Susan Cavin - OSS & the Frankfurt School

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OSS & the Frankfurt School: Recyling the “damaged lives of cultural outsiders”

by Susan Cavin, h!"!,

#d$unct #ssociate rofessor of Sociology

%e 'ork (niversity

The relationship between sociology, psychology, and O.S.S. espionage represents one of the most

fascinating, but closeted triangles in recent American intellectual history. O.S.S. was laughinglyreferred to as “Oh So Social” because its ranks were filled with upper class old boys and society girls.

In a period that spanned only four years !"#!$!"#%&, the O.S.S. and Office of 'artime Information

O'I& tapped the rising, fleeing and falling stars of the American and (uropean academy.

In )uly !"#!, *eneral 'ild +ill ono-an was asked to direct the oordinator of Information .O.I&.,

which became O.S.S. in !"#/. i& Then O.S.S. and O.'.I. later to become 0oice of America& were one, but later split into two separate organi1ations. In !"#%, when the war ended, the O.S.S. was disbanded,

but the famed 2esearch and Analysis branch, which at war3s end had grown to "44 scholarsii&, was

mo-ed into the .I.A. in !"#5.iii&

In !"56, 2ay S. line3s Secrets Spies and Scholars Blueprint of the Essential CIA uncloaked 7erbert

8arcuse as an O.S.S. sociologist in 2 9 A3s “*erman section.”i-& In !":5, 2obin 'inks3 classic Cloak

and Gown Scholars in the Secret War named ;aul 8assing, +arrington 8oore, (dward Shils as O.S.S.researchers, among many others in all branches of the social sciences.-& In !":", +arry <at1 re-ealed

the O.S.S. entral (uropean Section of 2esearch and Analysis had hired these members of the

=rankfurt School> 8arcuse, =ran1 ?eumann, Otto <irchheimer, =eli@ *ilbert-i& along withsociologists 8orris )anowit1, (dward Shils, and +arrington 8oore and economist ;aul Swee1y.-ii&

In !""6, 7eideking 9 8auch3s American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler

reconfirmed that =ran1 ?eumann, 7erbert 8arcuse, and 8a@ 7orkheimer were members of O.S.S.2 9 A.-iii& 7eideking and 8auch published an interesting O.S.S. memorandum by 8arcuse which

predicted the -arious scenarios the ?a1i defeat would take called “2eport by the OSS 2esearch and

Analysis +ranch> ;ossible ;atterns of *erman ollapse authored Bointly by *erman e@iles and formermembers of the ?ew School for Social 2esearch> 7erbert 8arcuse, =eli@ *ilbert, and =ran1 ?eumann,

analysts in the entral (uropean i-ision of 2 9 A since the end of !"#/.”i@& 8arcuse, later to

become Angela a-is3s mentor at +randeis Cni-ersity, briefly ser-ed with the Office of 'arInformation O.'.I& before Boining O.S.S.@&

;re-iously, 2obin 'inks3 Cloak and Gown uncloaked the following O.S.S. sociology at Dale and7ar-ard> +arry <at1 !" & re-ealed the O.S.S.EO.'.I. wing of the =rankfurt School> ;aul 8assing,

+arrington 8oore, (dward Shils, <line& 7eideking 9 8auch3s American Intelligence and the *erman

2esistance to 7itler !""6, p. F& confirmed the following members of the O.S.S. 2 9 A> =ran1

?eumann, 7erbert 8arcuse, 8a@ 7orkheimer. 2eport by the OSS 2esearch and Analysis +ranch>;ossible ;atterns of *erman ollapse authored Bointly by *erman e@iles and former members of the

?ew School for Social 2esearch> 7erbert 8arcuse, =eli@ *ilbert, and =ran1 ?eumann, analysts in the

entral (uropean i-ision of 2 9 A since the end of !"#/. 8auch, !""6, p. :5&

laus ieter <rohnGs Intellectuals in (@ile 2efugee Scholars and the ?ew School for Social 2esearch

outed )ohn 7er1 , 7ans Speier, Otto <ircheimer as OSSers. Some great sociologists and classic /4thcentury social theorists were hired by C.S. military intelligence during 'orld 'ar II.



The O.S.S.E O.'.I. and other C.S. military intelligence agencies recycled what Adorno called “the

damaged li-es of cultural outsiders,”@i& when the C.S. inherited this treasure tro-e of *erman

intellectuals after !"FF. About !/44 academics lost their Bobs in *ermany in !"FF, when !6H of all

uni-ersity faculty were dismissed. +y !"F:, it was F"H of all faculty.@ii& Some academic fields werehit harder than others in *ermany, particularly the social sciences where #5H of faculty were

dismissed.@iii& Some *erman$Austrian social scientists found positions in the Cnited States at the ?ew

School for Social 2esearch, Institute for Ad-anced Study at ;rinceton, +lack 8ountain ollege in ?orth arolina, and 2oose-elt Cni-ersity in hicago.@i-& C.S. uni-ersities could not accomodate all

these intellectuals fleeing the ?a1is some had to do go-ernment consulting work outside the academy

to supplement their income.

