SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Dr. Norazli Othman/Dr. Samira Kamaruddin/PM Dr. Shreeshivadasan

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MDS 2203

Infrastructure and utilities1.Water utilisation (reuse)2.Wastewater treatment technology (remove pollutant)3.Integrated storm water management (source of water and water quality)4.Energy saving ( renewable energy and energy saving technology

Waste management1.Reduce and reuse2.Recycling and recovery3.Treatment and disposal

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REUSE OF STORM WATER: Rainwater harvesting systemREUSE OF WASTEWATER (INDUSTRY) : Wastewater treatment technologyREUSE OF WASTEWATER (DOMESTIC): Reuse of toilet water flushingREDUCE OF WASTEWATER (DOMESTIC):Design of toilet flushing volume,

GROUP 6: Flooding

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STORMWATER: Storm water Gross Pollutant Traps for river rehabilitation (MSMA)WASTEWATER TREATMENT (INDUSTRY) : Kualiti Alam, Industry wastewater treatment plant, pre-treatmentWASTEWATER TREATMENT(DOMESTIC): Centralized wastewater treatment plant, other technology

GROUP 6: Flooding

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MSMA manual

GROUP 6: Flooding

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ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION : shade curtains, bulbs, computers, cooking, air-condENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY: Green roof, solar heating, eco-friendly building, toilet air circulation, transportation, automatic switch on/off lamp RENEWABLE ENERGY (WASTE TO WEALTH) : incinerator, landfill

GROUP 6: Flooding

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Manufacturing stage Waste management

GROUP 6: Flooding

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The rapid growth of rural into urban area, and the continual development of urban areas have resulted in increasingly more noticeable water shortages in cities.

Water cycle utilization plays a very important role as one of the best countermeasures against a shortage of water supply in the cities.

Water cycle utilization should take into account the raw water, water and waste water treatment, water use , water recycle and water reuse.

The effective measure in the use of water must be carried out in order to minimize use of water without wastage.

INTRODUCTION

For the urban water system the water life cycle starts by extraction of water from surface water and groundwater.

The life cycle ends with discharge of treated or untreated wastewater and storm water into the water bodies, stream, river and sea.

The water life cycle boundaries also include the surrounding technical and agricultural system as shown in Fig.1.

INTRODUCTION

System boundaries for the urban water system used in the development of environmental sustainability indicators through LCA; (1a) Drinking water

treatment (1b) Wastewater treatment (2) Anthropogenic treatment, use and handling of urban water (3) The urban water system and surrounding

systems

INTRODUCTION

Water Cycle Utilization

water cycle utilization in urban area

Basic Water Cycle Utilization

The basic hydrologic cycle with source of raw water

Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia

Commercial

Domestic

Mining

Agriculture / irrigation/ Non - agriculture

Livestock

Industrial

Thermoelectric power

Water uses


Domestic

water is used in the home every day, including water for normal

household purposes, such as

drinking, food preparation,

bathing, washing

clothes and dishes, flushing

toilets, and watering

lawns and gardens.

Domestic Indoor 1.Use graywater for toilet flushing.

2.Install low volume toilets but consider the water enough for wash the bowl.

3.When are washing our hand, don’t let the water run while lather.

4.When washing dishes by hand, don't let the water run while rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water.

5.Wash clothes only when had a full load and choose new water saving appliances, like washing machines.

6.Time shower to keep it under certain suitable time such as 5 minute, don’t waste the water.

7.Turn off the water while brush the teeth, shampoo or conditioner our hair.

8.When clean the aquarium and wash the vegetables or rice, use the water to drain on our plants.

9.Drop the tissue or garbage in the trash instead of flushing it and save water every time.

10.Cook food in as little water as possible. This will also retain more the nutrient.

11.Check the water tank to avoid the leakage.


Domestic

water is used in the home every day, including water for normal

household purposes, such as

drinking, food preparation,

bathing, washing

clothes and dishes, flushing

toilets, and watering

lawns and gardens.

Domestic Outdoor 1.Check sprinkler system frequently and adjust sprinklers so only lawn is watered.

2.Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage.

3.Check water meter and bill to track water usage.

