ca thng tin.

PHIU CNG TC 2: Tnh sn c ca thng tin

THNG TINTNH SN

C

NGUN V CCH

TIP CNGHI CH

S nh my

Phiu theo di sn xut

Phiu theo di s dng nguyn liu

Phiu theo di s dng ti nguyn

S m t quy trnh

Cn bng vt liu

Cn bng nng lng

Cn bng nc

H s ph phm v cht lng

Phiu theo di bo dng

Phn tch cht thi

Cc thng tin khc

Sn lng

Chs Kappa ca bt nu

Thi gian chu k nu

Cc bc v thi gian ty

Cc kt qu kim tra hiu sut ni hi

Kim tra r rkh nn

Kho st cch nhit ng ng hi

nc

Hiu sut trm x l dng thi

V d sau y v nh my giy Vit Tr


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Phiu cng tc 2 : Tnh sn c ca thng tin (V d)

THNG TIN TNH SN CNGUN V TIP

CNGHI CH

S nh my Khng c Cn phi vPhiu theo di sn xut C

Phiu theo di s dng

nguyn liu C

S thu thp t

nhiu b phnkhc nhau Kh tng hpPhiu theo di s dng ti

nguynC

S thu thp tnhiu b phnkhc nhau

Kh tng hp

S m t quy trnh C

Cn bng vt liu Khng c

Cn bng nng lng Khng c

Cn bng nc Khng c

H s ph phm v cht

lngKhng c

Phiu theo di bo dng C

Phn tch cht thi Khng c

Nhn xt: D liu sn c rt khng khp nhau v v th hu ht d liu cn phic thu thp.Dliu cha c cn phic cc thnh vin ca nhm tng hp.

4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi

Khi c thng tin chung v nh my, nhm SXSH phi lit k tt c cc bc

chnh trong quy trnh, c th l chun b nguyn liu, sn xut bt giy, chun bphi liu bt, xeo, v cc khu vc ph tr bao gm c h thng thu hi ha cht.Nhm SXSH cn phi tin hnh mt cuc kho st thc a.

Kho st thc a l mt k thut n l hiu qu nht c c thng tin banu v hot ng sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn. Nhm SXSH khng nn tinhnh kho st thc a khi ang dng sn xut (nh vo cui tun hay trong chuk sn xut t, hoc trong cc ca m). Nhm nn bt u kho st t khu vctip nhn nguyn liu v kt thc b phn c lin quan n thnh phm. Khost thc a cng cn phi tin hnh c cc khu vc ph tr nh ni hi, mypht in, b cha nhin liu, trm bm, cc trm lm lnh, trm x l nc th,

trm x l nc thi, v.v Kho st thc a khng phi nhm mc ch tm rali m l hiu thu o cc dng nguyn liu v nng lng, v pht kincc tng nng cao hiu qu, tng li nhun v ci t in mi trng tng th.Tin hnh kho st thc a cng l mt c hi kt bn nhm c thm ccmi lin h v xy dng quan h hp tc tim nng trong tng lai. V vy,ngi thc hin khng c ph phn m phi t thi xy dng v a racc gi ci tin.


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PHIU CNG TC 3: Cc bc quy trnh km theo dng thi

BambooW aste paperAgro residueOthers Dust (s)E lec tric ity Screeening Rejects (s)

WaterCaustic (NaOH) Leakages, spills , floor washSteam black liquor (l)E lec tric ity pulp wash (l)Chlorine BW T overflow (l)Hypo Bleach wash (l)Hydrogen perox ide Screening Rejects (s )

Centricleaner rejects (l)Thickner filtarte (l)Decker filterate (l)Flash steam (g)

Vented air (g)

Additives OthersDyes and Fillers SpillsE lec tric ity Floor wash

Poly electrolyteA lum Excess wire pit water (l)E lec tric ity Centric leaner reject (l)S team Save all excess water (l)W ater Couch decker filterate(l)B io A ids Others waste

Flash steam(g)Fuel Oil DG set exhaust (g)Coal Boiler Flue gas (g)E lec tric ity Boiler ash (s)

Bleaching sludge (s)Other wasteCondensate(l)Leaking com pressed air (g)

Lime Foul condensate (l)B lack liquor Ash (s)W ater Lime mud (s)

Steam Spills (s)E lec tric ity Other waste

UTILITIES

CHEMICAL

RECOVERY

RAW MATERIAL

PREPARATION

PULPING SECTION

STOCKPREPARATION

PAPER M AKING

CHUN B

NGUYN LIU

BambooW aste paperAgro residueOthers Dust (s)

SXSH Giay-Printed Version

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