SW Tutorial 2004 Part 1

8/3/2019 SW Tutorial 2004 Part 1

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Semantic Web:Semantic Web:State of the Art and OpportunitiesState of the Art and Opportunities

Vagan TerziyanCompiled, partly based on various online tutorialsand presentations, with respect to their authors

Industrial Ontologies Group

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/index.html

University of Jyvskyl

Industrial Ontologies GroupIndustrial Ontologies Group


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Tutorial Online

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/pres/SW_Tutorial_2004_Part_1.ppt




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Researchers

Vagan Terziyan

Oleksandr Kononenko

Andriy Zharko

Oleksiy Khriyenko Olena Kaykova

Industrial Ontologies Group

Industrial Ontologies Group: http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/


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Speakers Profile

Vagan Terziyan

Profile:

Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge Management

Agent Technology Semantic Web

Machine Learning

Data Mining

1981 M s. Eng. (Applied mathematics)

1985 Dr. Tech. (Cybernetics andIT)

1993 Dr. (Habil) Tech. (IS and AI)

1996 P rofessor (Software Engineering)

2001 Docent, University of Jyvaskyla

(AI and Knowledge Management)

2002-2004 Ass. Prof., Department ofMathematical

Information Technology, Senior Researcher,

Agora Center, University of Jyvaskyla,

VisitingProf., Free University of Amsterdam

Kharkov National University ofRadioelectronics

Ukraine

University of Jyvskyl

Finland

Head of AI Department, Professor, Dr. (Habil) Tech.

Associate Professor, Senior Researcher

(Agora Centre)

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/


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Industrial Ontologies Group:Industrial Ontologies Group:

Our HistoryOur History

1978-1984 We took part in development of the

first in USSR Industrial Natural Language

Processing System DESTA, which included

semantic analysis and ontologiesontologies;

1985-1989 - We took part in development of the

first in USSR Industrial Automated Natural

Language Programming System ALISA, which

Enabled Semantic AnnotationEnabled Semantic Annotation, DiscoveryDiscoveryand

IntegrationIntegration of software components (prototype of

today's Semantic Web ServicesSemantic Web Services concept);


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1990-1993 under name ofMetaintelligence Lab.we were piloting concept of a MetasemanticNetwork (triplet-based (meta-)knowledge

representation model) prototype of todays RDF-based knowledge representation in Semantic WebSemantic Web;

1994-2000 various projects with industrialpartners, e.g. MetaAtom Semantic Diagnostics of

Ukrainian Nuclear Power Stations based onMetaknowledge;MetaHuman industrial medicaldiagnostics expert system based onMetaknowledge;Jeweler metamodelling andcontrol of industrial processes, etc.; got several

research grants from Finnish Academy;


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2000-2001 we have created branches in VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam (heart of Semantic Webactivities in Europe) where now working 5 our

former team members, in Jyvaskyla University(several tens of researchers) and establishedresearch groups in Kharkov (Ukraine) on DataMining, Educational Ontologies, Telemedicine, etc.

200

1-2003

we took part in MultiMeetMobileTekes Project, in InBCT Tekes Project in Tempus

EU Compact Project in (or in cooperation with)University of Jyvaskyla where we further promoteSemantic WebSemantic Web concepts.


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Important ObjectiveImportant Objective

For us there are no doubts about the

possibilities, which Semantic Web opens for

industry.

that is why one important objective of our

activities is to study appropriate industrial cases,

collect arguments, launch industrial projects and

develop prototypes for the industrial companies

to not only believe together with us but also

benefit from the Semantic Web.


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Why andWhere SemanticWeb ?Why andWhere SemanticWeb ?