The =rankfurt School was of course part of this intellectual migration. =rankfurt School legends read

like a who3s who in the social sciences> (rich =romm, 7erbert 8arcuse, Teodor Adorno, 8a@7orkheimer, ;aul a1arsfeld, Otto <irchheimer, eo owenthal, =rederich ;olloch and =ran1

?eumann. =ran1 ?eumann is thought to ha-e been the first member of the =rankfurt School to ha-e

been inducted into O.S.S.,@-& bringing 8arcuse and some of his fellow =rankfurt Schoolers with him.

The =rankfurt School used two approaches to analy1e ?a1ism, which O.S.S.EO.'.I. utili1ed> the legal$

political$economic approach led by ?eumann /& the other approach led by 7orkheimer, “e@plored the

psychosocial mechanisms of obedience and sources of -iolence.”@-i& 'hen 7orkheimer took o-er theInstitut in !"F4, he sponsored an “empirical study of the mentality of workers in the 'eimar 2epublic”

to e@plain why the *erman proletariat had turned right instead of left. (rich =romm was the proBect3s

first director “in later years, Anna 7artock, 7erta 7er1og, ;aul a1arsfeld, (rnst Schactel allcontributed to the attempt to complete the study.”@-ii& It e-entually fell to Teodor Adorno to complete

the task which became the sociological classic, The Authoritarian ersonalit!.”@-iii&

laus ieter <rohn3s Intellectuals in E"ile Refugee Scholars and the #ew School for Social Research outed )ohn 7er1 , 7ans Speier, Otto <ircheimer as O.S.S.ers.@i@& 7er1 and <ircheimerGs special O.S.S.

assignment was ci-il ser-ice and union leadership for the 2and orporation under 7ans Speier.@@&

Sociologist 7ans Speier wrote some of the most fascinating sociology outside the academy for O.S.S.during 'orld 'ar II. On German War ropaganda,@@i& along with Austrian psychologist (rnst

<ris@@ii& who was (rik (rikson3s art teacher in 0ienna before the war&.@@iii& Speiers and <ris will be

discussed at length in the ne@t section on $unkspiel radio game&, along with ;aul a1arsfeld andTeodor Adorno, two sociologists not publicly known to ha-e consulted for O.'.I until this paper.

O!S!S! sychoanalysis of )itler*s +ind

'hile it is well known that ono-an recruited 'alter anger to lead the O.S.S psychoanalysis of

7itler3s mind, it is not well known that arl )ung, (rik (rikson, 7ans Speier, and *ordon Allport

psychoanaly1ed 7itler3s mind for O.S.S.$O.'.I.$.O.I.

*ordon Allport had worked with 8urray as early as !"#! on an OSS proBect to analy1e 7itler3s mind.

@@i-& Some of this study of 7itler3s mind utili1ed both sociologists and psychologists analyses of7itler3s radio speeches. +oth 7enry 8urray@@-& and (rnst <ris had been mentors to young (rik

7omburger (rikson, who was hired by .O.I. the predecessor to the O.S.S.& to listen to analy1e

7itler3s radio speeches.@@-i& (rik 7omburger (rikson wrote at least three studies for OI> !& hisanalsysis of 7itler3s radio speeches /& “On Submarine ;sychology,” written for the ommittee on

?ational 8orale for the oordinator of Information OI& !"#4& and F& “On the =easibility of

8aking ;sychological Obser-ations in Internment amps OI& !"#4



(rik (rikson was only one of many *erman $Austrian social scientists who were employed by C.S.

military intelligence e.g., OIEOSSEO'IEO?I& to listen to and analy1e ?a1i radio broadcasts,

particularly 7itler3s speeches. (rikson worked for .O.I. in the early days of the O.S.S. then later theOffice of ?a-al Intelligence O?I&. 7ans Speier and (rnst <ris worked for O.S.S. and O.'.I. ritical

theorist Teodor Adorno and methodologist ;aul a1arsfeld worked as O.'.I. consultants to listen to

and analy1e America3s wartime radio broadcasts.

OSS Family ree Chart -!

O'I

#nthro!

