BRIEF LIFE SKETCH OFSWAMI SIVANANDA

BIRTH AND BOYHOOD

On Thursday, the 8th of September, 1887, in the early hours of the morning,when the star Bharani was in the ascendant was born a boy-child in thevillage of Pattamadai on the bank of the river Tamraparani in South India.Sri P.S. Vengu Iyer, a revenue officer and a great Siva Bhakta (devotee ofLord Siva), and Srimati Parvati Ammal, an equally great god-fearing lady,were the fortunate parents of this child. The happy couple christened thislast and third son of theirs Kuppuswamy.

Boy Kuppuswamy was intelligent and mischievous. In his boyhood itself heshowed signs of Tyaga (renunciation) and love for fellow-beings. He used topity the poor, feed the hungry at the door, and make his father throw a pieinto the hands of pauper passing by. He often got cakes and sweetmeatsfrom his mother and distributed them liberally to his younger companions,dogs, cats, crows, and sparrows, himself not eating a bit. He used to bringflowers and bael leaves for his father’s Siva Puja.

At the Rajah’s High School, Ettayapuram, where he studied, Kuppuswamyalways topped the class and won prizes every year. He had a sweet voice andwonderful memory. When His Excellency Lord Ampthil, the Governor ofMadras, visited the Kuru Malai Hills in 1901 for hunting, Kuppuswamysang a song of welcome on the Kumarapuram railway platform. After thecompletion of the Matriculation examination, he studied at the S.P.G.College, Tiruchirapalli. In the college he used to take part in debates anddramas. He played the part of Helena beautifully when Shakespeare’s“Midsummer Night’s Dream” was staged in 1905.

After the completion of the First Arts Examination, Kuppuswamy went tothe Medical School in Tanjore to study medicine. He used to betremendously industrious and never went home during the holidays. Hewould spend the entire period in the hospital. He had free admission into theoperation theatre. Kuppuswamy was first in all subjects. He possessed more

knowledge than doctors with covetable degrees, and in the first year itself hecould answer the papers which the final year students could not.

Kuppuswamy completed the course and earned the title of M.B.,C.M. Hepracticed at Tiruchi. While practicing, he started a medical journal called“The Ambrosia”. He got one hundred rupees from his mother for the initialexpenses of running the journal. Later, when his mother wanted a hundredand fifty rupees for celebrating some festival, Dr. Kuppuswamy had themoney ready for her. Even then he used to distribute the journal freely; hewas very shy to ask people for contribution.

DOCTOR IN MALAYA (MALAYSIA)

A call came to Dr. Kuppuswamy from Malaya, soon after the death of hisfather. He used to have an adventurous spirit in him. In 1913 he left India inthe “S.S. Tara”. Kuppuswamy belonged to an orthodox Brahmin family andwas afraid to take non-vegetarian food in the ship. So he carried with him agood quantity of sweets which his mother had prepared for him. When hearrived in Singapore, he was almost half dead!

Dr. Kuppuswamy describes his experiences in Malaya: “Immediately afterdisembarking, I went to the residence of Dr. Iyengar. He gave me a letter ofintroduction to his friend, Dr. Harold Parsons, a medical practitioner inSeremban. When I arrived there, Dr. Parsons introduced me to Mr. A.G.Robins, the manager of a nearby rubber estate which had its own hospital.Fortunately for me, Mr. Robins was just in need of an assistant to work inthe Estate Hospital. He was a terrible man with a violent temper, a giantfigure, tall and stout. He asked me, ‘Can you manage a hospital all byyourself?’ I replied ‘Yes, I can manage even three hospitals’. I was appointedat once. I had been told by a local Indian resident that I ought not to accept,in accordance with their policy, anything less than a hundred dollars amonth. Mr. Robins agreed to give me one hundred and fifty to start with”.

The young doctor worked very hard. Unusual handicaps began to tell uponhim and he felt like resigning the job after some time, but Mr. Robins wouldnot allow him to go.

Dr. Kuppuswamy was very kind, sympathetic, humorous, witty, and sweet-speaking. Hopeless cases came to him, but success was sure. Everywherepeople declared that he had a special gift from God for the miraculous cureseffected in the patients and acclaimed him as a very kind and sympatheticdoctor with a charming and majestic personality. In serious cases, he keptvigil all night. In his private practice, Dr. Kuppuswamy used to attend to thepoor and often not charge them even visiting or consulting fees. Instead hewould give them money for special diet or to cover their own expenses afterdischarge from hospital. He gave money like water.

Once a poor man, drenched to the skin, came to the doctor at night. His wifewas in birth pangs. The doctor went there at once to her aid, and afterattending to her, stayed outside the hut in spite of the heavy rain. Only afterthe safe delivery of the child did the doctor return home the next morning.

In spite of his busy life, Dr. Kuppuswamy served the Sadhus, Sannyasins,and beggars. He attended marriage functions, parties, and other socialgatherings. Once a Sadhu gave him a book “Jiva Brahma Aikya VedantaRahasyam” by Swami Satchidananda of Cuddapah . It ignited the dormantspirituality in him. He began to study the books of Swami Rama Tirtha,Swami Vivekananda, Sankara, Imitation of Christ, the Bible, and literatureof the Theosophical Society. He was very regular in his daily worship,prayer and Yoga Asanas. Study of sacred scriptures like the Gita, theMahabharata, the Bhagavata, and the Ramayana was done with greatdevotion. Sometimes he conducted Nandan Charitam and sang Bhajans andKirtans. He practiced Anahat Laya Yoga and Swara Sadhana.

High-class dress, and collection of curious and fancy articles of gold, silver,and sandalwood always attracted the doctor. Sometimes he purchasedvarious kinds of gold rings and necklaces and wore them all at the sametime. He used to wear ten rings on ten fingers! When he entered shops, henever wasted his time in selection, haggling, and bargaining. He gathered allthat he saw. He paid the shopkeepers’ bills without scrutiny.

Nothing could tempt the doctor. His heart was as pure as the Himalayansnow. His immense philanthropy and spirit of service and renunciationendeared him to all. People lovingly called him the “Heart of Love”.

The rich doctor did not engage a cook permanently. He was his own cookthough he had work that gave him no leisure. Occasionally he engaged acook. The cook one day wanted to have a photograph of himself taken. Thedoctor took him with great joy to a first class studio, made the cook put onhis own suit, shoes, and hat and had a photo taken.

RENUNCIATION

As days passed, he reflected more and more and wanted to renounce theworld. His heart was purified through loving service. At last, Dr.Kuppuswamy, enjoying a lucrative practice, renounced the world like PrinceSiddartha, in 1923. He left Malaya for India.

At Madras he proceeded to the house of a friend and left his luggage there.He began his journey to the eternity, initially to Benares, after his holy bathin the Ganges, he had the Darshan (vision) of Lord Viswanath. While hesought seclusion, Varnasi was too busy a place and was soon back at therailway station. Being winter the cold was biting and seeing DrKuppuswamy struggling a good Samaritan gave him a blanket. This was aGod sent boon to the Dr. He thanked this kind hearted donor and shared hisaspirations. The Stranger suggested that he travel to Pandrapur andpurchased him a ticket to Poona.

On arrival at Poona Kuppuswamy gave away in charity the small change hewas left with. He thus laid himself completely at the mercy of the Lord, andhe turned in to a parivrajaka, a wandering medicant .He visited Nasik,Pandharpur and other holy places. Village after village he passed through,The land, the language, the people –all was strange. Unused to begging hewould go to a village house and whisper in the ears of the villager that he isa Madrasi Brahmin and he is hungry. The host would be surprised of theapproach and would oblige some food. Bare headed , bare footed, andscantly clothed , novice wandered beneath burning skies of Maharashtra andwould sleep on the mother earth under the road side trees.

By and by At Dhalaj, a village on the bank of the Chandrabaga river, he meta postmaster and lived with him. He acted as the postmaster’s cook, andwhen the latter arrived home in the evening, the doctor was ready toshampoo his legs in spite of his remonstrance’s!.

Subseqently at Dixal another postmaster M.V.Datta played a host to the Drand when Kuppuswamy expressed his desire to be in solitude Sri Dattasuggested Rishikesh and purchased him a ticket to Hardwar..

Dr. Kuppuswamy reached Rishikesh on the 8th of May, 1924. On the 1st ofJune, 1924,The Dr met His Holiness Sri Swami Visvananda Saraswati ofBaneras The doctor saw a Guru in the monk and the monk saw a Chela(disciple) in the doctor. After a brief exchange of words, Dr. Kuppuswamywas initiated into the Sannyas order by Swami Visvananda and thus wasborn Swami Sivananda.

Subsequently, Swami Vishnudevanandaji Maharaj, the Mahant of Sri KailasAshram, performed the Viraja Homa ceremonies. Swami Visvananda wrotethe necessary instructions about Sannyas Dharma from Benares. SwamiSivanandaji stayed at Swargashram for Sadhana.

TAPASCHARYA

Swami Sivananda dressed to clothe himself, ate to live, and lived to servehumanity. A small dilapidated Kutir (hut), not resorted to by others andinfested with scorpions, protected him from rain and sun. Living in thatKutir, he did intense Tapas (austerities), observed silence, and fasted. Oftenhe fasted for days . To conserve time for meditation, He would keep stock ofbread in his room; have this, together with Ganges water. He would stand upto the hips in the ice-cold Ganges even in winter mornings and commencehis Japa, coming out only when the sun appeared. He would spend morethan twelve hours in daily meditation. With all his intense Tapas, Swamijidid not neglect service of the sick. He visited the huts of the Sadhus withmedicines, served them, and shampooed their legs. He begged food on theirbehalf and fed them with his own hands when they fell sick. He broughtwater from the Ganges and washed their Kutirs. He attended upon choleraand small-pox cases. If necessary, he kept vigil through the night by the sideof the bed of the ailing Sadhu. He carried sick persons on his back to thehospital. Out of the interest from his insurance money Swamiji started acharitable dispensary at Lakshmanjula in 1925. He served the pilgrims andsaw Narayana in them. During this time at the Swargashram Swamiji hadthe good company of Swami Tapovan an erudite Sanskrit Scholar,and a

vedantin, Swami Purushottamanada a rare Tapaswin and BhaktaBrahmachari Yogananda, a Tantrik yogi of repute;Swami Narayan Maharajand Mata Omkarreshwari both sankartianists.Then there was SwamiAdwaitananda, Swami Swayam Jyoti, Swami Santi Giri. Swamiji had ampleoppurtunities to do sadhu- seva and would also arrange for their discourse,sankirtans, garland them while he himself sat in a corner. Occasionally hewould share his spiritual experiences with them.

Swamiji practiced various Yogas and studied the scriptures. After years ofintense and unbroken Sadhana, and service to the needy he enjoyed the blissof Nirvikalpa Samadhi.

He used to gather bits of paper and used envelopes, and stitch them intolittle notebooks. He entered some self-instructions in them. Some of theinstructions found in them read thus: “Give up salt, give up sugar, give up

spices, give up vegetables, give up chutnies, give up tamarind”. In anotherwe read: Serve Bhangis, serve rogues, serve inferiors, remove faecal matter,

clean clothes of Sadhus - take delight, carry water”. In another page: “Donot revenge, resist not evil, return good for evil, and bear insult and injury” .On some neat little pages we again read: “For get like a child any injurydone by somebody immediately. Never keep it in the heart. It kindles hatred.

