SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 1 1.0 Abstract

Street sweeping operations have gradually evolved from largely manual and

predominantly local operations involving people pushing hand brooms along streets,

to encompass large-scale mechanized fleets of street sweepers managed by

municipalities. The original goals of street sweeping that focused attention on sanitary

conditions and waste removal have given way to broader concerns of storm water

pollution reduction, urban cleanliness, and aesthetic considerations. Indeed, sanitary

conditions, at least in most modern cities, is no longer a significant issue because of

relatively efficient sewage systems that quickly remove and treat wastes. However,

this is not true for cities in some less wealthy nations, where raw sewage and

untreated wastes can still be found running along streets and in drainage ditches in

both commercial and residential districts.

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Street Sweeper

Street sweepers have been employed in cities since sanitation and waste removal

became a priority. A street-sweeping person would use a broom and shovel to clean

off litter, animal waste and filth that accumulated on streets. Later, water hoses were

used to wash the streets. Machines were created in the 19th century to do the job more

efficiently. Today, modern street sweepers are mounted on truck bodies and can

vacuum debris that accumulates in street.

2.2.1 Invention Chronology of History

2.2.1 Mechanical Sweeper

United Kingdom

By the 1840s, Manchester, England, had become known as the first industrial

city. Manchester was home to the first passenger rail service in the world and

had one of the largest textile industries of that time. As a result, the robust

metropolitan, was said to be Englands unhealthiest place to live. In response to

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 2 this unsanitary environment, Joseph Whitworth invented the mechanical street

sweeper. The street sweeper was designed with the primary objective to remove

trash from streets in order to maintain aesthetic goals and safety.

United States

Its inventor, C.S. Bishop, patented the first street sweeping machine in 1849.

For a long time, street sweepers were just rotating disks covered with wire

bristles. These rotating disks served as mechanical brooms that swept the dirt on

the streets.

John M. Murphy called at the offices of American Tower and Tank Company in

Elgin, Illinois, in the fall of 1911. He had a plan of a motor driven pickup street

sweeper. The American Tower and Tank Company had been formed in 1903 by

Charles A. Whiting and James Todd. They called in a recently acquired silent

partner, Daniel M. Todd, and it was decided to hire Mr. Murphy and begin the

development of his idea. That started what has become the Elgin Sweeper

Company.

After two years of trial, development, experimentation, and research, there was

achieved the sweeper that Murphy was satisfied performed all of the sweeping

functions in the manner he had envisioned one which partners James and

Daniel M. Todd and Charles A. Whiting were willing to risk a reputation gained

from 30 years manufacturing experience.

In the fall of 1913, the City of Boise, Idaho, purchased the first Elgin Sweeper,

following a demonstration. Boise Street Commissioner, Thomas Finegan, made

a comparison showing a savings of $2,716.77 from the Elgin motorized sweeper

when used rather than a horse-drawn sweeper.

Following its introduction and initial sales, John M. Murphy continued the

perfection of his sweeper. In 1917, US patents were filed and issues for J. M.

Murphy, Street Sweeping machine.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 3 2.3 Literature Review

This chapter discussed article written by Abu Bakar bin Yang posted in Utusan

Malaysia shared throughout by Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia.

2.3.1 Consumer level

Total waste can be referred to as an indicator of the amount of use

(consumption) of a person. Similarly, the type of waste that provides an

overview of the commodity being used by someone. In this connection the trash

becomes a sign of consumerism society. Types of waste disposed will give an

overview of the culture and life cycle patterns. For example, if we are in any

hostel which is home to most of those who are single, it is normal that a lot of

garbage is dumped from the packaging of fast food. The situation would be

different if we are in the industry, because of the type of waste disposed

certainly more focused on industrial waste materials.

2.3.2 Symbol of lifestyle

This has more to do with health, either healthy lifestyles or not. On average

thinking, waste is often associated with impurities. Garbage is dirty, trash can

cause disease, rotten garbage, trash painful eye of the beholder, and a thousand

and one evils of litter. Thus, by any means trash must be removed from our

living environment. Thinking patterns has to be implanted and we will insist

that waste is a sign or symbol to a style of human life, whether a person can be

called a polluter because of his lifestyle mired in unmanageable waste, or a

clean and pure person because he and she can deal with the garbage that

surrounds it.

2.3.3 Effectiveness of managing waste

If we remember the events that befall the squatters Leuwigajah, Bandung,

Indonesia, on February 21, 2005, incident slump in Landfill Garbage that killed

more than 100 lives. Perhaps this incident can give a little bit of a lesson to us

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 4 that waste management is not a trivial matter. Without good management and

structured then life became the real stakes.