WWW

Business

Knowledge

Management

more then 3,000,000,000 web-pages

Information burst

ICT needs comprehensive resource management technology

Needs for integration of businesses

Web Services for e-Business

Standardization and Interoperability problems

Consolidate and reuse experience

Standardize knowledge sharing technology Needs for the intelligent tools to use humans knowledge


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4

Web Limitations

Doubles in size

every six months

Average WWW searches examine

only about 25% of potentially

relevant sites and return a lot of

unwanted information

Information on web is not suitablefor software agents

World Wide Web

Semantic Web

The SemanticWeb is a

vision: the idea of having

data on the Web defined and

linked in a way that it can be

used by machines not just for

display purposes, but for

automation, integration andreuse of data across various

applications.

7

Before Semantic Web

Web content

UsersCreatorsWWW

and

Beyond

8

Semantic Web Structure

Semantic

AnnotationsOntologies Logical Support

Languages ToolsApplications /

Services

Web content

UsersCreatorsWWW

and

Beyond

Semantic

Web

Motivation for SemanticWebMotivation for SemanticWeb


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What is the Transactional

Web

Today: The eye-ball Web- the

architecture of the Web is geared towards

delivering information visually.

Tomorrow: The transactional Web the

architecture of the Web geared towards

intelligently exchanging informationbetween applications.


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Summarizing the Problem:

Computers dont understand Meaning

My mouse is broken. I need a

new one

Use of ontology

My mouse is broken

vs. My mouse is dead


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Approach: SemanticWebApproach: SemanticWeb

The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on theWeb defined and linked in a way that it can be used by

machines not just for display purposes,

but for automation, integration and reuse

of data across various applicationshttp://www.w3.org/sw/

The Semantic Web is an initiative with the goal of extending thecurrent Web and facilitating Web automation, universally accessibleweb resources, and the 'Web of Trust', providing a universallyaccessible platform that allows data to be shared and processed byautomated tools as well as by people.


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WordWord--Wide CorrelatedActivitiesWide CorrelatedActivities

Semantic Web

Grid Computing

Web Services

Agentcities

Global, collaborative effort

to construct an open network of on-line systems

hosting diverse agent based services.

Providing technologies for automated communication,

discovery and integration ofWeb services,

to enable on-the-fly software composition through

the use of loosely coupled, reusable software components.

FIPA

Producing standards for the interoperation

of heterogeneous software agents.

Extending current web by giving information

a given well-defined meaning, better enabling

computers and people to work in cooperation

Utilizing the global Internet to build

distributed computing and communications

infrastructures.


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HTML

100%

50%

0%

XML

DAML+OIL

2000 2005 2010

Fifty percent of the content on theWeb will be in XML format by the endof 2003 .Gartner Group

In 30 years e-commerce will have become second

nature. Lifelike, intelligent virtual assistants will beperforming most routine transactions and simplenegotiations electronically on our behalf. Moretechnological change will have taken place in thatperiod than during the entire twentieth century, andthe curve will continue to steepen exponentially intothe foreseeable future. Ray Kurzweil

Web Migration to New TechnologyWeb Migration to New Technology


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Tim Berners-Lee's Vision of

Semantic Web (IJCAI-01)


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SemanticWeb: New UsersSemanticWeb: New Users

Semantic

AnnotationsOntologies Logical Support

Languages ToolsApplications /

Services

Web content

UsersCreatorsWWW

and

Beyond

Semantic

Web

Semantic Web

content

UsersSemantic

Web and

Beyond

Creators

applications

agents


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Content

Agents Annotations

Ontologies

Software engineersOntology engineers

Web designers

Content creators

Logic, Proof

and Trust

AI Professionals

Mobile Computing

Professionals

Professions around SemanticWebProfessions around SemanticWeb


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SemanticWeb: Resource IntegrationSemanticWeb: Resource Integration

Shared

ontology

Web resources /

services / DBs / etc.

Semantic

annotation


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SemanticWeb:What toAnnotate ?SemanticWeb:What toAnnotate ?

Web resources /

services / DBs / etc.

Shared

ontology

Web users(profiles,

preferences)

Web access

devices

Web agents /applications

External world

resources

Smart

machines

and devices


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The Semantic Web

The Ontology Articulation Toolkithelps agents to understand

unknown ontologies


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Cant we just use XML?