Cultivate Maitri (friendship), Karuna (compassion), Daya (mercy), Prema(love), Kshama (forgiveness)”. In another paragraph we see: “Develop good

manners, extreme politeness, courtesy, etiquette, good demeanour, nobility,gentleness, mildness. Never be rude, harsh, or cruel. There is nothing to be

hated in the world. Hatred is ignorance. All contempt for anything or beingmust be removed through love and Vichara (enquiry)” .

THE SANKIRTAN SAMRAT AND THE BIRTH OF DIVINE LIFESOCIETY

In the thirties Sivananda toured extensively in Uttarpradesh, Bihar,Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and Andra Pradesh to propagate thelord’s Name. Sivananda’s very appearance those days, was of onewho had stumbled upon the inexhaustible treasure and was running aabout telling every one of it, inviting them to share the riches he had

acquired.His one burning passion at that time was to let Lords nameresound in every nook and corner of the country.

It started with Sitapur in UP,Lakhimpur-Kheri, Lucknow,Ayodhya,Monghyr, Bhagalpur, Calcutta, and to Totapalli Hills in AndhraPradesh.His visits to Lahore and Rawalpindi was an annual . On onesuch visits to Lahore followed by a break Journey at Ambala for aweek long sankirtan, a thought of starting an organisation to divinisethe entire country prompted Sivananda to register Divine Life Trustat Ambala on the 13th January 1936.

He returned after the pilgrimage, to Rishikesh, and in the year 1936 sowedthe seed of The Divine Life Society on the bank of the holy Ganga. Hefound an old Kutir, dilapidated and disused, which looked like an abandonedcowshed. To him it was more than a palace. It had four ‘rooms’. He cleanedthe Kutir, and occupied it. Then, the increasing number of disciples whosought his lotus-feet, undaunted by forbidding conditions of living,necessitated expansion. They found more cowsheds, vacant, butuninhabitable filthy. In one room, an old cowherd was living; the otherswere full of hay and dung. In about a year or so, the old cowherd alsovacated his ‘room’, and the Divine Life army completed the occupation.Thus began the early life of The Divine Life Society.

From this small beginning the Society grew imperceptibly and it is now theheadquarters of a world-wide Organization having a large number ofBranches both within the country and outside.. The free distribution ofspiritual literature drew a steady flow of disciples of Sri Swamiji. With thegetting of able hands, he started the various departments of the Society toprovide suitable fields of activity for the purification of their hearts and togrow spiritually. The publication of the monthly journal, ‘The Divine Life’,was commenced in September 1938, to coincide with the celebration of hisbirthday. The world was in grip of the 2nd world-war and in order to releasea continuous stream of peace-current in the whole world, to help thedistressed minds of the people, he started the Akhanda Mahamantra Kirtan

(non-stop chanting of the Mahamantra, Hare Rama Hare Rama; Rama Rama

Hare Hare; Hare Krishna Hare Krishna; Krishna Krishna Hare Hare, round-the-clock) on the 3rd of December 1943, and also instituted the Lord SriVisvanath Mandir with three-time regular worship, daily, on the 31stDecember 1943.

Swami Sivananda believed in synthesis in everything, in Yoga as well as inthe alleviation of human suffering. The Allopathic treatment wasinseparable from him and the Society, even from the earliest days of his lifeat Swargashram. He now felt the need to serve the people with genuineAyurvedic preparations out of the rare Himalayan herbs. He thereforeinstituted the Sivananda Ayurvedic Pharmacy in 1945, which now hasgrown to such an extent that it is even unable to cope up with the increasingdemands from people.

Swami Sivananda organized the All-world Religions Federation on the 28thDecember 1945 and established the All-world Sadhus Federation on 19thFebruary 1947. The year 1947 saw a great expansion in the activities of theSociety. It was the year of the Diamond Jubilee of the Great Soul, when anumber of buildings sprang up. The Yoga-Vedanta Forest Academy wasestablished in the year 1948 to give a systematic spiritual training to theresident Sadhaks, and also to benefit the visiting seekers.

Swami Sivananda undertook a lightning All-India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka)tour in 1950 to deliver his divine message throughout the length andbreadth of the country. He virtually awakened the moral and spiritualconsciousness in the hearts of the people. The effect was tremendous. Sincethen there was an incessant flow of seeking souls to the Ashram, as also agreater inflow of letters from aspirants from the entire country, whichdemanded more intense dissemination of knowledge. The Yoga-VedantaForest Academy Press was established in September 1951, a powerfulmeans of wide dissemination of knowledge. Sri Swamiji convened theWorld Parliament of Religions in 1953, at the Sivanandashram.

The small dispensary that was inseparable from Swami Sivananda, grewslowly and became regular Hospital with X-Ray and other facilities. TheSivananda Eye Hospital was formally opened in December 1957. The

Hospital has 10 beds for in-patients at present and is being expanded to have30 beds.

The Publication League had published almost all the writings of the Masterand a need was felt by his disciples to do research in his works. This gaverise to the establishment of the Sivananda Literature Research Institute in1958, which, among many things, decided to get the works of the Mastertranslated and published systematically in all the regional languages in India.Thus the S.L.D. Committees was established in 1959 which has RegionalCommittees for each language.

The Society’s Silver Jubilee was celebrated in 1961, by which time theMaster saw the fulfillment of his mission in his own lifetime.

Swami Sivananda radiated his divine and lofty message of service,meditation and God-realization to all parts of the world through his books,running to more than three hundred, through periodicals and letters. Hisdevoted disciples are drawn from all religions, cults and ‘creeds in theworld.

Swami Sivananda’s Yoga, which he has significantly called the ‘Yoga ofSynthesis’, effects a harmonious development of the ‘hand’, ‘head’ and‘heart’ through the practice of Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Bhakti Yoga.

On the 14th of July 1963, the Great Soul Swami Sivananda enteredMahasamadhi (departure of a Self-realized saint from his mortal coil) in hisKutir on the bank of Ganga, in Shivanandanagar.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ iàÊÜ®Ü aÜÄ¢æÅÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ iàÊÜ®Ü aÜÄ¢æÅÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ iàÊÜ®Ü aÜÄ¢æÅÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ iàÊÜ®Ü aÜÄ¢æÅÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ iàÊÜ®Ü aÜÄ¢æÅ

g®Ü®Ü ÊÜá¢Üᤠ¸ÝÆÂ

1987®æà Óæ±ærí·Ãé 8®æà ¢ÝÄàSá WÜáÃÜáÊÝÃÜ ÊÜááíhÝ®æ¿á ÓÜÊÜá¿á¨ÜÈÉ »ÜÃÜ~

®ÜûÜ¢ÜŨÜÈÉ ¨Üü|»ÝÃÜ¢Ü¨Ü ¢ÝÊÜáűÜ~ì ®Ü©à£àÃÜ¨Ü ±Ü¢Ü¤ÊÜávæç WÝÅÊÜá¨ÜÈÉ KÊÜì WÜívÜá

ÎÍÜá訆 g®Ü®ÜÊÝÀá¢Üá. ÎÅà ².GÓé. ÊæíWÜáI¿áÂÃé AÊÜÃÜá PÜí¨Ý¿á¨Ü A¬PÝÄWÜÙÜá

ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÊÜáÖÝ®é ÎÊÜ»ÜPܤÃÝX¨Üáª, ÎÅàÊÜᣠ±ÝÊÜì£AÊÜÞ¾Ùé ÊÜáÖÝ®é ¨æçÊÜ»ÜP椿ÞX¨Üáª

AÊÜÄ·ºÃÜá D »ÝWÜÂÊÜí¢Ü ÎÍÜáËWæ ÊÜޢݲ¢ÜÃÝX¨ÜªÃÜá. D B®Üí¨Ü¨Ü ¨Üí±Ü£WÜÙÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾

D ÊÜáãÃÜ®æ¿á ÊÜá¢ÜᤠPæã®æ¿á ÊÜáWÜáËWæ PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá Gí¨Üá ®ÝÊÜáPÜÃÜ| ÊÜÞw¨ÜÃÜá.

¸ÝÆPÜ PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá¿áá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ·á©­ÊÜí¢Ü®Üá, ¢Üáío®Üá BX¨Üª®Üá. AÊÜ®Üá ¢Ü®Ü°

¸ÝƨÜÈÉ ¢Ü®Ü° ÓÜÖÜaÜÃÜÄWæ ¢ÝÂWÜ ÊÜá¢Üᤠ±æÅàÊÜáÊÜ®Üá° «ÝÃæÁáÃæ¿áᣤ¨Üª®Üá. ·vÜÊÜÄWæ

A®ÜáPÜí±Ü ¢æãàÄ, ÖÜÔ¨ÜÊÜÄWæ BÖÝÃÜ ¯àw, ÖÝ©¿áÈÉ®Ü ¼ûÜáPÜÄWæ ¢Üí¨æ¿áá ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá°

¯àvÜáÊÜí¢æ ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨Üª. BWÝWÜ AÊÜ®Üá ¢Ü®Ü° ¢ÝÀáÀáí¨Ü Ô×£¯ÓÜá C¢Ý©WÜÙÜ®Üá°

±Üvæ¨Üá AÊÜâWÜÙÜ®Üá° «ÝÃÝÙÜÊÝX ¢Ü®Ü° QÄ¿á ÓÜÖÜaÜÃÜÄWæ, ®ÝÀá, ¸æPÜáR, PÝWæ ÖÝWÜã

WÜṺWÜÚWæ ¢Ý®Üá H®Ü®Üã° £®Ü°̈ æ ¯àvÜᣤ¨Üª. ¢Ü®Ü° ¢Üí¨æ¿áÊÜÃÜ ÎÊܱÜähæWæ ÖÜãÊÜâ ÊÜá¢Üá¤

¹Æ̱ܢæÅWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¢Üí¨Üá ¯àvÜᣤ¨Üª.

GpÝr¿á±ÜâÃÜí®Ü ÃÝhÝ ±èÅyÜÍÝÇæ¿áÈÉ PÜÈ¿áᣤÃÜáÊÝWÜ AÊÜ®Üá ¢ÜÃÜWÜ£¿áÈÉ

¿ÞÊÝWÜÆã ±ÜÅ¥ÜÊÜá®ÝX ±ÜÅ£ÊÜÐÜìÊÜä ·ÖÜáÊÜÞ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜÚÓÜᣤ¨Üª. AÊÜ®Üá ÊÜá«ÜáÃÜ

«ÜÌ̄ ¿á®Üá° A¨Üá½¢Ü hÝn±ÜPÜÍÜQ¤¿á®Üá° Öæãí©¨Üª®Üá. 1901ÃÜÈÉ Óܮݾ®Ü ÇÝvéì

BÂí±é£Çé, ÊÜá¨ÜÃÝ暴 BX®Ü ÃÝg±ÝÆÃÜá, PÜáÃÜáÊÜáÇæç ¸æorPæR BWÜËáÓÜÆá

PÜáÊÜÞÃܱÜâÃÜí ÃæçÆá ¯Çݪ|PæR BWÜËáÔ¨ÝWÜ CÊÜÃÜá ÓÝÌWÜ¢Ü Xà¢æ ÖÝw¨ÜÃÜá.