4.Use a recycle water to wash the car.

5.Turn off the water while wash the car and open back for cleaning process.

6.When backwashing the pool, consider using the water on landscaping.

7.Any rain captured from house roofs and grey water could be freely used for landscape


Commercial

fresh water for motels,

hotels, restaurants,

office buildings, military

institutions and other

commercial facilities like

hospital, university and

school.

Offices and Commercial 1.Post a hotline in bathrooms and kitchens to report leaks or water waste to facility managers or maintenance personnel.

2.Create a suggestion and incentives system at organization to recognize water-saving ideas.

3.Implement a water management plan for facility and then educate employees on good water habits through newsletters and posters.

4.Publish organization’s monthly water use to show progress toward water-saving goals.

5.Have a water audit done for facility to find out the recommended water use for operations, and then make sure someone monitors utility bills to gauge monthly consumption.

6.Have maintenance personnel regularly check facilities for leaks, drips and other water waste.

7.When buying new appliances, consider those that offer cycle and load size adjustments. They are more water and energy efficient.

8.Shut off water to unused areas of facility to eliminate waste from leaks or unmonitored use.


Industrial

valuable resource to the

nation's industries for such purposes as processing,

cleaning, transportation, dilution, and

cooling in manufacturing facilities. Major

water-using industries

include steel, chemical, paper, and petroleum

refining

Industrial 1.Industries often reuse the same water over and over for more than one purpose.

2.Make sure water use is kept at minimal levels.

3.Major concern about water use in industry is that the government should be regulate or enforce the standards put in place to conserve water. Countries need governing bodies to control water use and enforce those guidelines strictly. There needs to be a conservation plan that is followed to help make freshwater accessible to all.


5.Check water meter and bill to track water usage.


Agricultural /Non-Agricultural

Agricultural water artificially applied to farm,

orchard, pasture, and horticultural crops, as well as water used to

irrigate pastures, chemical application,

crop cooling, harvesting, and

other. Non-agricultural

activities include self-supplied water to irrigate public and

private golf courses, parks, recreational

etc.

Agricultural/ Irrigation/Non-agricultural 1.Use the rainwater harvesting system to collect water.

2.Graywater is most suitable for subsurface irrigation landscape plant.

3. Planning, installing and maintaining irrigation system.

4. Use wastewater treatment for irrigation.

5. Supplies minimize fresh water to nonagricultural activities.


7.Check water meter and bill to track water usage


Livestock

water for stock animals, feed

lots, dairies, fish farms, and other nonfarm needs. Water is needed

for the production of red

meat, poultry, eggs, milk and

for horses, rabbits, and pets.

Livestock 1.Livestock water use only includes fresh water. So, uses minimize the fresh water for livestock without wastage.




Mining

water for the extraction of naturally

occurring minerals; solids such as coal and ores; liquids, such as crude petroleum; and gases, such as natural

gas. The category includes quarrying,

milling (such as crushing, screening,

washing, and flotation) and other operations

as part of mining activity.

Mining 1.Use the fresh water properly depend on the activity needed.




Thermoelectric power 1.Fossil fuel power plants typically use the reuse water. They generate electricity by turning a turbine using steam power. After the steam is used to turn the turbines, it is condensed back to water by cooling it. The condensed water is then routed back to the boiler, where the cycle begins again

Thermoelectric Power

water used in the production of electric

power generated with heat. The

source of the heat may be from fossil

fuels, nuclear fission or geothermal

Benefits of water cycle utilization and conserve water use

Water cycle utilization and conserve water use can brings us many advantages include the social, economical and environmental impacts

1.Water cycle utilization is essential to get maximum source of water supply and avoid shortage water problem especially high population area;

2.Water cycle utilization is a sound economic decision, especially in communities facing water shortages. Water cycle utilization creates a dependable and controllable local source of supply, which is essential to the economic stability of any community;

3.Water cycle utilization helps decrease unnecessary, harmful discharge back into the water sources, helping maintain a healthy environment by reducing water pollution;

4.Practice the best ways water use can cut water consumption.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

REUSE OF TOILET WATER FLUSHING

DESIGN OF TOILET FLUSHING VOLUME

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION

DEFINITION:

Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption.