2.3.4 Intelect approach

A challenge to the intellectual knowledge and financial opportunities to the

creative. Since then until the last few years, our community litter as' absolutely

useless junk and have no commercial value. But actually getting garbage is seen

as a useless waste that is eligible to be removed, then it is more a reflection of

the low level of knowledge among us. The notion that such a course is a matter

of no benefit to the development of knowledge. Rubbish, when defined as the

final destiny for a travel guide material, the intellectual development of our

knowledge will be frozen, rigid, static and dead ends.

2.4 Market Survey

From this research, street sweepers need no introduction at United Kingdom and

United States. While commonly used in China, Taipei and Dubai but none being used

in South-East Asia region. Expenditures evaluation done by an Australian company

on a breakdown of the cost of running a sweeper as per tabulated below: TRUCK PAYMENT $850.00 FIXED INSURANCE $200.00 FIXED GAS AND OIL $450.00 APPROX. 10% MAINTENANCE $100.00 2% - 5% TOTAL $1,600.00

Operational costs as per employee:

OPERATION FOR VEHICLE $16.53 WAGES $ 8.00 INSURANCE/ SOCIAL SECURITY/ W. COMP. $26.53 HOUR

THIS IS YOUR COST PER HOUR $26.53 HOUR

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 5 The best potential of course for any sweeping business is to operate the sweeper 24

hours a day, in three shifts. This operation would give you maximum return on

investment. Unfortunately that is probably not reality. Most sweepers work all night

long because that is when the centers are free of cars. An average sweeping company

running a full time, seven day a week sweeping business should be operating some

where around 200 hours per month. At an average of $38.00 dollars an hour your

gross monthly billing should be $7,600.00 per month. Here is an example of how a

full time business should break down.

Wages 220 hours @8.00 per hour $1,700.00 Workmans compensation $660.00 Equipment operational cost $1,600.00

Maintenance $304.00

TOTAL EXPENSES (4,324.00)

TOTAL INCOME $7,600.00

NET PROFIT $3,276.00

This company report shows that profit gain from running this sweeper as a business.

By winning a municipal contract usually gives the advantage of keeping the machines

on the job on a regular daily schedule. By keeping the machines in a central location,

which provides with added advantages such as transporting the sweepers using

garbage truck or lorries requires no driving to and from jobs will save on fuel, labor

hours and maintenance on the sweepers is lower also easier to schedule. The

equipment will be secure when it is just feasible to drive along the designated street or

in this case at night markets. A major advantage with a municipal contract is that you

know you are getting paid without any hassle. So that budget for operation will be

better with a more even cash flow.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 6 3.0 Problem Definition

3.1 Problem Statement

In Malaysia, the average daily population of the city accounted for at least 1.5

kilograms of garbage per day, compared to 0.8 kilograms for the rural population.

According to statistics released this means, in large cities in our country landfill waste

reached 18,000 tonnes per day. No doubt this rate rather continued to increase from

year to year.

3.1.1 Role and responsibility

According to Utusan Harian (8th June 2013), Mohamad Saifuddin Mohd Saleh

reported that lack of rubbish bins around the night market likely to be the main reason

visitors littering especially of plastic and stick skewers whim food on the road. Low

civic awareness among merchants and buyers also cause problems dumping rubbish at

the night market. Worse yet, the dealers seem to ignore the rest of the debris and leave

the fair without a sense of responsibility. Rubbish left alone until the task

municipalities came to clean it.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 7 3.1.2 Infrastructure failure

Berita Harian on 18th August 2010 reported from Taman Semarak, Nilai, the

interview revealed that, Norbahiyah Mohamad Daud, 40, claimed that the site of night

market taken place every Tuesday was originally the location of the local play-field.

However, the pollution cause people no longer play there because of the scattered

debris and clogged drains.

Madinah Abdullah, 62, claimed that the problem was caused by the attitude of some

dealers to discard food debris and garbage in drains and garbage later to be cleared

after the end of the night market business hours. "We just see garbage to be swept the

next day, at about 8.30 am. This causes the rest of the debris-littered to spread into

other areas. "In fact, visitors who are not responsible are being deliberately rude when

they throw food waste indiscriminately in front of our house," she said.

These two articles prove that the two major problems conclude that it causes from one

main problem rubbish supervision failure. With public generally rely on municipal

or government to settle all the garbage and later the slow rubbish mitigation

undertaking caused the rubbish to be overlooked causing the residential to expose to

risk such as foul ambience, plague cause by rats, Dengue Fever and etc. These call for

a modern intervention instead of using endless labour, an ideal, effective and quick

solution for managing all the refuse and litter a street sweeper.