ÊæáqÅPÜáÂÇæàÐÜ®é ±ÜÄàûæ¿á ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ AÊÜÃÜá GÓé.².i. PÝÇæàiWæ £ÃÜábÃܱÜÈÉ¿áÈÉ

ÓæàĨÜÃÜá. PÝÇæài®ÜÈÉ ÊÝÂÓÜíWÜ ÊÜÞvÜᣤÃÜáÊÝWÜ AÊÜÃÜá ®ÝoPÜ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÊÝWÝÌ̈ Ü

aÜaæìWÜÙÜÈÉ »ÝWÜÊÜ×ÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. 1905ÃÜÈÉ ÍæàPéÕ²¿áÃé®Ü ËávéÓÜÊÜáÃé ®æçpéÕ qÅÊÜåéÕ

®ÝoPܨÜÈÉ ÖæÇæ®ÝÙÜ ±Ý¢ÜÅÊÜ®Üá° A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ÓÜáí¨ÜÃÜÊÝX ®ÜqÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ±ÜÅ¥ÜÊÜá PÜÇÝ ±ÜÄàûæ¿á®Üá° ÊÜááXst ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ¢ÜíhÝÊÜäÄ®Ü

Êæç¨ÜÂQà¿á ÍÝÇæWæ Êæç¨Ü ËhÝn®Ü¨Ü A»ÝÂÓÜPÝRX ¢æÃÜÚ¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ±ÜÅaÜívÜ ±ÜÄÍÜÅÊÜá

ÊÜ×ÓÜᣤ¨Ü᪠ÃÜhÝ©®ÜWÜÙÜÆãÉ ÓÜÖÜ ÊÜá®æWæ ÖæãàWÜᣤÃÜÈÆÉ. AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊæá¾ÇÝÉ ¹vÜáË®Ü

ÓÜÊÜá¿áÊÜ®Üá° BÓܳ¢æÅ¿áÇæÉà PÜÙæ¿áᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÄWæ ÍÜÓÜ÷bQ¢ÝÕWÝÃܨÜÈÉ ÊÜááPܤ ±ÜÅÊæàÍÜË¢Üá¤.

PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá GÇÝÉ ËÐÜ¿áWÜÙÜÆãÉ ±ÜÅ¥ÜÊÜáÃÝX¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá C¢ÜÃÜ Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜã ÓÜÖÜ

ÖæãpærQaÜác ±ÜvÜáÊÜí¢ÜÖÜ hÝn®ÜÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜìWÝÅ× ÍÜQ¤¿á®Üá° Öæãí©¨Ü᪠Êæã¨ÜÆ ÊÜÐÜì¨Ü

A«Ü¿á®Ü ÊÜÞvÜáÊÝWÜÇæà Aí£ÊÜá ÊÜÐÜì¨Ü ˨ݦì¿áá E¢Ü¤ÄÓÜÇÝWܨÜí¢ÜÖÜ ±ÜÅÍæ°Wæ

±ÜÄÖÝÃÜ ¯àvÜÆá ÍÜPܤÃÝX¨ÜªÃÜá.

PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ Êæç¨Ü ËhÝn®Ü¨Ü K¨Ü®Üá° ÊÜááXÔ Gí.¹., Ô.Gí. ±Ü¨ÜË

ÓÜí±Ý©Ô¨ÜÃÜá. A®Üí¢ÜÃÜ £ÃÜábc¿áÈÉ PÝ¿áì±ÜÅÊÜê¢Ü¤ÃݨÜÃÜá. B ÓÜÊÜá¿á¨ÜÇæÉà AÊÜÃÜá

""AípæãÅàÔ¿Þ'' Gí¨Üá Êæç¨ÜÂQà¿á ±Ü£ÅPæ¿á®Üá° BÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÃÜá. C¨ÜPÝRX AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾

ÊÜÞ¢æÀáí¨Ü ®ÜãÃÜá ÃÜã±ÝÀá¿á®Üá° ±Ü£ÅPæ¿á BÃÜí»Ü¨Ü SbìWÝX ±Üv橨ܪÃÜá.

A®Üí¢ÜÃÜ AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÝÀá¿áá ÖÜ·º̈ Ü BaÜÃÜ}æWÝX ®ÜãÃæçÊÜ¢ÜᤠÃÜã±ÝÀá PæàÚ¨ÝWÜ

PÜãvÜÇæà ¯àw¨ÜªÃÜá. B¨ÜÃÜã ÓÜÖÜ AÊÜÃÜá ±Ü£ÅPæ¿á®Üá° Eb¢ÜÊÝX ÖÜíaÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

C¢ÜÃÜÄí¨Ü ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° ¨Ý®ÜÊÝX ¸æàvÜÆá ®ÝbÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

ÊÜáÆ¿Þ¨ÜÈÉ (ÊÜáÇæàοÞ) Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá

AÊÜÃÜ ¢Üí¨æ¿á ÊÜáÃÜ|¨Ü ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÄWæ ÊÜáÆ¿Þ©í¨Ü PÜÃæ

·í©¢Üá. AÊÜÄWæ ¿ÞÊÝWÜÆã A±Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÆüÓܨæà ÓÝÖÜÓÜ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ PÝ¿áì¨ÜÈÉ

£àÊÜÅ BÓÜQ¤ C©ª¢Üá. 1913ÃÜÈÉ AÊÜÃÜá "GÓé.GÓé. ¢ÝÃÝ' ÖÜvÜX®ÜÈÉ »ÝÃÜ¢ÜÊÜ®Üá° ¹oár

±ÜÅ¿Þ~Ô¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ÍÝÔ÷à¿á ¸ÝÅÖܾ| PÜáoáí·PæR ÓæàĨÜÊÜÃݨܪÄí¨Ü ÖÜvÜX®ÜÈÉ®Ü

ÊÜÞíÓÝÖÝÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓæàËÓÜÆá Öæ¨ÜÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. B¨ÜªÄí¨Ü AÊÜÃÜ ¢ÝÀá¿áÊÜÃÜá

¢Ü¿ÞÄÔPæãor Ô×£íwWÜÙÜ®æ°à ±ÜÅ¿Þ|¨ÜÈÉ ÓæàËÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ÔíWݱÜäÃé

¢ÜÆᲨÝWÜÇæà A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ¯ÍÜÏPܤÃÝX¨ÜªÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÊÜáÆ¿Þ¨Ü A®Üá»ÜÊÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° D Ä࣠ËÊÜÄԨݪÃæ : ""®Ý®Üá

ÖÜvÜX¯í¨Ü CÚ¨Ü PÜãvÜÇæà vÝ>> I¿áÂíWÝÃÜÃÜ WÜêÖÜPæR ¢æÃÜÚ¨æ. AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ Ëá¢ÜÅÃݨÜ

vÝ>> ÖæÃÝÇéx ±ÝÓÜì®é AÊÜÄWæ ®Ü®Ü° PÜáÄ¢Ý¨Ü ±ÜÄaÜ¿á ±Ü¢ÜÅ ¯àw¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

ÓæÃæí·®é®ÜÈÉ Êæç¨ÜÂÊÜ꣤¿áÈɨܪÃÜá. ®Ý®Üá AÊÜÃÜ ·ÚWæ Öæãà¨ÝWÜ, vÝ>> ±ÝÓÜì®é AÊÜÃÜá

ÖÜ£¤ÃÜ¨Ü ÃÜ·ºÃé ¢æãào¨Ü ÊÜÞ®æàgÃé BX¨Üª ÎÅà G.i. Ãݹ®éÕ AÊÜÄWæ ®Ü®Ü°®Üá°

±ÜÄaÜÀáÔ¨ÜÃÜá. AÈÉ AÊÜÃܨæà B¨Ü bQ¢ÝÕÆ¿áË¢Üá¤. ®Ü®Ü° A¨ÜêÐÜr̈ Üí¢æ ÎÅà G.i.

Ãݹ®éÕ AÊÜÄWæ B ¢æãào¨Ü BÓܳ¢æÅWæ AÊÜÄWæ J·º ÓÜÖÝ¿áPÜ®Ü AÊÜÍÜÂPÜ¢æ C¢Üá¤.

AÊÜÃæã·º »Ü¿áíPÜÃÜ, ÎàZÅPæãà², AhÝ®Üá¸ÝÖÜá ÊÜÂQ¤¿ÞX¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ®Ü®Ü°®Üá°

""¯àÊæä·ºÃæà ÓÜÌ¢Ü@ BÓܳ¢æÅ¿á®Üá° ¯ÊÜì×ÓÜ·ÈÉÃÝ ?'' Gí¨Üá ±ÜÅΰԨÜÃÜá. A¨ÜPæR ®Ý®Üá

""Síw¢ÜÊÝX, Cí¢ÜÖÜ ÊÜáãÃÜá BÓܳ¢æÅWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¯ÊÜì×ÓÜ·ÇæÉ'' Gí¨Üá ÖæàÚ¨æ. B

PÜãvÜÇæà ®Ü®Ü°®Üá° ®æàÊÜáPÜ ÊÜÞvÜÇÝÀá¢Üá. ±ÜPÜR¨Ü »ÝÃÜ£à¿áÃæã·ºÃÜá ®Ü®ÜWæ D

E¨æãÂàWÜÊÜ®Üá° ®ÜãÃÜá vÝÆÃé ÓÜí·ÙÜPæR J²³PæãÙÜÛ¸ÝÃÜ©¢ÜᤠGí¨ÜÃÜá. ÎÅà Ãݹ®éÕ

AÊÜÃÜá ®Ü®ÜWæ ®ÜãÃæçÊÜ¢ÜᤠvÝÆÃéÕ ±ÜÅ£ £íWÜÙÜã ¯àvÜÆá BÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÃÜá.''

D ¿ááÊÜ Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ÍÜÅÊÜá ÊÜ×Ô PæÆÓÜ ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. PæÆÊæäÊæá¾ AÓÝÊÜÞ®ÜÂ

¢æãí¨ÜÃæWÜÙÜá EípÝX AÊÜÃÜá ®èPÜÄWæ ÃÝià®ÝÊæá ¯àw ÖæãàWܸæàPæ¯ÓÜᣤ¢Üá¤. B¨ÜÃæ

ÎÅà Ãݹ®éÕ AÊÜÃÜá CÊÜÃÜ®Üá° ¹oárPæãvÜÆá ԨܭÄÃÜÈÆÉ.

vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá ÊÜáê̈ Üá ÓÜÌ»ÝÊÜ¨Ü Óæ°àÖÜÎàÆÃÜá, ¨Ü¿Þ±ÜÃÜÃÜá, ÓÜÖÝ®Üá»Üã£

EÙÜÛÊÜÃÜá, ±ÜÅ£»Ý Ì̄¢ÜÃÜá, ÖÝÓÜÂWÝÃÜÃÜá ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÊÜá«ÜáÃÜ»ÝÑWÜÙÜã BX¨ÜªÃÜá. ËÍÝÌÓÜ

PÜÙæ¨ÜáPæãívÜ ÊÜÂQ¤WÜÙÜá CÊÜÃÜ ·ÚWæ ·ÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. B¨ÜÃæ AÊÜÄWæ CÈÉWæ WæÆáÊÜâ

¯Îc¢ÜÊÝX¢Üá¤. GÇæÉÆãÉ g®ÜÃÜá CÊÜÃæãí¨Üá ¨æàÊÜÃÜá ¯àwÃÜáÊÜ ËÍæàÐÜ PæãvÜáWæÁáí¨Üá

AÊÜÃÜÈÉ ÃæãàXWÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜá|±ÜwÓÜáÊÜ A¨Üá½¢ÜÍÜQ¤ ±ÜÊÝvÜ˨æÁáí¨Üá AÊÜÃÜá ÓÜÖÜ®ÝÊÜáÀá