Can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, OR by reducing energy consumption.

We have limited resources available on earth

Our demands are continuously increasing day by day

It is possible that someday most of the non-renewable resources will be exhausted and we will have to switch over to alternate energy

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY LIGHTING

INCANDESCENT Bulbs V/S COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS (CFL) @ LED LIGHTS

INCANDESCENT Bulbs COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS (CFL)

- least expensive to buy but are the most expensive to operate. - have the shortest lives and are inefficient compared with other lighting types- about 95% of electrical energy is wasted as it gets converted into heat and only 5% is used to convert to light.

- cost ten to twenty times more than the ordinary bulbs - they last ten to fifteen times than incandescent bulbs. - the most energy efficient option for the purpose of lighting by saving up to 70 per cent of the initial lighting energy. - consume comparatively much lesser electricity and the light emitted by these lamps does not release any heat.

Turn off lights except those you need for security. Use timers to control lights which are left on for security purposes.

Paint the walls with white or lighter shades which enhance the reflection and makes energy saving possible.

Wiping off dust accumulated on the bulb/Tube light quite often would give better results.

BY using always the natural air and light; avoiding switching on lights during the day.

By promptly switch off the lights when the occupants

leave the room / hall.

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY Home Cooling

FANS V/S AIR- COND

• Adjust air conditioner thermostat to 75 degrees.• Use portable fans and ceiling fans to circulate air.• Open your windows early in the morning to let cool air in the shut them

later in the day when the temperature begins to go up.• Close your blinds and curtains in the afternoon to cut back on the amount

of sunlight that heats up your home.• Plant deciduous trees (trees that have leaves that fall off in autumn) in

your yard to provide shade during the summer to cool your home and yard.• Make sure your home is well insulated.• Replace your air conditioner filters every three months.• Clean your air conditioner filters every month.• Install the most efficient cooling system you can afford. We can save

energy by switching off the air-conditioner half an hour before leaving the room. The atmosphere in the room will remain cool for the same time.

• Close the doors and windows when using the air conditioner so that no air enters from the outside.

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY COOKING

• Use microwaves or fix cold meals to cut back on using electric stoves or ovens.

• Set your refrigerator thermostat to 40 degrees and use a thermometer to verify that the temperature is correct.

• Keep your refrigerator door closed as much as possible (keep food in the same place so you won't have to hunt for it with the door open).

• Set your freezer thermostat to 5 degrees• Keep your freezer full. Cold foods keep each other cool.• Defrost your freezer before ice builds up to 1/4 inch.• Use toasters or toaster ovens instead of your oven whenever

possible.• Don't open your oven door to check on food. Look through the

window.• Don't use a large burner to heat up food in a small pan. Match the

burner size with the pan size.

• Turn off your home / office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator!!

• Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut energy costs by approximately 40%.

• Don't use a screensaver thinking that it is saving you energy. If there are any pictures being displayed on the screen at all, the computer is using the exact same energy as when it is operating normally.

• Consider giving up your desktop for a more economical and environmentally-friendly laptop. A traditional desktop uses up to 250 watts, whereas a laptop uses between 15 and 45 watts when in use.

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY COMPUTER

ELECTRICITY SAVING TECHNOLOGY

A roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane

Chicago City HallTraditional sod roofs in Faroe Islands

1. Reduce energy costs with natural insulation

2. Absorb storm water◦ Green roof mitigate water runoff, vegetation and

soil act a sponge, absorbing and filtering water that would normally plunge down gutter

3.Create peaceful retreats for people and animals

◦ Green roof replace a hard infrastructure with one that’s not only more efficient, but also beautiful and useful

4. Improve air quality◦ Green roof plants remove air particulates,

produce oxygen.

5. Help in reduce the URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS

◦ Green roof plants use heat energy during evapotranspiration, a natural process that cools the air as water evaporates from plant leaves.

◦ Evapotranspiration and the shading provided by plant help counter the Urban Heat Island Effect

The conversion of solar radiation into heat for technological, comfort-heating and cooking purpose –McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary

Solar heating is a way of heating using the stored heat energy in your roof.

