Swetha Sst Project
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Transcript of Swetha Sst Project
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The Aftermath Loss of Human and animal lives Economic loss in terms of damages to crops and
infrastructure
Loss of livelihood
Damage to housing and habitat
Improper location
Faulty design, use of poor quality materials
Sub-standard construction practices
Non-compliance to building codes
Lack of awareness of:
Safe Construction practices
Disaster resistant practices
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The Aftermath Loss of Human and animal lives Economic loss in terms of damages to
crops and infrastructure
Loss of livelihood
Damage to housing and habitat Improper location
Faulty design, use of poor quality materials
Sub-standard construction practices
Non-compliance to building codes
Lack of awareness of:
Safe Construction practices
Disaster resistant practices
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IntroductionDisaster Resistant construction practices are as important asdisaster resistant structural designs. In fact the methodology for
construction also should be designed for disaster resistance. We
should have proper implemenation of the structuraldetails so as to
let the structure behave as envisiged.
The quality and methodology of construction is equally important.
For example we use cover blocks. If the cover blocks are not cast
properly in good quality concrete then they facilitate concrete
deterioration. Ultimately this affects durability ands erviceablity of
the structure.
The Durability and serviceability are the key elements of any
structure. Ensuring Quality in construction will enable achieving
durability and serviceability as a desired end result.
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EARTHQUAKE:The building should have a simple rectangular plan.
Long walls should be supported by reinforced concrete
columns.
Large buildings having plans with shapes like T,U,L and X.
It should preferably be separated into rectangular blocks
by providing gaps in between.
Doors and window openings in walls , preferably be small& more centrally located.
The location of openings should not be too close to the
edge of the wall.
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LANDSLIDE
Seasonal inspections.
Regular maintenance of drainage facilities.Protect vulnerable area:
Keep surface drainage water away from
vulnerable areas (steep slopes, loose soils &
non-vegetated surfaces.)
Intercept surface water.
Stabilize slopes:
Improve soils ability .
Straw, woodchips applied to a depth of at
least one inch.
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FLOODSavoid residing on river banks & slopes on river
sides.
build at least 250 mts away from the sea coast .build proper drainage system in all flood prone
areas.
construct the building with a plinth level higher
than the known high flood level.
construct the whole village on a raised plat form
higher than the high flood level.
construct buildings on stilts or columns with wall
free space at ground level permitting free flow
of water.
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CYCLONESSite selection
Platforms and orientationFoundations:- effect of surge or flooding,
Building on stilts
Wall openings
Glass panelling
Roof architecture
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ALTERNATIVE
COMMUNICATIVE
TECHNIQUES
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Alternative CommunicationTechnologies(Augmentative and AlternativeCommunication)Introduction
Alternative Communication Technologies are devices used by individuals
who are either unable to speak or whose speech in unintelligible. There is a
wide range of ACTs commercially available. The most important elementconcerning these devices is that they reflect as closely as possible, the
users own abilities and that they fulfil the needs of the user.
What is the difference between a dedicated device and a communication
software programme?
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Dedicated Communication DevicesDedicated communication devices are designed specifically with
communication as their primary goal, although recent advances in infra-red
and Bluetooth technologies have led to the incorporation of environmental
control options being added in an increasing number of cases.
They are available with both text-based and symbol-based programmes, and
many are wheelchair mountable. Typically they will store frequently used
words or phrases in memory that can be accessed by a two or three key
combination. For example UB = I need to use the bathroom, please. They
typically include a Word Prediction Facility as standard. This is a very useful
tool as it significantly reduces the number of keystrokes a user has to make.
Symbol based communication devices are commonly used by individuals
whose literacy skills prevent them from accessing a text-based system.
However, there is a range of symbol-based language representation systems,
called Minspeak, which require the user to learn a specific symbol coding
system so that symbols can be used individually or in combination tocommunicate. Sometimes this offers a more efficient method of
communication than using text, even for highly literate users.
Other symbol based communication devices are much simpler, and allow the
user to decide which symbol is associated with which word. These symbols
can then be used to store single words, phrases or entire sentences,
depending on the users abilities.