ÊÜÂQ¤¢ÜÌ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠWÜí¼àÃÜ WèÃÜÊÝ Ì̄¢ÜÃæí¨Üá ¯«ÜìÄԨܪÃÜá. £àÊÜÅÊÝ¨Ü ÃæãàWÜ©í¨Ü

WÜí¼àÃÜÔ§£¿áÈÉ ·ÙÜÆᣤÃÜáÊÜÊÜÃÜ®Üá° E±ÜaÜÄÓÜÆá ÓÜÌ¢Ü@ ÃݣŠ¯¨æªWævÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ

bQ¢æÕ¿á A»ÝÂÓܨÜÆãÉ ÓÜÖÜ vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá ·vÜÊÜÃÜ ÓæàÊæWæ ÊÜááí¨ÝX

AÊÜÄí¨Ü ¿ÞÊÜâ¨æà ÄࣿáÈÉ ÖÜ| ±Üvæ¿áᣤÃÜÈÆÉ. AÆɨæ ÓÜÌ¢Ü@ ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° AÊÜÃÜ

ËÍæàÐÜ BÖÝÃÜ A¥ÜÊÝ bQ¢æÕWæ BÓܳ¢æÅ¿á ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ¨Ü ÓÜÌí¢Ü SbìWÝX ¯àvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° ¯àÄ®Üí¢æ ¨Ý®Ü ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

Jí¨Üá ÃݣŠKÊÜì ÊÜÂQ¤¿áá ÊÜáÙæÀáí¨Ü ¢æã¿á᪠CÊÜÃÜ ·ÚWæ ·í¨Ü®Üá. AÊÜ®Ü

±Ü£°Wæ ÖæÄWæ¿á ®æãàÊÜâ PÝ~ÔPæãíw¢Üá¤. D Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá PÜãvÜÇæà AÊÜÃÜ ÓÜÖÝ¿áPÝRX

¢æÃÜÚ¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜ ÍÜáÍÜãÅÐæ¿á ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ÊÜáÙæ¿á PÝÃÜ| WÜáwÔ騆 ÖæãÃÜWæ ¯í£¨ÜªÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ÓÜáWÜÊÜáÊÝX ÖæÄWæ¿ÞX ÊÜáWÜá g¯Ô¨Ü ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ÊÜÞÃÜ®æ©®Ü ¸æÚWæY ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÓܧÙÜPæR

×í£ÃÜáX¨ÜÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ¹vÜáËÆÉ¨Ü ¨æç®Üí©®Ü PÜê¢ÜÂWÜÙÜ ®ÜvÜáÊæ¿áã, vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá

¼ûÜáPÜÃÜ, ÓÝ«Üá ÓÜí®ÝÂÔWÜÙÜ ÓæàÊæ ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá GÇÝÉ ÓÜí¢æãàÐÜPÜão, ÊÜá¨ÜáÊæ

ÖÝWÜã C¢ÜÃÜ ÓÝÊÜÞiPÜ ÓÜÊÜÞÃÜí»ÜWÜÚWæ ¢Ü±Ü³̈ æ ÖæãàWÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. JÊæá¾ KÊÜì ÓÝ«ÜáWÜÙÜ

PÜvÜ±Ü¨Ü ÓÝÌËá ÓÜbc̈ Ý®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ÃÜbÔÃÜáÊÜ ""iàÊÜ ·ÅÖܾ IPÜ Êæà¨Ýí¢Ü ÃÜÖÜÓÜÂ'' Gí·

±ÜâÓܤPÜÊÜ®Üá° ¯àw¨ÜÃÜá. C¨Üá AÊÜÃÜÈÉ AvÜX¨Üª ¨æçËPÜ ÍÜQ¤¿á®Üá° ·w¨æ¹ºÔ¢Üá. BX¯í¨Ü

AÊÜÃÜá ÓÝÌËá ÃÝÊÜá£à¥ÜìÃÜá, ÓÝÌËá ËÊæàPÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá, ÍÜíPÜÃÜÃÜá, QÅÓܤ®Ü A®ÜáPÜÃÜ}æ,

¸æç·Çé, ¦ÁãàÓݵPÜÇé ÓæãÓæçq¿á ±ÜâÓܤPÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° K¨ÜÆá BÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

PÜÅÊÜá¢Ü±Ü³̈ æ ÁãàWÜ, BÓÜ®Ü ÊÜá¢Üᤠ±ÝÅ¥Üì®æWÜÙÜÈÉ ¯ÃÜ¢ÜÃÝXÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. ±ÜË¢ÜÅ

«ÜÊÜáìWÜÅí¥ÜWÜÚí¨Ü ÃÝÊÜÞ¿á|, »ÜWÜÊÜ©Yà¢Ý, ÊÜáÖÝ»ÝÃÜ¢Ü ÊÜá¢Üᤠ»ÝWÜÊÜ¢ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°

A¢ÜÂí¢Ü »ÜQ¤ ÍÜŨæ­Àáí¨Ü ±ÜtÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. BWÝWÜ AÊÜÃÜá ®Üí¨Ü®Ü aÜÄ¢Üí ÊÜÞw »Üg®æ

ÖÝWÜã Qà¢Üì®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÖÝvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá A®ÜÖÜ¢ÜÆ¿á ÁãàWÜ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÓÜÌÃÜÓÝ«Ü®æ¿á

A»ÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

E®Ü°¢Ü Äࣿá ÊæàÐÜ»ÜãÐÜ|, A±ÜäÊÜì PÜÇÝÊÜÓÜá¤, AÆíPÝÄPÜ ÊÜÓÜá¤, b®Ü° ÊÜá¢Üá¤

¸æÚÛ¿á ÊÜÓÜá¤WÜÙÜá, ÎÅàWÜí«Ü¨Ü ÊÜÓÜá¤WÜÚí¨Ü CÊÜÃÜá BPÜÑì¢ÜÃÝWÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. PæÆÊæäÊæá¾

AÊÜÃÜá ®Ý®Ý Äࣿá EíWÜáÃÜ, ÓÜÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° SÄà©Ô GÆÉÊÜ®Üá° Jí¨æà ¸ÝÄWæ

«ÜÄÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ÖÜ¢Üᤠ¸æÃÜÙÜáWÜÚWæ ÖÜ¢ÜᤠEíWÜáÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÖÝQPæãÙÜáÛ£¤¨ÜªÃÜá ! AÊÜÃÜá

AíWÜw¿á JÙÜÖæãà¨ÝWÜ BÁáR ÊÜÞvÜÆá PÜwÊæá ¸æÇæWæ PæàÚ aèPÝÔ ÊÜÞvÜÆá

ÓÜÊÜá¿á ÊÜÂÀáÓÜᣤÃÜÈÆÉ. PÜíw¨Üª®Üá° PÜãvÜÇæà PæãívÜá ÃÜÔࣿá ÇæPÜRÊÜ®Üá° ±ÜÄÎàÈÓܨæ

AíWÜw¿áÊܯWæ ÖÜ| ¯àvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

D Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá ¿ÞÊÜâ¨ÜÄí¨ÜÆã ±ÜÅÇæãà»Ü®æWæãÙÜáÛ£¤ÃÜÈÆÉ, BPÜÑì¢ÜÃÝWÜᣤÃÜÈÆÉ.

AÊÜÃÜ ÖÜê̈ Ü¿áÊÜâ ×ÊÜÞÆ¿á¨Ü ÊÜáíi®ÜÐærà ¯ÐÜRÙÜíPÜÊÝXÃÜᣤ¢Üá¤. AÊÜÃÜ BÙÜÊݨÜ

±ÜÃæãà±ÜPÝÃÜ ·á©­, ÓæàÊæ ÊÜá¢Üᤠ¢ÝÂWÜ ÊÜá®æãà»ÝÊÜ ÓÜPÜÆÃÜ®Üá° ÓæÙæ¿áᣤ¢Üá¤. g®ÜÃÜá

CÊÜÃÜ®Üá° "±æÅàÊÜá¨Ü ÖÜê̈ ÜÀá' Gí¨Üá PÜÃæ¿áᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. D ÖÜ|ÊÜí¢Ü Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá

AvÜáWæ¿áÊÜÃÜ®Üá° TÝ¿áí BX ®æàÊÜáPÜ ÊÜÞwPæãíwÃÜÈÆÉ. AÊÜÄWæ ¹vÜáËÆɨÜÐÜár

PæÆÓÜ˨ܪÃÜã ÓÜÖÜ ¢ÜÊÜá¾ FoÊÜ®Üá° ¢ÝÊæà ¢Ü¿ÞÄÔPæãÙÜáÛ£¤¨ÜªÃÜá. BWÝWÜ AÊÜÃÜá

AvÜáWæ¿áÊÜÃÜ ÓÜÖÝ¿á ±Üvæ¿áᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. JÊæá¾ AvÜáWæ¿áÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ »ÝÊÜb¢ÜÅ

¢æWæÔPæãÙÜÛÆá ·¿áÔ¨ÜÃÜá. BWÜ D Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ÓÜí¢æãàÐÜ©í¨Ü ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÓÜãoá,

ÐÜãÓé, ÖÝÂo®Üá° ¯àw AÆíPÜÄÔ E¢Ü¤ÊÜá dÝ¿Þb¢ÝÅÆ¿áPæR PÜÃæ¨æã¿ááª

»ÝÊÜb¢ÜÅÊÜ®Üá° ¢æWæÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

ÓÜí®ÝÂÓÜ, ¢ÝÂWÜ

©®ÜWÜÙÜá PÜÙæ¿áᣤ¨Üªí¢æ AÊÜÃÜá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü bí¢Ü®Ý±ÜÃÜÃÝX, D ±ÜűÜíaÜÊÜ®Üá°

¢æãÃæ¿áÆá ·¿áÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜ ÖÜê̈ Ü¿áÊÜâ ±æÅàÊÜá±Üä|ì ÓæàÊæÀáí¨Ü

±ÜÄÍÜá¨Ü­ÊÝX¢Üá¤. Pæã®æWÜã vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü ÇݻܨݿáPÜ ÊÜ꣤¿Þ¨Ü

Êæç¨ÜÂQà¿áÊÜ®Üá° 1923ÃÜÈÉ ÃÝgPÜáÊÜÞÃÜ Ô¨Ý­¥Üì®Üí¢æ ¢ÝÂWÜ ÊÜÞw¨ÜÃÜá. ÊÜáÆ¿áÊÜ®Üá°

¹oár »ÝÃÜ¢ÜPæR ×í£ÃÜáX¨ÜÃÜá.

ÊÜá¨ÜÃÝÔWæ ·í¨Üá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÊÜÓÜá¤WÜÙÜ®Üá° Ëá¢ÜÅ®Ü ÊÜá®æ¿áÈÉÄÔ¨ÜÃÜá. A®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ¢ÜÊÜá¾

A®Üí¢Ü¢æ¿á PÜvæWæ ±ÜÅ¿Þ| ÊÜÞvÜÆá BÃÜí¼Ô Êæã¨ÜÈWæ ·®ÝÃÜÓéWæ Öæãà¨ÜÃÜá.