This is what a web-page in natural language

looks like for a mach

ine

J. Hendler


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J. Hendler

XML helps

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

XML allowsmeaningful tags to be added toparts of the text


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J. Hendler

XML { machine accessible meaning

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

< REQI >

But to your machine,

the tags look like this.


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J. Hendler

Schemas take a step in the right

direction

Schemas help.

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

< ': > by relating

common terms

between documentsTVMZEXI


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But other people use other schemas

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< &9 >

QDPH>

!

Someone elseh

as one like th

is.

J. Hendler


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The semantics isnt there

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

< ': >

which dont fit inTVMZEXI

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< &9 >

!

J. Hendler


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KR provides external

referents to merge on

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< ': >

Semantic Web languages add

mappings and structure.

QPH

[SVO

ZEXI

IHYG ':

':':

HG

XF

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

!

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

!

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< &9 >

!

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

< &9 >

!

CV

name

education

work

private

< >

< >

< >

< >

< >

!

J. Hendler


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Semantic Web basics

RDF:

is a W3C standard, which provides tool to describe Web

resources

provides interoperability between applications that

exchange machine-understandable information

RDF Schema:

is a W3C standard which defines vocabulary for RDF

organizes this vocabulary in a typed hierarchy

capable to explicitly declare semantic relations between

vocabulary terms


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Mary

Director

Secretary

to_be_in_

love_with

has_job

has_job

John

has_homepage

has_homepage

OntologyOntology

RDF Semantic Web over Web Resources


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Resources

All things being described by RDF

expressions are called resources:

entire Web page;

a specific XML element; whole collection of pages;

an object that is not directly accessible via the

Web.


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Resources and URIs

A resource can be anything that has identity

Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)* provide

a simple and extensible means for identifying

a resource

Not all resources are network "retrievable";

e.g., human beings, corporations, and books

in a library can also be considered resources

*The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URI that identify resourcesvia a representation of their primary access mechanism (e.g., their network "location"), rather than

identifying the resource by name or by some other attribute(s) of that resource.


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Subjectof an RDF statement is aresource

Predicate of an RDF statement is aproperty of a resource

Objectof an RDF statement is the value

of a property of a resource

RDF Statement


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Example of RDF Statement

Subject (resource) http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila

Predicate (property) Creator

Object (literal) Ora Lassila

Ora Lassila is the creator of the resource

http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila.


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RDF Example (serialization syntax)



Ora Lassila

's' is a specific namespace prefix, e.g.

xmlns:s="http://description.org/schema/"


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RDF Example (abbreviated syntax)




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Statements about Statements (1)

An unnamed node is the source of

all five arcs. The first arc is labelled

rdf:type and points to the node

identified as rdf:Statement. The

second arc is labelled rdf:predicate

and points to the node identified as

s:Creator. The third arc is labelled

rdf:subject and points to a node

labelled

http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila .

The fourth arc is labelled rdf:objectand points to a node containing the

string value "Ora Lassila". The fifth

and final arc is labelled

a:attributedTo and points to a node

containing the string value "Ralph

Swick".

Ralph Swick says that Ora Lassila is the creator of the

resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila


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Statements about Statements (2)

Ralph Swick says that Ora Lassila is the creator of the

resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila

Ora Lassila

Ralph Swick


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What is RDFS ?

RDF Schema

Defines vocabulary for RDF

Organizes this vocabulary in a typed hierarchy(Class, subClassOf, type, Property, subPropertyOf)

Rich, web-based publication format for declaring

semantics (XML for exchange)

Capability to explicitly declare semantic relationsbetween vocabulary terms


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RDF Schema

Semantic network on the Web

Nodes are identified by URIs

rdfs:Class

rdfs:Property

rdfs:subClassOf

Cl Hi h f th RDFS


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Class Hierarchy of the RDFS

Class hierarchy is shown

using a "nodes and arcs"

graph representation of

the RDF data model. If

one class is a subset ofanother, then there is an

rdfs:subClassOfarc from

the node representing the

first class to the node

representing the second.