7ar vard

sych

)itler

sych

OSS.Sit/erland 0ondon

1luckhohn +urray 2ung 3ancroft "ulles 3ruce "onovan

+enedict (rikson 8ellon 8ellon 8ellon

<ris 8urray asey

anger ulles 7ydeJ 7yde 7yde 7yde

Allport

J I inter-iewed O.S.S.er 7enry +aldwin 7yde !""%$!""5 weekly.Schlesinger

“ I %on&t Want to Be 'ung&s $ootnote(

2ung, 3ancroft & "ulles Socialite

8ary +ancroft is the pi-ot in a Swiss intelligence menage a trois between her two father figure$lo-ers,+erne$O.S.S. station chief Allen ulles, and her therapist, arl )ung. ulles once impatiently told

8ary, “I don3t want to go down in history as a footnote to a case of )ung3sK”

In !"##$#%, 7enry 7yde took four trips to see Allen ulles in Swit1erland to loan ulles, a ;O'1ech radio operator named 'ally, for Operation Sunrise. On one of these trips, 7yde tra-eled from

yon to Bust inside the Swiss border where he was met by car by 8ary +ancroft. 8ary got out of the

car kissed 7enri on both cheeks, and dro-e off in another car with a man. 7yde dro-e 8ary3s car tothe *ene-a Airport, picked up ;aul 8ellon O.S.S.$8O& who had Bust flown in from (ngland. 7yde

dro-e 8ellon to a beautiful old hotel o-erlooking ausanne where )ung was waiting for him upstairs in

a hotel room. 8ellonGs mission was to hear )ungGs psychoanalysis of 7itlerGs mind and the *ermancollecti-e unconscious. 7yde waited for 8ellon in the hotel lobby, then dro-e 8ellon back after his

meeting with )ung.

;aul and 8ary 8ellon had been patients of )ung3s since !"F:. 8ellon wanted to see )ung again during

the war family therapy re-isited. ;aul and 8ary, husband$wife patients of )ung, had ra-ed to their

brother$in$law OSS Station hief ondon, a-id +ruce, who had married ;aul3s sister Aisle, about

)ungian psychoanalysis. The a-id +ruce$;aul 8ellon$Allen ulles O.S.S. cable traffic fromSwit1erland to ondon officially confirms )ung3s analysis of 7itler3s mind for O.S.S.



ante called the dead “shades.” )ung called what we don3t want to know about oursel-es, our

“shadow.” )ung wrote> “In 7itler, e-ery *erman saw his own shadow, his own worst danger...”

=reudian psychohistorians ha-e argued that 7itler was )ung3s shadow. In !"F#, )ung first denied therumor that he sent 7itler coded messages o-er the radio. 7owe-er, in !"F:, )ung did diagnose 7itler,

8ussolini and Stalin o-er the radio on Bournalist 7.2. <nickerbocker3s show entitled, “iagnosing the

ictators.” )ung was accused of ha-ing *oebbels as his patient, but denied it. 7owe-er, he admittedmeeting *oebbels and seeing 7itler and 8ussolini at -ery close range in the thirties.

+y !"#F, )ung was rumored to be “7itler3s doctor” which he publicly denied in!"#". 7owe-er, both ?a1is and O.S.S. aristocracy were )ung3s patients. 7itler confidante (rnst 7anfstaengl, one of the

trusted few to e-er see 7itler3s “tidy, simple, ascetic bedroom,” reported to O.S.S. that “when he

showed r. )ung a specimen of 7itler3s handwriting, the latter immediately e@claimed that it was atypically feminine hand.”anger& )ung3s work on 7itler3s =emininity is cited in the official OSS study

of 7itler3s mind by 'alter anger.

)ung told <nickerbocker o-er the radio that 7itler “has a tremendous mother [email protected] of a man is always represented by a woman that of a woman always by a man.” )ung later

elaborated on 7itler3s anima$possession by his female shadow> “...in *ermany 7itler has an uncanny

power of being sensiti-e to that collecti-e unconscious. It is as if he knows what the nation is reallyfeeling at any gi-en time....One form under which the unconscious appears to a man is that of a female

figure....7itler has ne-er gained a healthy relationship to this female figure, which I call the anima. The

result is that he is possessed by it. Instead of being truly creati-e he is conseLuently destructi-e.”

)ung analy1ed 7itler3s radio -oice as the source of his power. 7is siren -oice is “nothing other than his

unconscious into which the *erman people ha-e proBected their own sel-es, that is, the unconscious of

5: million *ermans.” )ung was consulted on 7itler3s mind not only by ulles SI&, 8ellon 8O&, and+ruce SI& of O.S.S., but by OSS hief ;sychologist 7enry A. 8urray many times o-er the war.