WÜíWݮܩ¿áÈÉ ±ÜË¢ÜÅ ÓÝ°®Ü ÊÜÞw ÎÅà ËÍÜÌ®Ý¥Ü®Ü ©ÊÜ ¨ÜÍÜì®Ü Öæãí©¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

HPÝí¢ÜÓܧÙÜÊÜ®Üá° AÃÜÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. B¨ÜÃæ ÊÝÃÜ}ÝÔ¿áá A¢ÜÂí¢Ü g®Ü¯¹vÜ ÓܧÙÜÊÝX¨Ü᪠AÊÜÃÜá

±Üâ®Ü@ ÃæçÆá ¯Çݪ|PæR ·í¨ÜÃÜá. BWÜ aÜÚWÝÆÊÝX¨Üáª, vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá

PæãÃæ¿ááÊÜ aÜÚÀáí¨Ü ®ÜvÜáWÜᣤÃÜáÊÝWÜ KÊÜì ¨Ü¿ÞÙÜáÊÜâ Jí¨Üá PÜí·Ú ¯àw¨ÜÃÜá.

C¨Ü®Üá° AÊÜÃÜá ¨æàÊÜÃÜ ÊÜÃÜÊæí¨Üá £Ú¨Üá AÊÜÄWæ PÜê¢Ügn¢æ ÓÜÈÉÔ ¢ÜÊÜá¾ A¼ÇÝÐæ¿á®Üá°

ÊÜÂPܤ±ÜwÔ¨ÜÃÜá. B BWÜí¢ÜáPÜÃÜá CÊÜÃÜ®Üá° ±ÜíyÜÃݱÜâÃÜPæR ÖæãàWÜÆá ÖæàÚ ±Üä®ÝWæ

ÖæãàWÜÆá qPæpé SÄà©Ô ¯àw¨ÜÃÜá.

±Üä®Ý ¢ÜÆá²¨Ü ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ·Ú EÚ©¨Üª ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° ¨Ý®Ü

ÊÜÞw¨ÜÃÜá. D ÄࣿáÈÉ AÊÜÃÜá ±Üä|ìÊÝX ±ÜÃÜÊÜޢܾ®Ü ¨ÜÁá, PÜÃÜá}æ¿á ¼ûæWÝX

¢ÜÊÜá¾®Üá° A²ìÔPæãívÜá ±ÜÄÊÝÅgPÜÃÝX ±ÜÄÊÜ¢Üì®æ Öæãí©¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá ®ÝÔPé,

±ÜíyÜÃݱÜâÃÜ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠC¢ÜÃÜ ±Üâ|ÂPæÒà¢ÜÅWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜí¨ÜÎìÔ¨ÜÃÜá. ÖÜÚÛ WÝÅÊÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ

ÖݨÜá ÖæãàWÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. B ®æÆ, B »ÝÐæ, B g®Ü — GÆÉÊÜä BÍÜc¿áìPÜÃÜÊÝX¢Üá¤.

¼ûÝo®æ¿á A»ÝÂÓÜËÆÉ¨Ü PÝÃÜ| AÊÜÃÜá WÝÅÊÜá¨Ü ÊÜá®æWÜÚWæ ÖæãàX AÊÜÃÜ QË¿áÈÉ

²ÓÜáÊÜÞ£®ÜÈÉ ¢ÝÊÜâ ÊÜá¨ÜÃÝÔ ¸ÝÅÖܾ| ÊÜá¢Üᤠ¢Ü®ÜWæ ÖÜÔÊÝX¨æ G®Üá°£¤¨ÜªÃÜá.

A£¥æà¿áÃÜá CÊÜÃÜá PæàÙÜáÊÜ Äà£Àáí¨Ü BÍÜc¿áìaÜQ¢ÜÃÝX AÊÜÄWæ BÖÝÃÜ

¯àvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. ¢ÜÇæ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠPÝÆáWÜÚWæ ¿ÞÊÜâ¨æà ÃÜûÜ}æÀáÆɨæ, PÜwÊæá ÊÜÓÜ÷ «ÜÄÔ D

AÇæÊÜÞÄ¿áá ÊÜáÖÝÃÝÐÜó¨Ü ÓÜávÜá¹ÔÈ®ÜÈÉ ®Üvæ¨ÝvÜá¢Ý¤ ÃÜÓæ¤ ·©¿á ÊÜáÃÜ¨Ü ®æÃÜÚ®ÜÈÉ

»ÜãËá¿á ÊÜáwÆÈÉ ÊÜáÆWÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

×àWæ ÓÝWÜᣤÃÜáÊÝWÜ aÜí¨ÜÅ»ÝWÜ ®Ü©¿á £àÃÜ¨Ü «ÜÆhé Gí· WÝÅÊÜá¨Ü

±æäàÓérÊÜÞÓÜrÃÜÃÜ hæã¢æ CÃÜáÊÜ AÊÜPÝÍÜ ¨æãÃæÀá¢Üá. AÊÜÃÜá B ±æäàÓérÊÜÞÓÜrÃÜÃÜ

ÊÜá®æ¿á AvÜáWæ¿áÊÜÃݨÜÃÜá ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÓÜíhæ AÊÜÃÜá ×í£ÃÜáX¨ÝWÜ AÊÜÃÜ PÝÈWæ ¢æçÆÊÜ®Üá°

ÓÜÊÜÃÜá¢Ý¤ ¸æàvÜÊæí¨ÜÃÜã E±ÜaÜÄÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

A®Üí¢ÜÃÜ AÊÜÃÜá ©PÝÕÇé Gí·ÈÉ®Ü ±æäàÓérÊÜÞÓÜrÃÝX¨Üª Gí.Ë. ¨Ü¢Ý¤ AÊÜÃÜÈÉ

A£¦WÜÙÝX¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜÈÉ ¢ÜÊÜá¾ Caæf¿ÞX¨Üª ±ÜÅÍÝí¢Ü HPÝí¢Ü ÓܧÙÜ¨Ü ·WæY AÄPæ

ÊÜÞwPæãívÝWÜ ÎÅà ¨Ü¢Ý¤ AÊÜÃÜá MáÑPæàÍÜÊÜâ ÓÜãPܤ ÓܧÙÜÊæí¨Üá ÖæàÚ AÈÉWæ ÖæãàWÜÆá

ÖÜĨÝÌÃܨÜÊÜÃæWæ qPæor®Üá° PæãívÜáPæãorÃÜá.

vÝ>> PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÃÜá 8®æà Êæáà 1924ÃÜí¨Üá MáÑPæàÍÜ ¢ÜÆᲨÜÃÜá. 1®æà gã®é

1924ÃÜí¨Üá vÝPÜrÃÜÃÜá ·®ÝÃÜÓé®Ü ±ÜÃÜÊÜá±Üäg ÎÅà ÓÝÌËá ËÍÝÌ®Üí¨Ü ÓÜÃÜÓÜÌ£ AÊÜÃÜ®Üá°

»æàq¿Þ¨ÜÃÜá. vÝPÜrÃÜá B ÓÜí®ÝÂÔ¿áÈÉ WÜáÃÜáÊÜ®Üá°, B ÓÜí®ÝÂÔWÜÙÜá D Êæç¨ÜÂÃÜÈÉ

ÎÐÜ®ܮÜá° PÜívÜÃÜá. PæÆÊÜâ ÓÜíü±Ü¤ ÊÜÞ¢ÜáPÜ¢æ¿á ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ÎÅà ÓÝÌËá ËÍÝÌ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá vÝ>>

PÜá±Üâ³ÓÝÌËá AÊÜÄWæ ÓÜí®ÝÂÓÜ ©àûæ ¯àw¨ÜÃÜá. BWÜ CÊÜÃÜá ""ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Ü''Ãæí¨Üá

®ÝÊÜÞíQ¢ÜÃݨÜÃÜá.

A®Üí¢ÜÃܨÜÈÉ ÎÅà PæçÇÝÓÜ BÍÜÅÊÜá¨Ü ÊÜáÖÜí¢ÜÃÝX¨Üª ÓÝÌËá ËÐÜá¡̈ æàÊÝ®Üí¨Üià

ÊÜáÖÝÃÝgÃÜá ËÃÜhÝÖæãàÊÜá ÍÝÓÜ÷ˬWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÔ¨ÜÃÜá. ÓÝÌËá ËÍÝÌ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá

ÓÜí®ÝÂÓÜ«ÜÊÜáìPæR AWÜ¢ÜÂÊÝ¨Ü ¯à£ ¯¿áÊÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ·Ãæ¨Üá PÜÚÔ¨ÜÃÜá. ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Üià

AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÓÝ«Ü®æWÝX ÓÜÌWÝìÍÜÅÊÜá¨ÜÈÉ ®æÇæÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

¢Ü±ÜÍÜc¿áì

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá Êæáç ÊÜááaÜcÆá ÊÜÓÜ÷ «ÜÄÔ, iàËÓÜÈPæR ÊÜÞ¢ÜÅ BÖÝÃÜ ÓæàËÔ

ÊÜá®ÜáPÜáÆ¨Ü ÓæàÊæWÝX ¸ÝÙÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. Jí¨Üá ÖÜÙæ¿á ÊÜááÃÜáPÜÆá PÜáqàÃÜ, C¢ÜÃÜÃÜá A¨ÜÃÜ

·ÚWæ ·ÃÜÇÝWÜᣤÃÜÈÆÉ, aæàÙÜáWÜÙÜã CÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÊÜâ. Aí¢ÜÖÜ WÜáwÓÜÆá CÊÜÄWæ ÊÜáÙæ ÖÝWÜã

¹ÔÈWæ BÍÜÅ¿áÊÝX¢Üá¤. AÊÜÃÜá D PÜáqàÃܨÜÈɨÜáªPæãívÜá ¢Ü±ÜÓÜáÕ, ÊÜåè®Ü ÊÜá¢Üá¤

E±ÜÊÝÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. PæÆÊæäÊæá¾ ÖÜÆÊÜâ ©®Ü ¯ÃÝÖÝÄWÜÙÝXÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

«Ý®ÜPÝRX ÓÜÊÜá¿á EÚÓÜÆá AÊÜÃÜá Ãæãqr¿á®Üá° ¢Üí¨Üá CoárPæãívÜá WÜíWݮܩ¿á

¯àÄ®Ü hæã¢æWæ ÓæàËÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. aÜÚWÝÆ¨Ü ¸æÙÜX®ÜÈÉ Óæãío¨ÜÊÜÃæWæ PæãÃæ¿ááÊÜ

WÜíWݮܩ¿á ®ÜvÜáÊæ ¯í¢Üá g±Ü BÃÜí¼Ô ÓÜãÁãàì¨Ü¿á¨Ü ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ÖæãÃÜ ·ÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ©®Ü¨ÜÈÉ ÖÜ®æ°ÃÜvÜá WÜípæWÜÚWÜã A¬PÜ ÓÜÊÜá¿á «Ý®ܨÜÈÉÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. ¯ÃÜí¢ÜÃÜ

g±Ü¢Ü±Ü¨Ü ®ÜvÜáÊæ¿áã AÊÜÃÜá ÃæãàXWÜÙÜ ÓæàÊæ¿á®Üá° PÜvæWÜ~ÓÜᣤÃÜÈÆÉ. AÊÜÃÜá ÓÝ«ÜáWÜÙÜ