How its work - It takes the warm air, and then discharges it into energy

Solar collectors gathers the sun energy, transform its radiation into heat, then transfer that heat to water, solar fluid's or air

Is a structure and using environmentally process and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition.

Steps to create an Eco-friendly building:

1.Install skylights in your roof – this will allow natural sunlight to illuminate the building

2.Install solar panels – solar heating will provide energy for your household such as heat water. Also can be transferred to a battery and stored for later use

3. Use low wattage light bulb – this light can be plug straight into any lighting unit and use less energy

4. Use motion sensor light bulbs for indoors and outdoors – these will keep you from leaving a room without turning the light off and can save on wasted electricity.

5. Choose low flow toilet mechanisms – these use less water (save water and save money)

Toilet fans are designed to circulate and ventilate the air in your toilet.

The steam from baths and showers can cause the mirrors in the bathroom to fog which can cause the walls and counter become wet and damp

A bathroom exhaust fan will help to eliminate the steam in the bathroom after shower.

Toilet fans are installed directly into the ceiling ( or wall) of the toilet, with internal duct work tunneling leading out through the roof

It is important to determine which fan can provide the level of air circulation needed for specific space.

GREEN TRANSPORTATION is any kind of transportation that doesn’t negatively impact the environment.

TYPES OF GREEN TRANSPORTATIONWalking-Bicycling-Electric Scooters and bikes-Vehicles powered by solar, electricity, hydrogen, wind or biofuels-Car sharing-Public transportation

Strategies for Green Transportation

1.Walking and Public Realm – build a vibrant pedestrian culture where walking is safe, convenient and enjoyable2.Cycling – make cycling a desirable & mainstream transportation is safe, convenient, comfortable and fun3.Transit – support transit improvements to increase capacity & ensure service is fast, frequent, reliable, accessible and comfortable4.Demand Management – advance policies that reduce automobile usage & ownership5.Low-carbon Vehicles – accelerate the shift to low-and-zero-emissions vehicles

RENEWABLE ENERGY (WASTE TO WEALTH)

RECYCLING

REUSE RECOVERY

WASTE TO WEALTH

Human activities create waste, and the ways that waste is handling, stored collected, and disposed of can pose risk to environmental and public health.

the useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It is produced either by - product of production processes or arise form the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are discarded after use.

Urban managers are therefore encouraged to pursue the paths of Solid Waste Management (SWM) and Recycling, Reuse and Recovery (3Rs) that place highest priority on waste prevention, waste reduction, and waste recycling instead of just trying to cope with ever-increasing amounts of waste through treatment and disposal.

Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources.

Material can be recycle:

a)Bottleb)Newspaperc)cans

Bottle recycle

Plastic Recycle

Recycle Symbol

Recycling protects and expands Malaysian manufacturing jobs and increases Malaysian competitiveness.

Recycling reduces the need for landfilling and incineration.

Recycling prevents pollution caused by the manufacturing of products from virgin materials.

Recycling saves energy. Recycling decreases emissions of

greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change

Recycling conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals.

Recycling helps sustain the environment for future generations.

forest

landfill

Reuse is the recovery of materials and products for the same or a similar end use.

Carrier bags - Carrier bags are among the biggest contributors to landfill waste. This can be reduced by reusing plastic bags when you go shopping, or using them as bin liners.

Cards and paper - Before throwing away paper, make sure you have used both sides of the sheet. Envelopes can be used for rough notes and shopping lists and greetings cards can be reused to make gift tags.

Old clothes – can be made into other textile items such as cushion covers.

can save your money. Reduces the need for

landfill. Reuse prevents pollution

caused by the manufacturing of products from virgin materials.

Reuse conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals.

Reuse helps sustain the environment for future generations.

•Recovery is to convert waste into resources (such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel) through thermal and biological means.

•Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, reuse and recycle have been attempted.

•The total quantity of waste gets reduced by nearly 60% to over 90%, depending upon the waste composition and the adopted technology;•Demand for land, which is already scarce in cities, for landfill is reduced;•The cost of transportation of waste to far-away landfill sites also gets reducedproportionately;•Net reduction in environmental pollution.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

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