SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

Dr. Norazli Othman/Dr. Samira Kamaruddin/PM Dr. Shreeshivadasan

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MDS 2203

GLOBA ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE ISSUE

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUESPart 1 : Global Environment issuesPart 2 : Environment issues in our lifePart 3 : Environment issues in industriesPart 4 : Pursuit to sustainable development

PART 1GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

ISSUES

Major issues in the field of Global environment 1) Global warming 2) Depletion of Ozone Layer 3) Acid Rain 4) Desertification 5) Destruction of Tropical Forest 6) Destruction of Ecology 7) Population increase 8) Food Issues 9) Energy exhaustion 10) Waste exportation

Global warmingCauses Effect by green house gases I.e CO2,

CH4,Nox, Flon and its substances

Effect Temperature rise Disappearance of Ice

As the resultI) Ocean surface riseII) Abnormal weather : Floods,

droughts etc.

Global warmingHow do we overcome that Control of CO2 emission International discussions to control

CO2(erg Kyoto protocol) Reduce greenhouse gas emission by

I) Burn fossil fuels more effectivelyII) Convert to clean energy sourcesIII) Keep and grow forest to absorb

CO2IV) Improve botanical breeds for

betterCO2 absorption.

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Depletion of Ozone layerDefinition O3 layer : Effective barriers against UV in

the atmosphere of altitude 10-50km

How Ozone layer depleted Flon resolved by UV to produce radical CI. The radical CI resolves O3 to make ‘Ozone

hole’

Depletion of Ozone layerSource of Flon Coolant or insulator Old Fridge, Old Car, Old Air conditioner

Ozone hole and its harmful Skin Cancer

Depletion of Ozone layerHow to avoid the depletion Do not emit flon. Once emitted, never be

resolved for more than 100 years. Get flon back and reuse it, or dispose it

safely Design new product (Without using flon) International discussions

Acid RainDefinition Acidity in rain is evaluated by its pH and

electric conductivity. The rain less than pH 5.6 is called ‘acid rain’

Causes SOx or NOx in combustion gas of fossil

fuels dissolve into rain to produce strong acid like Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or Nitric acid (HNO3).

Acid RainSource Plants for thermal power generation,

chemistry, pulp, steel making Internal combustion engines of vehicles

Effect Acid rain destroy soils : Death of soil

bacteria, Nutrition out. Acid rain destroy forest.

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Acid RainHow to reduce or stop the acid rain International activity and campaigns Absorption of SOx and NOx by plants (e.g.

sunflower) Elimination of SOx and NOx

e.g.. I) Desulfurization of waste gas (SOx)

II) Desulfurization of crude oil (SOx) III) Denitrification of car exhaust

gas (NOx)

Desertification (climate change)What is happening? Water shortage because of climate change Agricultural land rapidly lost due to

deterioration and infertility of soil

How do we overcome that? No effective measure against desertification

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Destruction of Tropical forestWhat is happening? Destruction of Tropical forest

Causes :I) Primitive Cultivation : Slash

and burn agriculture with no fertilizer mostly to plant drags

II) Overgrazing : No shade results in soil dried, Nutriment resolved or lost by surface water run

III) Excessive wood cutting as fuelIV) Much wood export

Destruction of Tropical forest Disappearance of the tropical forest

Causes :I) Unplanned cut down as the fuel

sold to urban areasII) Cut down to make culturing

ponds for prawns

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Destruction of Tropical ForestEffect of Tropical forest destruction Food shortage Fuel shortage CO2 absorption decrease Floods Ecology degradation

Destruction of Tropical forestHow to protect Tropical forest Forest protection policy requested Wood resource saving Reforestation Intergovernmental discussion and

cooperation

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Degradation of EcologyEcology of life is often degraded by Men’s catching and using them (Ecology

degradation type A)E.g..I) For foods like buffaloII) For pets like Tropical fishIII) For fur or skin like crocodileIV) for ornament like tortoise shellV) for collection hobby like bird

Degradation of Ecology Men’s disturbing their balance or their

habitats (Ecology degradation type B). E.g.I) Cutting forests downII) PollutingIII) DrainageIV) Global warmingV) Introducing foreign species

Climate change like global warming

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Degradation of EcologyHow to avoid ecology degradation International cooperation for protection The world conservation Union

Population increase World population steeply increased in

developing countries since 1990

How to avoid population increase Effective birth control in developing

countries

Food issuesQuantity issues Caused by Population Land Water

Water shortage = Food shortage

Quality issues Polluted by I) Soil pollution

II) Water pollution III)Agricultural chemicals IV) Gene recombination

Food issuesHow do we overcome that? Dripping irrigation Effective feed of water, fertilizers etc Cultivation of fishery with deep sea water

under development

Energy ExhaustionWhat is happening? Energy source is diverse for each country Fossil fuels still buried underground

How do we overcome that? Energy Saving Increase efficiency Conversion to clean energy

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Waste exportationWhat is happening? In 1970s, companies in advanced

countries constructed their manufacturing facilities in developing countries, where environmental regulations generally not much strict.