PÜáqàÃÜWÜÚWæ LÐܬWÜÙÜ ÓÜÊæáà¢Ü ÖæãàX, PÝÈWæ G}æ¡Àáí¨Ü E±ÜaÜÄÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

PÝÀáÇæÀáí¨Ü ÊÜáÆX¨ÝWÜ AÊÜÄWÝX ¼ûæ ¸æàw BÖÝÃÜ ¢Üí¨Üá ¢ÝÊæà ÓÜÌ¢Ü@

E~ÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. WÜíWæÀáí¨Ü ¯àÃÜ®Üá° Öæã¢Üᤠ¢Üí¨Üá AÊÜÃÜ PÜáqàÃÜÊÜ®Üá° ÍÜábWæãÚÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá PÝÆÃÝ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÔvÜá¹®Ü ÃæãàXWÜÙÜ®Üá° E±ÜaÜÄÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AWÜ¢ÜÂ˨ݪWÜ

ÃÝ£ÅÁáÇÝÉ hÝWÜê¢ÜÃÝX¨Ü᪠Aí¢ÜÖÜ ÓÝ«ÜáWÜÙÜ ±ÜPÜR¨ÜÈɨÜ᪠ÓæàËÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. ÃæãàXWÜÙÜ®Üá°

¢ÜÊÜá¾ ¸æ®Ü°ÊæáàÇæ Öæã¢ÜᤠBÓܳ¢æÅWæ ÓÝXÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ËÊæá¿á ·wx ÖÜ|©í¨Ü

ÓÝÌËáài¿áÊÜÃÜá 1925ÃÜÈÉ ÆûÜ$¾|ÃÜkáãƨÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá Eb¢Ü BÓܳ¢æÅ¿á®Üá° BÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ¿Þ£ÅPÜÄWæ ÓæàÊæ ÊÜÞvÜá¢Ý¤ AÊÜÃÜÇæÉà ®ÝÃÝ¿á|®Ü®Üá° PÝ|ᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

ÓÜÌWÝìÍÜÅÊÜá¨ÜÈÉÃÜáÊÝWÜ TÝ墆 ÓÜíÓÜñ¢Ü ±Üíw¢ÜÃÝX¨Üª ÓÝÌËá ¢Ü±æäàÊÜ®é, Êæà¨Ýí£WÜÙÜã

ÓÜÖÜ, A±ÜÃÜã±Ü¨Ü ¢Ü±ÜÔÌ ÓÝÌËá ±ÜâÃÜáÐæãà¢Ü¤ÊÜÞ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá, »ÜPܤÃÜã ÓÜÖÜ, ·ÅÖܾaÝÄ

ÁãàWÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá, TÝ墆 ¢Ýí£ÅPÜ ÁãàX, ÓÜíQà¢Üì®ÝPÝÃÜÃÝ¨Ü ®ÝÃÝ¿á|

ÊÜáÖÝÃÝhé ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÊÜÞ¢Ý KíPÝÃæàÍÜÌÄ CÊÜÃæÆÉÃÜ ÓÜ¢ÜÕíWÜ Æ¼Ô¢Üá¤. AÆɨæ ÓÝÌËá

A¨æÌ$ç¢Ý®Üí¨Ü, ÓÝÌËá ÓÜÌ¿áíhæãÂà£, ÓÝÌËá ÓÜí¢ÜXÄ, CÊÜÃÜáWÜÙÜ ÓÜÖÜÊÝÓÜ ¨æãÃÜQ¢Üá.

ÓÝÌËáài¿áÊÜÃÜá ÓÝ«Üá ÓæàÊæWæ ÓÝPÜÐÜár AÊÜPÝÍÜ ¨æãÃÜQ¢Üá ÊÜá¢ÜᤠAÊÜÃÜáWÜÙÜ E±Ü®ÝÂÓÜ,

ÓÜíQà¢Üì®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° BÁãàiÔ ÖÝÃÜ ÖÝQ ¢ÝÊæà Jí¨Üá ÊÜáãÇæ¿áÈÉ PÜáÚ£ÃÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

BWÝWÜ AÊÜÃÜã ÓÜÖÜ ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ¨æçËPÜ A®Üá»ÜÊÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° AÊÜÃÜÈÉ ÖÜíbPæãÙÜáÛ£¤¨ÜªÃÜá.

ÓÝÌËáài¿áÊÜÃÜá ÖÜÆÊÝÃÜá ÁãàWÝ»ÝÂÓÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞw¨ÝªÃæ ÊÜá¢Üᤠ«ÜÊÜáìWÜÅí¥ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°

K©¨ÝªÃæ. ÖÜÆÊÝÃÜá ÊÜÐÜìWÜÙÜ ¯ÃÜí¢ÜÃÜ ÓÜ¢Ü¢Ü ÓÝ«Ü®æ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÓæàÊæ¿á®Üá° AÊÜÍÜÂ˨ܪÊÜÄWæ

ÊÜÞw¨Ü ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ AÊÜÄWæ ¯ËìPÜƳ ÓÜÊÜÞ¬¿á ±ÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Üí¨Ü ±ÝűܤÊÝÀá¢Üá.

AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜáívÜáÖÝÙæWÜÙÜ®Üá°, E±ÜÁãàXÓÜƳor ÆPæãàpæWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜíWÜÅ×Ô ÖæãȨÜá bPÜR

±ÜâÓܤPÜWÜÙܮݰX ÊÜÞvÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜÈÉ AÊÜÃÜ ÓÜÌ̄ ¿áÊÜÞÊÜÚWÜÙÜ®Üá° ·Ãæ©vÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá.

AÊÜâWÜÙÜÈÉ®Ü PæÆÊÜâ ¯¿áÊÜáWÜÙÜá D Äà£Àá¨ÜªÊÜâ : ""E±Ü³®Üá° ¢ÜÂiÔÄ. Ô׿á®Üá°

¢æãÃæÀáÄ. ÊÜáÓÝÇæ ±Ü¨Ý¥Üì ÓæàËÓܸæàwÄ. ¢ÜÃÜPÝÄ, aÜq°WÜÙÜ®Üá° £®Ü°̧ æàwÄ. ÖÜáÚ

±Ü¨Ý¥Üì £®Ü°̧ æàw.'' ÊÜá¢æã¤í¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ×àX¢Üᤠ: ""»ÜíX¿á ÓæàÊæ ÊÜÞwÄ. ¨ÜáÐÜrÃÜ ÓæàÊæ

ÊÜÞwÄ. A«ÜÊÜáÃÜ ÓæàÊæ ÊÜÞwÄ. ÊÜáÆÊÜáã¢ÜÅWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÍÜábWæãÚÔÄ. ÓÝ«ÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜÓÜ÷WÜÙÜ®Üá°

ÍÜá»ÜÅWæãÚÔÄ. E¢ÝÕÖÜ©í©Ä. ¯àÃÜ®Üá° Öæã¢Üᤠ¢Ü °̄Ä.'' ÊÜá¢æã¤í¨Üá ÖÝÙæ¿áÈÉ ×àWæ

·Ã橨ܪÃÜá : ""¨æÌàÐÜ, ÖÜWæ¢Ü®Ü ÓݬÓܸæàwÄ. Pæor̈ Ü®Üá° EÚÔPæãÙÜÛ¸æàw. Pæor̈ ܪ®Üá°

JÙæÛ¿á¨ÜÄí¨Ü ×í£ÃÜáXÔ. AÊÜÊÜÞ®Ü, ®æãàÊÜâ, WÝ¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜ×ÔÄ.'' C®Üã° PæÆÊÜâ

ÖÝÙæWÜÙÜÈÉ ®ÝÊÜâ C¨Ü®Üá° PÜívæÊÜâ : ""ÖÜÓÜáWÜãÔ®Üí¢æ ¿ÞÊÜâ¨æà WÝ¿áÊܮݰ̈ ÜÃÜã ÓÜÄ,

PÜãvÜÇæà ÊÜáÃæ¢Üá¹w. ¿ÞÄí¨ÜÇݨÜÃÜã ÓÜÄ ®æ®Ü²®ÜÈÉvܸæàw. A¨Ü®Üá° ÖÜê̈ Ü¿á¨ÜÈÉ

CoárPæãÙÜÛ¸æàw. A¨ÜÄí¨Ü ¨æÌàÐÜ Eƺ|ÊÝWÜá¢Ü¤¨æ, Pæ|Q¨Üí¢ÝWÜá¢Ü¤¨æ. Êæáç£Å¿á®Üá°,

Óæ°àÖÜÊÜ®Üá° ¸æÙæÔÄ. PÜÃÜá}æ, ¨ÜÁá, ±æÅàÊÜá, ûÜÊæá, CÊÜâWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜê©­ÔPæãÚÛÄ.'' ÊÜá¢æã¤í¨Üá

q±Ü³~ ×àX¢Üᤠ: ""ÓܮܰvÜ¢æ¿á®Üá° ¸æÙæÔPæãÚÛÄ. £àÊÜÅÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜáê̈ Üá ÓÜÌ»ÝÊÜ, ˮܿá,

Óèg®ÜÂ, Óܻܢæ, ÎÐÝraÝÃÜ, ÊÜ꣤ ÊÜá¿Þì¨æ, JÙæÛ¿á ¸ÝÖÜÂÊÜ¢Üì®æ, PÜáÈà®Ü¢æ,

E¨Ý¢Ü¤¢æ, WèÃÜÊÜ, ÓèÊÜá¢æ CÊÜâWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¸æÙæÔ, A¬PÜWæãÚÔPæãÚÛÄ. ¿ÞÃÜÆãÉ

JÃÜpÝX, E¨æÌàWÜ, BPæãÅàÍÜ A¥ÜÊÝ PÜãÅÃÜ¢æÀáí¨Ü ®Üvæ¨ÜáPæãÙÜÛ¸æàw. D ±ÜűÜíaܨÜÈÉ

¯àÊÜâ ¿ÞÊÜâ¨Ü®Üã° ¨æÌàÑÓܸæàPÝXÆÉ. ¨æÌàÐÜÊÜâ A˨æ¿á AhÝn®Ü¨Ü ÃÜã±ÜÊÝX¨æ. GÇÝÉ

·Wæ¿á £ÃÜÓÝRÃÜ, ¢Ý¢ÝÕÃÜ »ÝÊÜ®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° ²Å࣠ÊÜá¢ÜᤠËaÝÃÜ¨Ü ÊÜáãÆPÜ

ÖæãÃܨÜãvܸæàPÜá.''

ÓÜíQà¢Üì®Ý ÓÝÊÜÞÅpé ÊÜá¢Üᤠ©ÊÜ iàÊÜ®Ü ÓÜíZ¨Ü g®Ü®Ü, E¨Ü¿á

ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ÊÜáãÊܢܤ®æà ÊÜ¿áÔÕ®ÜÇæÉà E¢Ü¤ÃܱÜŨæàÍÜ, ¹ÖÝÃÜ, ±Üíhݸé,

gÊÜáá¾ PÝξàÃÜ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠBí«ÜűÜŨæàÍÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ÓÜíaÜÄÔ ±ÜÃÜÊÜޢܾ®Ü ®ÝÊÜáÊÜ®Üá° ±ÜÓÜÄÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜ ®æãào, CÃÜáËPæ, ¨ÜÍÜì®ÜWÜÙæà A±ÜÄËá¢Ü ÓÜí±Ü¢Ü¤®Üá° ¯àvÜáÊÜí¢ÝX¨Üáª,

±ÜÅ£Áã·ºÃÜã AÊÜÃÜ ·WæY aÜbìÔ ¢ÜÊÜá¾ A®Üá»ÜÊÜ Êæç»ÜÊÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÖÜíbPæãÙÜáÛ£¤¨ÜªÃÜá.