If a resource is an instance of a class, then there is an rdf:type arc

from the resource to the node representing the class.

E l (1)


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Example (1)

Example expresses the following class hierarchy. We first define a class

MotorVehicle.We then define three subclasses ofMotorVehicle,

namely PassengerVehicle, Truckand Van.We then define a class

Minivan which is a subclass of both Van and PassengerVehicle.

E l (2)


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Example (2)

...

E l (3)


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Example (3)

...

E l (4)


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Example (4)

D bli C


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Dublin Core

A set of fifteen basic properties for

describing generalised Web resources

ISO Standard

15836

-2003 (February2003):

http://www.niso.org/international/SC4/n515.pdf

http://dublincore.org/

The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is an open forum engaged in the development of interoperable

online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models .

D bli C (15 b i ti )


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Dublin Core (15 basic properties):

Title

Creator

Subject Description

Publisher

Contributor Date

Type

Format

Identifier

Source

Language

Relation

Coverage

Rights

D bli C E l


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Guidance on expressing the Dublin Core within the Resource

Description Framework (RDF)

Eric Miller Paul Miller

Dan Brickley

Dublin Core; Resource Description Framework; RDF; eXtensible

Markup Language; XML

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative

Dublin Core Data ModelWorking Group

1999-07-01

text/html

en

Dublin Core Example

Where to look next


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Where to look next

RDF:

http://www.w3.org/RDF/

RDF Schema:

http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/

O t l i l Vi i f S ti W b


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Ontological Vision of Semantic Web

Semantic Web needs ontologies

An ontology is

document or file that formally and in a

standardized way defines the hierarchy ofclasses within the domain, semantic

relations among terms and inference rules

Use of ontologies:

Sharing semantics of your data across

distributed applications

O l i h f d i f S i W bO l i h f d i f S i W b


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Ontologies: the foundation of SemanticWebOntologies: the foundation of SemanticWeb

Document

Location

Subject

name

is-a

uri

comment __Thing__

is-a

Report

Web-page

Access Rights

Author

http://www.ontogroup.net

is-a

\\AgServ\vagan\InBCT_1.doc

V. Terziyan

Author

O. Kononenko

Author

uriLocation

draft

comment

public

Home page

comment

3.1: analysis

Subject

Instance-of Instance-of

Query 1: get all documents from location X, but not web-pages

Query 2: get documents related to Y, with more then one author, one of which is Terziyan

Query 3: are there web-pages of Z with private access related to documents with subjectS?

Related to

Related to

Access rights

#doc1 #doc2

Ontologies are keyenabling technology for

the SemanticWeb

..explicit specification of

conceptualization..

Ontology is formal and rich

way to provide shared and

common understanding of

a domain, that can be used

by people and machines

Semantic Webname

public

private

S ti W b I t bilitS ti W b I t bilit


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SemanticWeb: InteroperabilitySemanticWeb: InteroperabilityOntology A: Documents Ontology B: Research

A commitment to a common

ontology is a guarantee of a

consistency and thus possibility

of data (and knowledge) sharing

Common

(sh

ared)ontology

Ontology C: Services

System 1System 2

\\AgServ\vagan\InBCT_1.doc

V. Terziyan

A:Report

A:Location3.1: analysis

A:Subject

A:Author

Instance-ofSemanticWeb

A:name

Query Today


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Query Today

The answer may besomewhere in this

list of URLs

WWW Hotbot

What is Al Qaeda?

Semantic Query


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What is Al Qaeda?

Membership

Locations

Structure

Finances Tactics

Other terrorist organizations

Semantic Query

A terrorist organization

Would you like additional information on?

Example Ontology


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Example Ontology

These ontologies accessed

at remote locations

RDF Based Inference


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Studer(98): Formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization

Machine

readable

Concepts, properties,

functions, axioms

are explicitly defined

Consensual

knowledge

Abstract model of

some phenomena

in the world

What is an ontology?