)itler*s erversion

+urray, #ll4ort, 5rikson

'hile =reud3s most gifted cast out student$ri-al$Bealous son, arl )ung was playing both sides offagainst the middle in his not so neutral Swit1erland., Anna =reud had already psychoanaly1ed young

(rik (rikson and taught him about her flegling science of child psychology. Anna =reud ga-e (rik

(rikson the idea to analy1e 7itler3s childhood, which later made him famous in his first book

Childhood and Societ!) (rik (rikson thanked hief OSS ;sychologist 7enry 8urray in Childhood *Societ!, where he publicly analy1ed 7itler3s childhood, for gi-ing him his first intellectual home in the

C.S.

7enry A. 8urray, hief ;sychologist at O.S.S. S School, co$authored the O.S.S. 7itler study, and

de-eloped the thematic apperception test for selecti-e ser-ice boards that are still used today by ci-ilian

psychological clinics. 8urray is an elusi-e, but important connecting figure in O.S.S. networks.

Academic colleague and father$figure mentoring triangles between hief OSS psychologist 7enry

8urray $ 'alter anger$(rnst <ris authors of the OSS official 7itler study& )ung$7enry 8urray$(rik(rikson O.S.S. Swit1erland$7ar-ard linicEO.S.S. 0irginia =arm& and 8urray$*ordon Allport$lyde

<luckhohn 7ar-ard linicEO.S.S. =arm in 0irginia& are worth more e@ploration.



'hile 7itler3s se@uality was psychoanaly1ed by )ung, (rikson, Allport, anger, 8urray, and <ris for

O.S.S. from !"#! to !"#% the *erman intelligence A+'(72 was also interested in this delicate

subBect. *erman intelligence reports by 'alter Schellenberg, the best A+'(72 officer, noted that r.8orrell, who often inBected 7itler with drugs, and 7ansfstaengl knew that 7itler publicly achie-ed

se@ual MMMMMM during his political speeches by talking dirty to the audience, which he regarded as

female. r. 8orrell refused to correct this condition medically because he knew that it was 7itler3s public MMMMMM that made his -oice powerfully attracti-e to the masses. O.S.S. reports suggested that

7itler pri-ately achie-ed MMMMMM by ha-ing a woman defecate o-er his face.

The application of psychological theory to wartime military intelligence adds a fascinating angle to the

kaleidoscope called the psychology of war. arl )ung de-ised a word association test the Allies used to

identify military recruits in '.'.I. *ordon Allport3s classic theories on the “psychology of rumor”(rikson3s dramatic play theory and )ung3s theories of e@tro-ersion$intro-ersion and collecti-e

unconscious were used by O.S.S. in ''II. 8y paper is the first social science te@t to connect Allport,

)ung and (rikson3s classic theories in psychology to O.S.S. espionage training.

Sociology & Funks4iel 6Radio 7ames8

0a/arsfeld, )er/og,#dorno, +erton

uring 'orld 'ar II, radio technology and social science theory and methods were to espionage what

computers, the Internet and computer science are today. 2adios ser-ed more purposes than can be

discussed here.

In the fall of !"F", the 2ockefeller =oundation allotted a grant to ;rinceton Cni-ersity to set up the

Office of 2adio 2esearch with =rank Stanton and 7adley antril as irectors. “Adorno was employed

part$time by a1arsfeld Ns 2adio 2esearch ;roBect at ;rinceton,” which later mo-ed to olumbiaCni-ersity.@@-ii& In the Spring of !"#4, the Office of 2adio 2esearch was transferred to olumbia

Cni-ersity a1arsfeld became its irector.@@-iii&

One OSS a@is was the radio traffic generated by the intersection of Secret Intelligence SI& with 8orale

Operations 8O& and 2esearch and Analysis 2 9 A& in Allen ulles3 busy OSS$Swit1erland station in

!"##$#%. In Swit1erland> OSS psychological warfare that Allen ulles waged against the ?a1isincluded using arl )ung to psychoanaly1e the mind of Adoph 7itler.@@i@& ulles3s wartime mistress

8ary +ancroft had been )ung3s mistress$ patient first@@@& +ancroft was the go$between between

ulles and )ung. 7owe-er, )ung had other close O.S.S. ties through both his former patient ;aul8ellon@@@i& as well as through 7enry 8urray,@@@ii& O.S.S. hief ;sychologist at the O.S.S. S School

in 0irginia.@@@iii& 8urray was also irector of the 7ar-ard ;sychological linic, and co$author of the

official O.S.S. study of 7itler3s mind, led by 'alter anger, (rnst <ris, and +ertram ewin.@@@i-&