BX®Ü AÊÜÃÜ A¼ÇÝÐæÁáí¨ÜÃæ ±ÜűÜíaÜ¨Ü ±ÜÅ£ ÊÜáãÇæ¿áÈÉ ¨æàÊÜÃÜ ®ÝÊÜá

±ÜÅ£«ÜÌ̄ ÓÜáÊÜí¢ÝWܸæàPÜá. A¨Üá E¢Ü¤ÃܱÜŨæàÍÜ¨Ü Ôà¢Ý±ÜâÃܨÜÈÉ BÃÜí»ÜÊÝX

ÆQí±ÜâÃéPæàÄ, ÆS®è, AÁãà«ÜÂ, ÊÜÞíXàÃé, »ÜWÜÇé±ÜäÃé, PÜÆR¢Ý¤Wæ ÓÝX

Bí«ÜűÜŨæàÍÜ¨Ü ¢æãào±ÜÈÉ ¸æor̈ ÜÊÜÃæWÜã ÖÜÃÜw¢Üá. AÊÜÃÜá ±ÜÅ£ÊÜÐÜì ÇÝÖæãàÃé

ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÃÝÊÜÇé²íwWÜã ÖæãàWÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. D Ä࣠JÊæá¾ ÇÝÖæãàÄWæ Öæãà¨ÝWÜ ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ

Aí¸ÝÇÝWæ Jí¨Üá ÊÝÃÜ¨Ü ÓÜíQà¢Üì®Ý ÓܱݤÖܨÜÈÉÃÜáÊÝWÜ AÊÜÄWæ ¢ÝÊæàPæ Jí¨Üá

ÓÜíÓ槿á®Üá° BÃÜí¼Ô A¨ÜÃÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ Cwà ¨æàÍÜÊÜ®Üá° ¨æçËàPÜ¢æÁávæWæ PÜÃæ¨æã¿á¸ÝÃܨÜá

Gí· BÇæãàaÜ®æ ·í¨Üá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ©ÊÜ iàÊÜ®Ü ¨Ü£¤¿á®Üá° Aí¸ÝƨÜÈÉ 13®æà

g®ÜÊÜÄ 1936ÃÜÈÉ ®æãàí¨ÝÀáÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

AÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ £à¥Üì¿Þ¢æÅ¿á ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ MáÑPæàÍÜPæR ×í£ÃÜáX¨ÜÃÜá ÊÜá¢Üᤠ1936ÃÜÈÉ

©ÊÜ iàÊÜ®Ü ÓÜíZÊæí· ¹àgÊÜ®Üá° WÜíWݮܩ¿á £àÃܨÜÈÉ ¹£¤¨ÜÃÜá. BWÜ AÊÜÃÜá Jí¨Üá

ÖÜÙæ¿á ià}ÝìÊÜÓ槿á, ¯ÐÜøÁãàgPÜ PÜáqàÃÜÊÜ®Üá° ¨Ü®Ü¨Ü PæãqrWæ¿áí£¨Üª ÓܧÙÜÊÜ®Üá°

PÜívÜÃÜá. A¨Üá AÊÜÄWæ AÃÜÊÜá®æXí¢Ü ËáXÇÝX¢Üá¤. A¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ®ÝÆáR Pæãà}æWÜڨܪÊÜâ.

AÊÜÃæà A¨Ü®Üá° ÍÜábWæãÚÔ AÈÉ ®æÇæÔ¨ÜÃÜá. A®Üí¢ÜÃÜ ÎÐÜÂÊÜêí¨Ü¨Ü BWÜÊÜá®Ü A¬PÜÊÝX

CÊÜÃÜ ±Ý¨ÜPÜÊÜáÆ ¨ÜÍÜì®ÜPæR ·í¨ÜÊÜÃÜá D ÊÝÓܤËPÜ¢æ¿á®Üá° PÜívÜá A¨ÜÃÜ A¼ÊÜê©­WÝX

ÊÜááí¨Ý¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÄWæ B ¨Ü®Ü¨Ü PæãqrWæ¿áá TÝÈ¿ÞX¨ÜªÃÜã ¨ÜáÊÝìÓÜ®æÀáí¨Ü

¢Üáí¹¢Üá¤. B Jí¨Üá Pæãà}æ¿áÈÉ ¨Ü®ÜWÝ׿áã C¨Üª®Üá. EÚ¨Ü Pæãà}æWÜÙÜá ÓÜWÜ~

ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÖÜáÈɯí¨Ü ¢Üáí¹¢Üá¤. ÊÜá¢æã¤í¨Üá ÊÜÃÜáÐܨÜÈÉ B ¨Ü®ÜWÝ׿áá Pæãà}æ¿á®Üá°

¹oárPæãor®Üá. BWÜ ©ÊÜ iàÊÜ®Ü ÓÜíZ¨Ü Óæà®æ¿áá AÈÉ ®æÇæÓÜÆá BÃÜí¼Ô¢Üá, C¨Üá

©ÊÜ iàÊÜ®Ü ÓÜíZ¨Ü BÃÜí»Ü¨Ü ©®ÜWÜÙݨÜÊÜâ.

D Jí¨Üá bPÜR BÃÜí»Ü©í¨Ü ÓÜíZPæR AWæãàaÜÃÜÊÝX¨Üáª̈ Üá A±ÜÅ£ÊÜáÊÝX ¸æÙæ¨Üá

DWÜ ÊÜááS Pæàí¨ÜÅÊÝX ËÍÜÌ̈ ݨÜÂí¢Ü CÃÜáÊÜ ÍÝTæWÜÙÜÐærà AÆɨæà »ÝÃÜ¢Ü¨Ü JÙÜXÃÜáÊÜ

ÍÝTæWÜÚWÜã ±ÜÅ«Ý®Ü Pæàí¨ÜÅÊÝX¨æ. «ÝËáìPÜ WÜÅí¥ÜWÜÙÜ Eb¢Ü Ë¢ÜÃÜ}æ¿á

ÓÝÌËáài¿áÊÜÃÜ PÝ¿áìÊÜâ ÎÐÜÂÊÜêí¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° BPÜÑìÔ¢Üá. ÖÜÆÊÝÃÜá ÓÜÍÜPܤ ÓÜÖÝ¿áÖÜÓܤWÜÙÜ

PÜãvÜáËPæÀáí¨Ü ÓÜíZ¨ÜÈÉ A®æàPÜ Ë»ÝWÜWÜÙÜá BÃÜí»ÜÊݨÜÊÜâ. CÊÜâWÜÙÜ ÊÜááSÂ

E¨æªàÍÜÊÜâ ÖÜê̈ Ü¿á¨Ü ÍÜá¨Ü­¢æ¿á PÝ¿áì ÊÜá¢Üᤠ¨æçËPÜÊÝX A¼ÊÜê©­ Öæãí¨ÜáÊÜâ¨æà

BX¨æ. 1938®æà Óæ±ærí·Ãé®ÜÈÉ ""wÊæç®é Çæç´é'' Gí· BíWÜÉ ÊÜÞÓܱܣÅPæ¿áã AÊÜÃÜ

g®Ü¾©®ÜPæR Öæãí¨ÜáÊÜí¢æ BÃÜí»ÜÊÝÀá¢Üá. B ÓÜÊÜá¿á¨ÜÈÉ ¨æàÍÜÊÜâ GÃÜvÜ®æà ËÍÜÌ ÓÜÊÜáÃܨÜ

¸æàWæ¿áÈɨÜ᪠±ÜűÜíaÜPæRÇÝÉ ÍÝí£¿á ¢ÜÃÜíWÜÊÜâ ¯ÃÜí¢ÜÃÜÊÝX ¸æàPÝX¢ÜᤠÊÜá¢ÜᤠËaÜÈ¢Ü

ÊÜá®ÜÓÜÕ®Üá° ÍÝí¢ÜWæãÚÓÜáÊÜ ÓÜÆáÊÝX 1943®æà wÓæí·Ãé®ÜÈÉ ASívÜ ÊÜáÖÝÊÜáí¢ÜÅ

Qà¢Üì®Ý ¿ágnÊÜ®Üá° BÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÃÜá. C¨ÜÃÜ ±ÜÅPÝÃÜ ÓܢܢÜÊÝX ASívÜÊÝX ©®Ü¨Ü

C±Ü³¢Ý°ÆáR WÜípæWÜÙÜã ""ÖÜÃæà ÃÝÊÜá ÖÜÃæà ÃÝÊÜá ÃÝÊÜá ÃÝÊÜá ÖÜÃæà ÖÜÃæà ÖÜÃæà PÜêÐÜ¡

ÖÜÃæà PÜêÐÜ¡ PÜêÐÜ¡ PÜêÐÜ¡ ÖÜÃæà ÖÜÃæà'' Gí· ÊÜáÖÝÊÜáí¢ÜÅÊÜ®Üá° g²ÓÜÆá BÃÜí¼ÓÜÇÝÀá¢Üá.

hæã¢æWæ ÎÅà ËÍÜÌ®Ý¥Ü ÊÜáí©ÃܨÜÈÉ £ÅPÝÆ ±Üähæ¿á®Üá° 31®æà wÓæí·Ãé 1943 Äí¨Ü

¯WÜ©¢Ü ÊÜÞvÜÆá E¨æªàÎÓÜÇÝÀá¢Üá.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ÓÜíÁãàg®Ü, ÓÜíÁãàWÜ, ÓÜÊÜá®ÜÌ¿áÊÜ®Üá° GÇÝÉ ËÐÜ¿áWÜÙÜÆãÉ

PÝ|Æá CbfÓÜᣤ¨ÜªÃÜá. CÊÜâWÜÙÜÈÉ ËÍÝÌÓÜËqr̈ ܪÃÜá, ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÁãàWܨÜÈÉ ÖÝWÜã ÊÜÞ®ÜÊÜ®Ü

PÜÐÜrWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¯ÊÜáãìÆWæãÚÓÜáÊÜâ¨ÜÃÜÆãÉ ÊÜááí¨ÝX¨ÜªÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá BÇæãà±Ü£ Êæç¨ÜÂQà¿á

bQ¢ÝÕPÜÅÊÜáÊÜâ AÊÜÄí¨Ü ¸æà±ÜìwÓÜÆá AÓÝ«ÜÂÊÝX¨Ü᪠DWÜ A¨Üá ÓÜíZ¨Ü

aÜoáÊÜqPæ¿ÞÀá¢Üá. C¨Üá AÊÜÄWæ ÓÜÌWÝìÍÜÅÊÜá¨ÜÈÉÃÜáÊÝWÜÇæà AÊÜÃÜ iàÊÜ®Ü¨Ü BÃÜí»Ü¨Ü

ÖÜí¢Ü¨ÜÇæÉà Öæ}æ¨ÜáPæãíw¢Üá¤. DWÜÊÜÃÜá ×ÊÜÞÆ¿á¨ÜÈÉ ¨æãÃÜPÜáÊÜ A±ÜÃÜã±Ü¨Ü

XvÜÊÜáãÈPæWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜíWÜÅ×Ô A¨ÜÃÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ B¿ááÊæàì¨Ü¨Ü LÐܬWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¢Ü¿ÞÄÔ

g®ÜÄWæ A®ÜáPÜãÆPÜÃÜÊÝWÜáÊÜí¢æ ÊÜÞvÜÆá ¢æãvÜX¨ÜÃÜá. C¨ÜPÝRX AÊÜÃÜá 1945ÃÜÈÉ

ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Ü B¿ááÊæàì©Pé ´ÝÊÜáìÔ¿á®Üá° Óݧ²Ô¨ÜÃÜá. DWÜ A¨Üá GÐÜár ËÍÝÆÊÝX