Benefits


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Benefits

Building an ontology is not a goal in itself.

Communication between people

Interoperability between software agents

Reuse of domain knowledge

Make domain knowledge explicit

Analyze domain knowledge

Ontology Elements


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Ontology Elements

Concepts(classes) + their hierarchy

Concept properties (slots/attributes)

Property restrictions (type, cardinality, domain)

Relations between concepts (disjoint, equality)

Instances

How to build an ontology?


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How to build an ontology?

Steps:

determine domain and scope

enumerate important terms

define classes and class hierarchies

define slots

define slot restrictions (cardinality, value-type)

Step 1: Determine Domain and Scope


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Step 1: Determine Domain and Scope

Domain: geography

Application: route planning agent

Possible questions:

Distance between two cities?

What sort of connections exist between two cities?

In which country is a city?How many borders are crossed?

Step 2: Enumerate Important Terms


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Step 2: Enumerate Important Terms

country

city capital

border

connection

Connection_on_land

Connection_in_air

Connection_on_water

road

railway

currency

Step 3: Define Classes and Class Hierarchy


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Step 3: Define Classes and Class Hierarchy

Step 4: Define Slots of Classes


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Step 4: Define Slots of Classes

Step 5: Define slot constraints

Slot-cardinalityEx: Borders_with multiple, Start_pointsingle

Slot-value typeEx: Borders_with- Country

Geographic_entity

Country CityHas_capital

Capital_ofBorders_with

ConnectionStart_point

End_point

Capital_city

OWL became standard


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OWL became standard

10 February 2004 the World Wide Web

Consortium announced final approval of two

key Semantic Web technologies, the revisedResource Description Framework (RDF) and

the Web Ontology Language (OWL).

Read more in:http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-pressrelease.html.en

OWL IntroductionOWL Introduction


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What is OWL?

OWL is a language for defining Web

Ontologies and their associated Knowledge

Bases

The OWL language is a revision of the

DAML+OIL web ontology language

incorporating learning from the design and

application use of DAML+OIL.

OWL IntroductionOWL Introduction

Example


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Example

There are two types of animals, Male and Female.

The subClassOfelement asserts that its subject

-Male

-is asubclass of its object -- the resource identified by #Animal.

Some animals are Female, too, but nothing can be both

Male and Female (in this ontology) because these two

classes are disjoint (using the disjointWith tag).

OWL Example in Protg (1)


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Class Person superclass

Man, Woman subclasses

Properties

isWifeOf, isHusbandOf

Property characteristics, restrictions inverseOf

domain

range

Cardinality

Class expressions

disjointWith



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Web of Trust


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Web ofTrust

Claims can be verified if there is supporting evidence

from another (trusted) source

We only believe that someone is a professor at a

university if the university also claims that personis a professor, and the university is on a list I trust.

believe(c1) :- claims(x, c1) predicate(c1, professorAt) arg1(c1, x) ^ arg2(c1, y) ^ claims(c2, y) ^

predicate(c2, professorAt) ^ arg1(c2, x) ^arg2(c2, y) ^ AccreditedUniversity(y)AcknowledgedUniversity(u) :- link-from( http://www.cs.umd.edu/university-list ,u)

Notice this one


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Six Challenges for the Semantic Web

Richard Benjamins, Jesus Contreras,

Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez

April 2002

Challenge 1:Availability of ContentChallenge 1:Availability of Content


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Currently, there is little Semantic Web content

available. There is a need need to create a set of

annotation services (middleware) concerning static

and dynamic web documents, which may includemultimedia, and web services.

Challenge 1:Availability of ContentChallenge 1:Availability of Content

Challenge 2: OntologyAvailability,Challenge 2: OntologyAvailability,


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Constructing ofkernel ontologies to be used by all

the domains.