3.2 Design Brief

As discussed in series of previous chapters, we are able to extend the ideas to a design

brief. From the consumer and also as developer of the street sweeper concept point of

view, below are criteria to be incorporated and anticipated:

1) Issues:

To clear out litter and garbage leftovers from night market quickly and

effectively.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 8 2) Constraint:

Using conventional methods (sweeping manually) and tools (broom

stick and shovel), high overhead cost, time consuming.

3) Anticipated criteria:

Vehicular type: wheels, driver, and engine.

Control factor: weighing, limit, capacity.

Management: Litter container, disposing.

Assistance options: Auto sweep, vacuum, portable arms.

3.3 Product Design Specification

3.1.1 Performance

Engine performance for Lite Night Rider-s up to 25 km /h using Diesel Engine

with 24-84 kW / 32-110 hp.

Vacuum power capacity until 1500Watt

Maximum carry garbage up to 9.5kg equivalent to 1000mm x 600mm standard

garbage bag.

Weighing scale determine load applied for disposal.

Cleaning path < 1000mm.

The vehicle controlled using control panel.

Openanble roller shuttle top for maintenance easement.

Pneumatic automatic door and rubbish refusal.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 9 3.1.2 Environment

Naturally ventilated with two (2) openable side window doubled as side

mirror.

Corrosive resistance

3.1.3 Product Life

Schedule maintenance- engine, vacuum and control panel.

Vacuum - product life estimated 10-15 years and replaceable.

Sweep To be replaced whenever necessary.

Control panel- Preventive Maintenance diagnose.

3.1.4 Appearance

Compact and light weight

Clear windscreen

Comes in black and yellow.

3.1.5 Quality & Reliability

The Lite Night Rider-s sweeper should not generally fail within 30 years.

Can be upgrade in terms of product technology and application.

Control and standardize with ISO9001

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 10 3.1.6 Standard

Lite Night Rider-s sweeper comes with vacuum, sweeper (4) units, control

panel system, (1) garbage bag 1000 mm x 600 mm for 50 pieces.

3.1.7 Testing

Testing is to be carried out before delivery.

3.1.8 Installation

Not available

3.1.9 Product Dimension

1.2 meters (W) x 2.8 meters (L) x 2.1 meters (H) total dimension

Compartment : 1.0 meter (W) x

3.1.10 Sizes

Sweeper : front 500mm diameter and rear 300mm diameter.

Shovel: 700mm opening.

Garbage bag : 1000mm x 600mm

3.1.11 Packaging

One (1) assembly unit

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 11 3.1.12 Customer

Municipal and Government.

3.1.13 Documentation

Product should be supplied with a user manual Lite Night Rider-s operation

and maintenance.

Supplier required maintenance and repair manual.

3.1.14 Ergonomic

Safe and comfortable operating environment to avoid the interference of

weather, noise and exhaust.

Seat driver - Install vibration damping seats.

Refer: International standards organization (ISO 2631-1985) Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole body vibration

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 12 3.1.15 Safety

Fulfil safety standard requirement by JPJ and SIRIM.

3.1.16 Material

Please refer detail components material data sheet

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 13 4.0 Concept Development

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 14

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 15 4.2.1 Concept Exploration

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 16

4.2.2 Concept Screening Matrix

Criteria Concept A Concept B Concept C Concept D

Cost - REF + -

Maintenance + REF + +

Light + REF - +

User Friendly + REF + -

Efficient - REF + -

Modern - REF + +

+ 3 5 3

- 3 1 3

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 17 4.2.3 Concept Scoring Matrix

Table score rating

Light Low cost maintenance method

Concept B Concept C

Criteria Importance Rating Light Low cost maintenance rating Rating Light Low cost

maintenance rating

Cost 10% 3 0.3 3 0.3

Maintenance 20% 2 0.4 3 0.6

Light 5% 2 0.1 3 0.15

User Friendly 10% 2 0.2 2 0.2

Efficient 50 % 1 0.5 4 2

Modern 5% 1 0.05 3 0.15

Total 100% 1.55 3.4

From the Scoring Matrix Table, Concept C is selected for the concept design based on

the criteria-criteria requirement.