¸æÙ橨æ Gí¨ÜÃæ g®ÜÃÜ A£¿Þ¨Ü ¸æàwPæ¿á®Üá° ±ÜäÃæçÓÜÆá ÍÜÅÊÜá±ÜvÜáÊÜí¢ÝX¨æ.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá AUÆ ËÍÜÌ «ÝËáìPÜ ÓÜÊæá¾àÙÜ®ÜÊÜ®Üá° 28®æà wÓæí·Ãé

1945ÃÜí¨Üá BÁãàiÔ AUÆ ËÍÜÌ ÓÝ«ÜáWÜÙÜ ÓÜíZÊÜ®Üá° 19®æà ´æ·áÅÊÜÄ 1947ÃÜí¨Üá

Óݧ²Ô¨ÜÃÜá. 1947ÃÜÈÉ ÓÜíZÊÜâ ÊÜáÖÝ®é ËÓݤÃÜÊÝX ±ÜÅÔ©­ Öæãí©¢Üá. B ÊÜÐÜìÊÜâ

D ÊÜáÖݢܾÃÜ ÊÜgÅ ÊÜáÖæãà¢ÜÕÊÜ ÓÜÊÜÞÃÜí»ÜÊÝX¢Üá¤. B ÓÜÊÜá¿á¨ÜÈÉ ÖÜÆÊÝÃÜá PÜorvÜWÜÙÜ

¯ÊÜÞì|ÊÝÀá¢Üá. ÁãàWÜ Êæà¨Ýí¢Ü ´ÝÃæÓér APÝvæËá¿áá 1948ÃÜÈÉ Óݧ²¢ÜÊÝX

A¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ÍÝÓÜ÷·¨Ü­ «ÝËáìPÜ ¢ÜÃܸæࣿá®Üá° ÓܧÚà¿á ÓÝ«ÜPÜÄWæ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠBWÜËáÓÜáÊÜ

A®æÌàÐÜPÜÄWÝX ¯àvÜáÊÜ «æÂà¿á Öæãí©¨æ.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá 1950ÃÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá Ëáíb®Ü AUÆ »ÝÃÜ¢Ü ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÎÅàÆíPÝ

±ÜÅÊÝÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ©ÊÜ ÓÜí¨æàÍÜ ¯àvÜáÊÜ ÓÜÆáÊÝX ¨æàÍܨݨÜÂí¢Ü ÓÜíaÜÄÔ¨ÜÃÜá. AÊÜÃÜá

¢Ý£ÌPÜÊÝX ®æç£PÜ ÊÜá¢Üᤠ«ÝËáìPÜ hÝWÜꣿá®Üá° GÆÉÃÜ ÖÜê̈ Ü¿á¨ÜÆãÉ ÊÜáãwÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

C¨ÜÃÜ ±ÜÄ}ÝÊÜáÊÜâ A¢Ü¨Üá½¢ÜÊÝX¢Üá¤. A¨ÜÃÜ ®Üí¢ÜÃÜ BÍÜÅÊÜáPæR A®æÌàÑÓÜáÊÜ B¢Ü¾WÜÙÜ ÓÜíTæÂ

¯ÃÜí¢ÜÃÜÊÝX HÃÜ¢æãvÜX¢Üá. AÆɨæ ÓÝ«ÜPÜÃÜá ®Ýw®Ý¨ÜÂí¢Ü ±Ü¢ÜÅ ÊÜááTæà®Ü ÓÜí±ÜQìÓÜÆá

¢æãvÜX¨ÜÃÜá. C¨ÜÄí¨ÝX hÝn®Ü ±ÜÅaÝÃÜ ±ÜÅÓÝÃÜ PÝ¿áìÊÜâ ¯ÃÜWÜìÙÜÊÝX ÓÝWÜÆá

AÊÜPÝÍÜÊÝÀá¢Üá. Óæ±ærí·Ãé 1951ÃÜÈÉ ÁãàWÜÊæà¨Ýí¢Ü ´ÝÃæÓér APÝvæËá¿á

ÊÜáá¨ÜÅ}ÝÆ¿áÊÜâ Óݧ²¢ÜÊÝX C¨Üá ËÍÝÆÊÝ¨Ü hÝn®Ü ±ÜÅaÝÃÜPæR ÍÜQ¤¿áá¢ÜÊݨÜ

ÖÝ©¿ÞÀá¢Üá. 1953ÃÜÈÉ ÎÅà ÓÝÌËáài¿áÊÜÃÜá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÝÍÜÅÊÜá¨ÜÈÉ ËÍÜÌ«ÝËáìPÜ

ÓÜÊæá¾àÙÜ®ÜÊÜ®Üá° BÁãàiÔ ®æÃÜÊæàÄÔ¨ÜÃÜá.

ÓÜ|¡ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ LÐÜ«ÝÆ¿áÊæí¨Üá ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÄí¨Ü ¹wÓÜÇÝWܨÜí¢ÜÖÜ

·í«Ü®Ü Öæãí©¨Üª BÓܳ¢æÅ¿áá DWÜ ÊÜáÖÝ®é BÓܳ¢æÅ¿ÞX ¸æÙæ¨Üá ûÜ&QÃÜ| ÊÜá¢ÜᤠC¢ÜÃÜ

ÓèÆ»ÜÂWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜȳÓÜÇÝÀá¢Üá. 1957ÃÜÈÉ ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Ü ®æà¢ÜÅ bQ¢ÝÕÆ¿áÊÜâ A¬PÜê¢ÜÊÝX

PÝ¿áì±ÜÅÊÜê¢Ü¤ÊÝÀá¢Üá. BÓܳ¢æÅ¿áá ÖÜ¢ÜᤠÖÝÔWæWÜÙÜ ÓèƻܠÖæãí©¨Ü᪠»ÜËÐܨÜÈÉ

ÊÜáãÊÜ¢ÜᤠÖÝÔWæWÜÚWæ ËÓܤÄÓÜáÊÜ ÓÝ«Ü¢æ Öæãí©¨æ.

±Ü¹ÉPæàÐÜ®é ÈàWé ÓÜíÓ槿áá WÜáÃÜá¨æàÊÜÃÜ GÇÝÉ ·ÃÜÊÜ~WæWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜáá©Å¢ÜÃÜã±Ü¨ÜÈÉ

¢Üí©¨æ ÊÜá¢Üᤠ»ÜPݤ©WÜÙÜá AÊÜâWÜÙÜ ·WæY ÓÜíÍæãà«Ü®Ý PÝ¿áì ÊÜÞvܸæàPÝX¨æ. C¨Ü®Üá°

PÝ¿áìWÜ¢ÜWæãÚÓÜáÊÜ ÓÜÆáÊÝX 1958ÃÜÈÉ ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Ü ÈoÇæàaÜÃé ÄÓÜaéì

C®éÕqoãÂpé BÃÜí»ÜÊÝX WÜáÃÜá¨æàÊÜÃÜ PÜê£WÜÙÜ®Üá° A®ÜáÊÝ©Ô ±ÜÅPÜqÓÜáÊÜ Öæãí©¨æ.

»ÝÃÜ¢Ü¨Ü GÇÝÉ »ÝÐæWÜÚWÜã A®ÜáÊÝ©ÓÜáÊÜ PÝ¿áì ¯¿áËá¢ÜÊÝX ÓÝWÜá¢Ü¤È¨æ. C¨ÜÃÜ

hæã¢æWæ ÖÜÆÊÝÃÜá ÓÜËá£WÜÙÜá BÃÜí»ÜÊÝX 1959Äí¨Ü PÝ¿áì¯ÃÜ¢ÜÊÝXÊæ.

1961ÃÜÈÉ ÓÜíZÊÜâ ÃÜg¢Ü ÊÜáÖæãà¢ÜÕÊÜÊÜ®Üá° BaÜÄÔ¢Üá. WÜáÃÜá¨æàÊÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ iàË¢Ü

PÝƨÜÇæÉà E¨Ý¢Ü¤ÊÝ¨Ü WÜáÄ¿á ÓÝ«Ü®æ ¢ÜÆá² A¨ÜÃÜ ±ÜÅ£´ÜÆÊÜ®Üá° PÜíw¨ÜªÃÜá.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾ ©ÊÜÂÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜá¢ÜᤠE®Ü°¢ÜÊÝ¨Ü ÓæàÊæ, «Ý娆 ÊÜá¢Üá¤

¨æçÊÜÓÝûÝ¢ÝRÃÜ¨Ü ÓÜí¨æàÍÜÊÜ®Üá° ¢ÝÊÜâ ÃÜbst ÊÜáá®Üã°ÃÜPÜãR A¬PÜ ±ÜâÓܤPÜWÜÙÜá,

¯¿á¢ÜPÝÈPæ¿á ±Ü£ÅPæWÜÙÜá ÊÜá¢Üᤠ±Ü¢ÜÅWÜÙÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ ±ÜűÜíaܨݨÜÂí¢Ü ±ÜÓÜÄԨݪÃæ. AÊÜÃÜ

»ÜPܤÃÜÈÉ ±ÜűÜíaÜ¨Ü GÇÝÉ ±ÜŨæàÍܨÜÊÜÃÜá, «ÜÊÜáì, ÊÜá¢Ü ±Üí¥Ü¨ÜÊÜÃÜá ÓæàĨݪÃæ.

ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜ ÁãàWÜÊÜ®Üá° ""ÓÜÊÜá®ÜÌ¿á ÁãàWÜ''Êæí¨Üá ±ÜÅÊÜááSÊÝX

WÜáÃÜá£ÓÜƳvÜá¢Ü¤¨æ. C¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ÎÃÜ, PÜÃÜ ÊÜá¢ÜᤠÖÜê̈ Ü¿áWÜÙÜá hÝn®ÜÁãàWÜ, PÜÊÜáìÁãàWÜ

ÊÜá¢Üᤠ»ÜQ¤ÁãàWÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ »ÝÊæçPÜ¢æÀáí¨Ü A¼ÊÜê©­ Öæãí¨ÜáÊÜí¢ÜÖÜá¨ÝX¨æ.

1963®æà gáÇæç 14ÃÜí¨Üá ÊÜáÖݢܾÃÝ¨Ü ÓÝÌËá ÎÊÝ®Üí¨ÜÃÜá ÊÜáÖÝÓÜÊÜÞ¬¿Þ¨ÜÃÜá.

ÎÊÝ®Üí¨Ü®ÜWÜÃÜ¨Ü B®Üí¨ÜPÜáqàÃܨÜÈÉ B¢Ü¾ÓÝûÝ¢ÝRÃÜ Öæãí©¨Ü ÊÜáÖÝ®é ÓÜí¢ÜÃÜá ¢ÜÊÜá¾

¨æç×PÜ ·í«Ü®Ü©í¨Ü ÊÜááPܤÃݨÜÃÜá.