Illegal export of Industrial waste

How do we overcome that? International discussions

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

PART 2 : ENVIRONMENT ISSUES IN OUR LIFE

Environment issues around us1) Atmosphere2) Foods3) Drinking water4) Waste water5) Solid waste6) Energy

Atmosphere Man’s breathing Hazardous substances in the air (causing

cancer or allergy) E.g.. of hazardous substances

a. Benzo-a-pyrene, Benzene (From car exhaust gas)b. Dioxin (from incinerator exhaust gas)c. Trichloroethylene (from solvents)

Foods Food pollution by excessive agricultural

agents

Countermeasures : Organic agriculture should be developed immediately

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Drinking waterWater requirement World water consumption has risen 7

times during 20th century

Water quality issues Pb ions causes brain disability produced

by old pipe system Trihalomethane causes cancer produced

by chlorine in water processing

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Waste water Parameter of pollution : BOD, COD, SS Pollution from detergents : washing cloth,

plates etc.

Solid wasteWhy solid waste increases? Increase of throwaway items and

packaging Increase of item which are still usable but

already outdated like TVs, Computers etc

How solid waste disposed? Recycling, 11% -still too low Incineration Landfill

Solid wasteNegative impact of solid waste disposal to

environment Emission of CO2 and dioxin produced by

incinerator Pollution of groundwater and soil by

leachate from landfills Prevail of harmful insects and bacteria Endless land requirement for landfill site

Solid wasteCountermeasuresFight against solid waste : Reduce waste amount from homes Reuse after cleaning Recycle effectively by sorting Cooperation between supplier and

consumers

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

EnergyCountermeasure against energy shortage Energy saving in home still not sufficient

Countermeasure : Energy saving in home Solar heater panel on roof for heating Solar battery panel on roof for power Rainwater for cooling Thicker thermal insulation wall

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

PART 3 : ENVIRONMENT ISSUES IN INDUSTRIES

Industries and Environmental pollution Water pollution Air pollution Industrial waste Noise and vibration Bad smell

Water pollutionPollution mechanism Chemicals from industrial plants,

Fertilizers and agricultural agents Too much nutrients or poisonous :

Groundwater, streams, rivers, ponds lakes etc

Increase of algae and plankton Death, deformation, abnormal production

of fish, birds, seals, dolphins etc.

Water pollutionTypical source of pollution Waste landfill & Incinerator – Cd, PCB,

Dioxin Plant effluent – Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, As, etc Fields & Golf courses – Weed killers,

Disinfectants, insecticides Natural land pollution by Arsenic

Air pollutionTypical air pollutants Waste gas from plants (SOx., NOx etc) Solid dust (PM10, Cd etc) Car exhaust Gas (NOx, PM10 etc)

Industrial wasteTypical hazardous substances from the

waste Agricultural agents (Organic phosphates,

PCB) Organic solvents(Benzene,

Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene) Heavy metals (Hg, Cd,Pb, Cu, Zn, Be, Cr,

Ni, V) Other chemicals(CN, As, Se, Fluoride) Medical waste (Bacteria, virus)

Noise and vibrationNoise sources Cars Railways Aircrafts Factories Construction sites Neighborhood

Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

Noise and vibrationCountermeasureFor noise source Make it noiseless (by process change) Reduce it (by a silencer) Cover it (With a hood) Insulate its vibration (With rubber pad)

To reduce propagation Be distant (To diffuse sonic energy) Change source direction Install partition Insulate with bush or trees

Bad smellCountermeasureSeveral typical methods for deodorization Wash : Effective against NH3, H2S O3 spray : Generally effective, small Absorption : By Granular activated carbon Burning Biological

PART 4 : PURSUIT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development Regulation for sustainable development Policy change Development of Clean energy

a) Wind energyb) Solar energyc) Fuel cells etc

Evolution in our daily lifestyle Collecting and recycling of waste Reduce private cars

Evolution in industrial world Consideration for easier recycling Investment tendency for new projects and

official support for recycling Sustainable agriculture ISO 4000s :International standards of

environmental management Corporate monitor in environmental morale Life cycle assessment

Thank you

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Thank you