Managing evolution of ontologies and their relation

to already annotated data.

g gy y,g gy y,

Development and EvolutionDevelopment and Evolution

Challenge 3: Scalability of SemanticChallenge 3: Scalability of Semantic


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Once we have the Semantic Web content, we need

to worry about how to manage it in a scalable

manner, that is, how to organize it, where to store itand how to find the right content.

g yg y

Web ContentWeb Content

Challenge 4: MultilingualityChallenge 4: Multilinguality


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Multilinguality plays an increasing role at the level of

ontologies, of annotations and of user interface.

g g yg g y

Challenge 5: VisualizationChallenge 5: Visualization


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With the increasing amount of information overload,

intuitive visualization of content will become more

and more important.

gg

Challenge 6: SemanticWebChallenge 6: SemanticWeb


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WWW consortium is producing

recommendations on the languages and

technology that will be used in Semantic Web

area.

In order to advance the state of the art in the

Semantic Web, it is important that such

standards appear fast and will be adopted by thecommunity.

Language StandardizationLanguage Standardization

Summary


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y

The semantic web is based on machine-

processable semantics of data.

Its backbone technology are Ontologies. It is based on new web languages such as

XML, RDF, and OWL, and tools that make

use of these languages.

SemanticWeb Activities in Finland


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The first Semantic Web Kick-Off Meeting in Finland was in

Helsinki 2 November 2001;

Later Finnish portal on Semantic web activities was

launched in

http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/eahyvone/stes/semanticweb.

Semantic Computing (SeCo) research group was formally

established in the spring 2002. The group belongs to the

University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science and

Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT). Group

leader is Prof. Eero Hyvonen

The first projects focus on Semantic Web and Web Service

applications and representation of cultural content on the

Web.

SemanticWeb Activities in Finland


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The conference Towards the Semantic Web and Web

Services was organized in October 21-22, 2002 in Helsinki

by the XML Finland Association and others, and was

supported by several patrons, such as OntoWeb. The goal of

the event was to stimulate interest in the synergy between

the Semantic Web and Web Services.

Established in 2002 the W3C Office in Finland is situated at

the Tampere University ofTechnology, Digital Media Institute

(The manager of the Finnish Office is Ossi Nyknen).

Main Finnish industrial players are involved: Nokia,

TeliaSonera, TietoEnator, Metso,

Company Benefits from the SemanticWebCompany Benefits from the SemanticWeb


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Developing ontology languages, ontologies, annotationsupport tools will give you an advance of several yearsbefore others can develop the same. Important is that thestandards and the applications will depend on you.

Developing Semantic Web service platforms, agents,applications, based on widespread standards allows toautomatically explore rich Web content providing services formillions of customers.

Annotate your own products and services. This makesyour products and services reachable by new generation ofsemantic search engines and automatically accessed by Web

applications, agents and services.

p yp y


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ConclusionConclusion

Semantic Web is not only a technologytechnology as manyused to name it;

Semantic Web is not only an environmentenvironment asmany naming it now;

Semantic WebSemantic Web it is a newcontextcontextwithin whichone should rethink and re-interpret his existingbusinesses, resources, services, technologies,

processes, environments, products etc. to raisethem to totally new level of performance

------------------------------------------

Contact: Vagan Terziyan [email protected]

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan (tel. +35814 2604618)

Lecture Notes and Textbook


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Dave McComb, Semantics in BusinessSystems, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.

Main recommended textbook

Lecture Notes (available online)

Follow link:

http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/courses


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Where to find out more: Web-Sites


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OWL, OWL-S http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-pressrelease

http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-testimonial

Semantic Web

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ http://www.semwebcentral.org/

Semantic Web Services http://www.daml.org/services/

http://www.swsi.org/

http://www.wsmo.org


94/94

Ask not what the Semantic

Web Can do for you, ask what

you can do for the Semantic

Web

Hans-Georg Stork, European Union

http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/SemNSF

SW Tutorial 2004 Part 1

Documents

Transcript of SW Tutorial 2004 Part 1