Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, David Wheeler, Nhan Thi Lam, Khuc Xuyen The World Bank and The...
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Transcript of Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, David Wheeler, Nhan Thi Lam, Khuc Xuyen The World Bank and The...
![Page 1: Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, David Wheeler, Nhan Thi Lam, Khuc Xuyen The World Bank and The National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649da65503460f94a91ac7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, David Wheeler, Nhan Thi Lam, Khuc Xuyen
The World Bank and The National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vietnam
Pesticide Poisoning of Farm Workers: Implications of Blood Test Results from
Vietnam
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Pesticide consumption (metric tons)in Vietnam
Source: FAO, 2004
Pesticide consumption has more than doubled in the past decade
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In 2000, a nation-wide survey by PPD found:– 2,500 kg of banned pesticides (Methamidophos, DDT and others).– 4,753 litres and 5,645 kg of illegally imported/ counterfeit pesticides.
In 2000, another survey in the South found:– 96.6% of the farmers over-use pesticides– 95% of the farmers pour residual spray into canals/ ditches/ re-apply it on other plants/ over-apply it to the same crop to get rid of it.
Alarming Composition/Application of Pesticides
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Vietnam has limited secondary data on Health Effects of pesticides
1. Survey of Rice Farmers (pesticide applicators) in Mekong delta.
2. Clinical Exam
3. Blood Test
Methodology:
Questions of Interest:
1. What is the incidence of pesticide intoxication?
2. Are self-reported data good indicators of actual intoxication?
3. What are the determinants of pesticide intoxication?
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Application of pesticides: survey evidence
Class No. of
applications Pesticide amount
(kg a.i.) Intensity
(kg a.i./appl.)
Summer- Autumn
Autumn- Winter
Summer- Autumn
Autumn- Winter
Summer- Autumn
Autumn- Winter
2-dimethylaminopropane-1,3-dithiol 106 37 78.36 10.91 0.74 0.29
Chloroacetamide 52 36 29.55 10.08 0.57 0.28
Dithiolane 49 33 31.25 7.51 0.64 0.23
DMI: triazole 208 92 22.19 5.93 0.11 0.06 Carbamate 27 10 24.63 1.63 0.91 0.16
Organophosphate 20 16 12.76 8.68 0.64 0.54
MBI: reductase 57 9 19.99 1.16 0.35 0.13
Multi-site: inorganic 3 2 3.97 12.80 1.32 6.40 Phenoxycarboxylic acid 18 16 8.77 4.22 0.49 0.26
Benzimidazole 14 10 7.23 4.82 0.52 0.48
Dicarboximide 16 11 6.56 0.64 0.41 0.06
Pyrethroid 71 51 3.50 2.21 0.05 0.04 Phosphorothiolate 6 4 3.20 0.88 0.53 0.22
Antibiotic 31 34 2.90 1.17 0.09 0.03
Multi-site: alkylenebis (dithiocarbamate) 1 4 1.36 1.79 1.36 0.45
Neonicotinoid 22 7 2.43 0.04 0.11 0.01 Glycine derivative 1 0 1.85 0.00 1.85 -
Fiprole 34 22 1.03 0.71 0.03 0.03
Unknown 8 2 1.32 0.05 0.16 0.03
Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic 35 3 1.12 0.06 0.03 0.02 Aryloxyphenoxypropionate 25 8 0.68 0.26 0.03 0.03
Cyclodiene 0 2 0.00 0.88 - 0.44
Quinolinecarboxylic acid 3 4 0.27 0.45 0.09 0.11
Sulfonylurea 15 9 0.41 0.14 0.03 0.02 Multi-site: phthalimide 0 1 0.00 0.39 - 0.39
Non-ester pyrethroid 1 2 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.07
Benzimidazole precursor 1 0 0.07 0.00 0.07 -
Hexopyranosyl antibiotic 2 1 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
Total 826 426 265.46 77.58
* A total number of 1252 applications by 190 farmers. Chemical class was derived from the British Crop Protection Council e-Pesticide Manual, Thirteenth Edition (BCPC, 2003).
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Health Effects of Organophosphates and Carbamates cited in Medical Literature
Acute:
• Mild headaches
• Flu-like symptoms
• Skin rashes
• Blurred vision
• Other neurological disorders
Chronic:
• Cardiopulmonary problems
• Neurological and hematological symptoms
• Adverse dermal effects
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Blood Test for the Detection of Acute and Chronic Pesticide Poisoning
Cholinesterase Enzyme (AchE)Test: (poisoning from organophosphates and carbamates)
• Low Acute Poisoning: Reduction of numerical value of AchE in red cells and in plasma >25%
• High Acute Poisoning: Reduction of numerical value of AchE in red cells and in plasma >33%
• Chronic Poisoning: Reduction of numerical value of AchE in red cells >66%
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Specific Health Effects found in the Survey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Skinirritation
Headache Otherproblems
Eyeirritation
Dizziness Shortness ofbreath
Vomiting Fever Diarrhea Convulsions
Per
cent
age
% responding 'Yes'
• 98% of the farmers in the survey reported health problems
• 88% of the respondents experienced multiple health effects, with the maximum number of ailments as nine
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Blood (Cholinesterase Enzyme) Test Results
Low acute
poisoning1
9%
High acute
posioning2
5%
Chronic
poisoning3
21%
Poisoning35%
Normal65%
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(Correlation between each individual symptom and blood test results were conducted. The
highest correlation found was 0.17)
Self-reported symptoms are not reliable indicators of actual pesticide poisoning
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Determinants of Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibition: Regression Analysis
Model 1 Model 2 Variable Coefficient Coefficient PESTAMT -0.098**
(-2.09) -0.105** (-2.24)
PWHOIab 0.039*** (2.51)
0.030** (2.08)
PWHOII 0.003 (0.46)
PWHOIII 0.008 (1.19)
PWHOU 0.006 (0.90)
PTRAIN 0.262 (1.22)
NPROTECT -0.443* (-1.86)
-0.440* (-1.91)
IPMD 0.043 (0.19)
An Giang -0.118 (-0.33)
Can Tho -0.821** (-2.49)
-0.628** (-2.39)
Long An -0.449 (-1.36)
Tien Giang -0.841*** (-2.58)
-0.605** (-2.41)
Observations 187 187
* - significant at the 1% level; ** - significant at the 5% level; *** - significant at the 10% level
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Determinants of Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibition: Regression Results
• Farmers applying more hazardous pesticides (WHO Ia & Ib) are more likely to suffer
• Incidence of pesticide poisoning can be significantly reduced by suitable averting behavior
• Pesticide poisoning in Vietnam revealed strong provincial pattern. This raises the concern that the environment in certain regions may have been contaminated from prolonged exposure to toxic pesticides
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Summary and Conclusions
• Health effects of organophosphates and carbamates is serious in Mekong Delta, Vietnam
• Self-reported symptoms have very weak associations with actual poisoning
• Suitable averting behavior while handling pesticides should be advocated
• Significant provincial differences in poisoning incidence implies that pesticide contamination may be pervasive in certain areas
• Tests of pesticide residues in surface/ground water and soil is necessary
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