Sustainable Manufacturing (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)
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Transcript of Sustainable Manufacturing (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)
Introduction to the Concept of Sustainable Manufacturing
Timothy G. GutowskiProfessor of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology
What is sustainability?
üGlobal extent
üInterconnected
üInterdisciplinary
Horseshoe Crabs for 400 M years
Sustainability Concepts
Industry example:The Triple Bottom line
üA Venn Diagram:üEquality among people, social justiceüEconomic development, viabilityüHealthy earth eco-systems
Sustainable Development
"...development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
UN, “Brundtland Report” 1987 Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtlandformer PM of Norway,
chairwomen of UN commission,“Our Common Future”
But what? economic systems? social systems?
healthy planetary eco-systems?
A Hierarchical View: Leave a Healthy Planet Behind
Planetary Boundaries
ü Climate regulationü Genetic diversityü Stratospheric ozoneü Ocean acidificationü Biogeochemical chemical flows (P, N)ü Land use changeü Freshwater use
Ref. Steffen et al Science 2015
Planetary Carbon Cycle (GtC)
Out of Balance
Ref. NASA
Global Temperature Rise
Consequences of Temperature Rise
üMelting glaciersüSea level riseüChanging weather patterns
üFloods, droughts, stormsü Impacts on plants, animals, insects,
disease, food supply, human healthüHuman migration
What do we have to do?
üStop adding carbon and other GHGs to the atmosphere
üSubstitute for carbonüCapture carbon üBecome more efficient
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Working definition of Sustainable ManufacturingüSustainable Manufacturing supplies
useful goods and services to meet human needs in a manor consistent with the carrying capacity of earth’s ecosystems.
2 Manufacturing Carbon
Timothy G. GutowskiProfessor of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Carbon Accounting
üHow much carbon do we use?
üWho is using it?
üWhat is the limit?
üWhy is it going up?
Ashby, Materials & the Environment 2nd ed. 2013
How much Carbon do we use?
Anthropogenic Carbon & GHGs
Ref: Climate Change 2014: IPCC
~33Gt CO2~9GtC
landCH4
N2O
Who is emitting the carbon?
Personal & Commercial Transportation
Industry/Mfg
*approximate breakdown CO2 from fossil fuels & processesBy end use sector
Personal & Commercial
Buildings
Industry Buildings
Transportation
How we use carbon:fossil fuels in, and CO2 out
9GtC/yr33GtCO2/yr(9GtC/yr)
•Oil•Coal•Natural gas
Combustionwaste streamto the atmosphere
End use energy sectors
What is the limit?
Ref: Climate Change 2014: IPCC
Approx C in atm ~ 800GtFor max ∆T =2CºMax C in atm ~ 1,000 Gt1,000 Gt ~ 500 ppm CO2
IPCC Target with Growth
A IPCC target of 50% absolute reduction with growthOf 100% will require a 75% reduction
2000 2050
100%
200%
50% Goal
75% reduction
Why is it going up?
These are rough averages over the last 3 decades, data taken or calculated from Pacala & Socolow, Science 2004and other sources…
IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agencyhttp://www.theenergycollective.com/sites/theenergycollective.com/files/imagepicker/305171/SharesofPrimaryEnergy.jpg
Ref:S.J. Davis & K. CaldeiraPNAS, 2010
Carbon embodied in Trade
Manufacturing Carbon
üCarbon and Growth dilemmaüDeveloping countries use carbon to
industrializeüAlternative development pathways
3 Carbon Reduction Strategies
Timothy G. GutowskiProfessor of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Industry Buildings
Transportation
How we use carbon:fossil fuels in, and CO2 out
9GtC/yr33GtCO2/yr(9GtC/yr)
•Oil•Coal•Natural gas
Combustionwaste streamto the atmosphere
End use energy sectors
Industry Buildings
Transportation
Carbon Reduction Strategies
9GtC/yr33GtCO2/yr(9GtC/yr)
Substitutesfor fossilfuels: renewable electricity & fuels
Capture ofCO2 from waste stream &treatment
Increased efficiency& demand reduction
Industry Buildings
Transportation
Input & Output Solutions
9GtC/yr 32GtCO2/yr
•Wind•Solar•Geothermal
IntegratedSteel
CarbonCapture &Storage
Passivhaus
bicycles Fuel efficientvehicles
World Energy Use IPCCScalableRenewables
Fossilfuels
Buildings
Industry
Transport
Electricity
Energy Supply Challenges
üScale and Time
üElectrification
üEnergy storage
üTransmission & Land use
Industry Buildings
Transportation
End Use Solutions
9GtC/yr 32GtCO2/yr
•Wind•Solar•Geothermal
IntegratedSteel
CarbonCapture &Storage
Passivhaus
bicycles Fuel efficientvehicles
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“My” Improvement Ratios
Mileage8:1
Integrated Steel Mill2:1
Heating8:1
End Use Challenges
üThermodynamicsüCostüBehaviorüSafetyüGrowth
Do everything at once…
57/14 = 44:1 improvement
needed
IEA Blue Map scenario
Sustainable Manufacturing?
üRequires absolute reductions
üNo silver bullet
üTechnology & Behavior
üAlternative development strategies
2.008xReferences1 IntroductionLecture slides © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Globe image © StableClimate.org
Venn diagram © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Photo of Dr. Brundtland © Technische Universität Wien
Earth eco systems schematic © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Carbon cycle figure: Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.
2 Carbon in Manufacturing
Lecture slides © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Globe image © StableClimate.org
Global carbon production: Materials & the Environment 2nd ed. by Ashby. © 2013 Butterworth-Heinemann.
2.008xReferencesAnnual carbon emissions: Figure © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Carbon emissions by industry: diagram © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Annual antgropogenic CO2 emissions; Figure © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Warming versus cumulative CO2 emissions: Figure © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Energy generation over time Figure © 1998–2016 IAEA, All rights reserved.
CO2 emissions per region from fossil fuel use and cement production: Figure © European Union, 1995-2016
Carbon in trade, Figure from: PNAS Report 2010 by S.J. Davis & K. Caldeira. Copyright © 2016 National Academy of Sciences
3 Carbon Reduction Strategies
Lecture slides © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
2.008xReferencesGlobe image © StableClimate.org
Carbon emissions by industry: diagram © Timothy G. Gutowski. Used with permission.
Solar roof photo on Pexels.com. This work is in the public domain.
Volkswagen sports car image ©2016 Volkswagen AG
Photo of steel mill by Jesper Schoen on Wikimedia. (CC BY-SA) 3.0
Passiv Hhouse photo © 2016 National Institute of Building Sciences. All rights reserved.
Burying carbon deep in the earth: Figure © Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change
Bicycle Photo on Pexels.com. This work is in the public domain.
Climate change mitigation schematic: This work is partially based on the IEA 2006 report developed by the International Energy Agency, © OECD/IEA [2016] but the resulting work has been prepared by [Timothy Gutowski] and does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Energy Agency.
2.008xReferencesWind turbine photo on Pexels.com. This work is in the public domain.
Toyota Camry image ©2016 Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc
Residential house photo on Pexels.com. This work is in the public domain.
IEA Blue Map Scenario: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2010 © OECD/IEA, 2010, Figure ES.1, Page 47