4 Excellent

3 Good

2 Moderate

1 Need Improvement

0 Unacceptable

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 18 5.0 Final Design

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 19

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 20 5.1.1 Detail Dimension

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 21

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 22 6.0 Discussions and Conclusion

6.1.1 Discussion

Most of us waste handling as nothing more than a practical necessity, not something

to give a lot of thought. Its pretty simple: we sort, pack and carry our rubbish bags

out to the bin, where a lorry picks them up. The early-morning din of banging

trashcans is simply part of the urban soundscape for many of us. To be sure, rubbish

lorries are generally cleaner and quieter than they once were, but getting all that waste

from our homes to the tip takes a lot of trips through crowded streets. This system,

based mainly on manual labour, hasnt changed much for at least a century.

How does separated trash stay sorted as it moves through the system? Beneath each

inlet is a vertical shaft for temporary storage above a closed valve. Although the

shafts for paper, glass and metal all lead to the same horizontal tube for transport, a

control system sees to it that they take turns, with valves opening and high-pressure

fans creating a vacuum to empty the shafts at regular intervals. Sorted waste is

delivered to a reception facility, with separate containers for different waste fractions.

The waste is compressed in sealed containers for transportation by lorry to another

facility for recycling, burning, composting or disposal. Particles and odours are

filtered out of the transport air before it is released.

This closed system eliminates the need for on-site or street-side rubbish storage, with

inevitable problems from odours, vermin and hygienic risks. No one need come into

contact with anyone elses trash bags or bins.

There are many advantages of using this kind of sweeper because;

1. No emission, no noise, no pollution

2. Energy conservation, the driver depend the regenerative electric power

3. Strong sweeping system can clean away dust, leaves, cigarette and drinking bottle

and cobblestone.

4. For adopting with safe glass, it has broad horizon and safety

5. Stable property, reliable ,easy maintenance

6. Humanization instruments and operation system makes the operation easier and

convenient.

7. Easier and flexible for garbage storage (plastic bag by plastic bag)

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 23 8. Street sweepers play a very important role in streets clean and keeping all the

diseases at bay. Dirt and filth are the major reasons that lead to a large number of

diseases especially in the vulnerable ones like infants, kids and those with weak

immunity.

6.1.2 Conclusion

Lite Night Rider-S sweeper are more than up to the task of taking care of your

space.Lite Night Rider-S sweeper suitable from small area right through to large area.

Lite Night Rider-S sweeper is energy efficient, cost effective and easy to use. They

make cleaning up any floor space incredibly easy.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 24 7.0 References / Appendices

7.1.1 Material

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 25 Shutter

Shutter Door

Rolled Formed from 1st grade zincalume/galvanized colourbond steel with 38mm

pitch design and folded end lock safety. Thickness of shutter confirm to BS 476 part

22 approved for fire shutter.

Bottom Bar

Fabricated of 2 pieces of flat steel bar of 40mmx4mm bolted

Guide Rails

Pressed steel section of minimum of 1.5mm thickness of groove of minimum of

30mm depth. Natural galvanized finishing.

Enclosure Box

Pressed galvanized steel sheet to suite box size comply to fire test-approved thickness.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 26 Operation Control

Motorized type Comfy Motor Push buttons switch with key lockable.

Ducting

Flexible wire-reinforced PVC hose ideal for domestic applications including cooker

hoods and tumble dryers. Suited for installations where rigid ducting cannot be used.

Cable ties included

Designed for quick and easy installation

Lightweight construction

Connects to rigid ducting systems and outlets with a threaded hose connector

Suitable for domestic use

Hose can be cut to any desired length

Suitable for 150mm (6 inch) fans

Cable ties offer ease of installation and attachment

Easy to maintenance

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 27 DOOR (Pneumatic)

Swings Freely - There is no resistance when the door is opened manually. It is the

only opener that has this feature.

No Maintenance

Very Quiet Operation - Since it uses low-pressure pneumatics there is very little

noise when it is activated.

Low Profile - There is no large header above the door, making the smallest profile

opener on the market

Door Maintains Normal Manual Operation - This operator does not interfere with

the normal operation of the door. When used manually it acts just as it did before

the personal door operator was installed.

Latches Securely - Due to the design of the product, it securely latches upon

closing.

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 28 Garbage Bag

Plastic bags are generally made either of HDPE or LDPE, which respectively stand

for Low Density Polypropylene and High Density Polypropylene. Low density of

LDPE is due to the presence of side chains in the polymer's chains, phenomenon

called branching. The extra branching gives special properties such as a lower

Young's modulus (lower strength of the material) but higher resistance to strain

(tougher material). LDPE will deform more than HDPE before reaching the yield

point, neck formation and subsequent breakage of the material. HDPE will support a

heavier load but will break more suddenly than LDPE, going through more limited

deformation

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 29 8.0 Animation

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 30

SME 2512: NIGHT MARKET RUBBISH SWEEPER 31