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PC Based Communication SoftwareProgrammesIn recent years, a wide number of manufacturers have developed
software programmes which can be installed on to a standard
Windows computer.
Communication software programmes come in a range of styles, and
vary in complexity. Some are largely 'content-free', and allow the user
and his/her family/carers to programme words and messages to suit
the users specific requirements. Others come with templates
consisting of vocabulary sets which enable the user to communicate
straight away, without the need for immediate programming. However,
all software should be customisedto meet the users needs, and
should be updated on a regular basis as the users needs change and
expand.
As with dedicated devices, communication software programmes can
be text-based or symbol-based.
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First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness orinjury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained
personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive
medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting
illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical
care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of
a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-
saving techniques that an individual can be trained to
perform with minimal equipment.
While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the
term generally refers to care of human patients.
First aid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness -
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a.Seek Medical help as soon as possible.
b. Meanwhile - Wash wound with soap/water
Immobilize the affected area
Keep area slightly elevatedApply cool compress/wet cloth to affected part
Apply a firm bandage 2-4 inches above bite to
i. Prevent venom from spreading
ii.Take care of any bleeding
Snake Bites
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Although you can provide first aid for a dog bite at home, it's
very important to see a doctor, especially if an unfamiliar dog
bit you, the bite is deep, you can't stop the bleeding, or there
are any signs of infection (redness, swelling, warmth, pus).
Dog bites can cause infections that need to be treated with
antibiotics.
To care for a dog bite injury at home:
Place a clean towel over the injury to stop any bleeding.
Try to keep the injured area elevated.
Wash the bite carefully with soap and water.
Apply a sterile bandage to the wound.
Apply antibiotic ointment to the injury every day to prevent
infection.
Dog Bite
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Wash hands well before administering to patient
Wear synthetic glovesMake the victim lie down
Slightly elevate the legs
If possible keep the affected area elevated
Remove any obvious debris/particle
Apply direct pressure using clean cloth/bandage
Use hand if cloth is not availableApply pressure continuously for at least 20 minutes
Do not remove the cloth to check the bleeding
Hold the bandage in place using an adhesive tape
If bleeding seeps through bandage, do not remove it
Add extra bandage on top of the first one
Apply direct pressure on the artery if necessaryThe pressure points for arm--below arm- pit/above elbow
For leg--behind knee/near groin
Squeeze the artery keeping finger flat
Continue applying pressure on the wound
Once bleeding stops immobilize the affected part
See a doctor
Bleeding
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Fracture:SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. Call for EMS, or transport victim to emergency room
after immobilizing affected area. Wait for EMS and DO NOT attempt to transport victim if yoususpect head, back, or neck injury; if there's a visible deformity of bone; or if the victim cannot
be splinted or transported without causing more pain.
Suspect back or neck injury if victim is unconscious or has head injury, neck pain, or tingling in
arms or legs. If neck or back injury suspected, DO NOT move victim unless necessary to save
victim's life. See back or neck injury.
Immobilize and support affected bone in position found. DO NOT try to push protruding bone
back into body or let victim move or use affected area.
Control any bleeding through direct pressure, but DO NOT elevate affected area. See
bleeding,external.
If bone is protruding, cover with clean cloth once bleeding is controlled.
Observe for shock (see shock). DO NOT give victim anything to eat or drink.
Immobilize injured area, and, if no open wound present, apply ice pack wrapped in clean cloth.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid5.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid7.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid22.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid22.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid7.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/first-aid5.htm -
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First aid :faintingFirst aid treatment for a person who has faintedincludes: Help the person lie down. A person who has
fainted in a chair should be helped to the ground.
If the person is unconscious, roll them on their side.
Check they are breathing and that they have a pulse.
If possible, elevate the persons feet above the height oftheir head.
If the fainting episode was brought on by heat, remove
or loosen clothes, and try to cool the person down by
wiping them with a wet cloth or fanning them.
Assess the person for any potential injuries if they havefallen.
In an emergency, always call triple zero (000) for an
ambulance if the person has not regained
consciousness within a few seconds or recovered in a
few minutes.
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