The =rankfurt School, ?ew School for Social 2esearch, and olumbia Cni-ersityGs contributions to

'.'.II military intelligence were immense. Sociologists +arrington 8oore, (dward Shils, and ;aul

8assing. worked for O.S.S.EO.'.I. <line& +along with )ohn 7er1 , 7ans Speier, and Otto <ircheimerieter <rohn&, and 8a@ 7orkheimer ) The O.S.S. 2eport on ;ossible ;atterns of *erman ollapse was

authored Bointly by> 7erbert 8arcuse, =eli@ *ilbert, and =ran1 ?eumann, analysts in the entral

(uropean i-ision of O.S.S.$ 2 9 A since !"#/. 7eideking 9 8auch, !""6&



7erbert 8arcuse, Angela a-is3 mentor at +randeis, and ?orman O. +rown, who wrote ,ife Against

%eath, were perhaps the most famous OSSers among ?ew eft academic gurus worshipped by si@ties

radicals. ;sychologist (rik (rikson, anthropologist lyde <luckhohn and sociologists were also used tode-eloped LuestionsELuestionnaires for Allied military interrogators of *erman and )apanese ;O's.

This paper adds ;aul a1arsfeld, Teodor Adorno, 7erta 7er1og, and 2obert 8erton to this legendarylist of sociologists who analy1ed what the *ermans called “funkspiel” or radio war propaganda for

O.'.I.. O.'.I. was originally part of O.S.S., and later became 0oice of America. O.S.S$O.'.I. recycled

what Adorno called the damaged li-es of cultural outsiders of (uropean emigre scholars into militaryintelligence.

+efore the war at the Cni-ersity of 0ienna, ;aul a1arsfeld created a research enter for applied;sychology when (rnst <ris, co$author of the O.S.S. 7itler 8ind Study, was (rik (rikson3s art teacher

at the Cni-ersity of 0ienna. In !"##$#%, psychologist (rnst <ris and sociologist 7ans Speier wrote

German Radio War ropaganda for O.S.S.

Originally, a1arsfeld and (rich =romm directed the =rankfurt School3s 8ar@ist study of the pu11ling

fascist tendency of *erman workers in the !"F43s, later finished by Teodor Adorno as the sociological

classic,“The Authoritarian ;ersonality” in !"%4. uring the war, a1arsfeld was a fat cat grant king atolumbia Cni-ersity, while Adorno and 7annah Arendt at the ?ew School for Social 2esearch were

struggling adBuncts picking up bits and pieces of part$time go-ernment research work. The successful

a1arsfeld hired the unsuccessful genius Adorno, but a1arsfeld was unhappy with Adorno3s critiLue of American radio.

a1arsfeld3s 2adio ;roBect began in !"F5 at ;rinceton Cni-ersity, mo-ed to olumbia Cni-ersity as the

Office of 2adio 2esearch in !"F"$#4, and produced se-eral reports for O.'.I. on American radio war propaganda. a1arsfeld3s Office “conducted a pioneering study of -oter decision$making in the !"#4

and !"## presidential election...uring the war years the Office was acti-e in go-ernmental research,

especially on communications.” In !"#/, the Office published “A Study of Three 2adio +roadcastsIntended to 2efute 2umors,” +arton, *uide to the +ureau of Appliced Social 2esearch.& In !"#F,

2obert 8erton became Associate irector of the Office. In !"#F and !"##, a1arsfeld and 8erton

Bointly wrote, “Studies in 2adio and =ilm ;ropaganda,” and “The ;sychological Analysis of;ropaganda.”

In !"##, the Office of 2adio 2esearch was renamed the +ureau of Applied Social 2esearch. uring andafter the war, a1arsfeld3s +ureau pioneered the use of sociological methods for -oter opinion poll

research and marketingEad-ertising for 8adison A-enue.

In !"#!, Adorno did three studies of American radio for a1arsfeld3s Office of 2adio 2esearch . Two of Adorno3s studies,“On ;opular 8usic” and “The 2adio Symphony,” music noted the “commodity

character of modern society, the trend towards monopoly in all sectors of society, including

communications society3s reaction to any threats to its preser-ation by a tightening of its conformistelements...”Adorno saw “standardi1ation” and “pseudo$indi-iduality” as the essential ingredients of

popular radio music shows such as ?+3s “8usic Appreciation 7our.” Although Adorno3s work was

not e@actly what a1arsfeld had in mind, Adorno3s analysis of radio in the forties was prophetic fortele-ision, film, ad-ertising and mass market book publishing seLuels in the last half of the twentieth

century. “2ecognition of the familiar was the essence of mass listening, ser-ing more as an end in

itself....Once a formula was successful, the industry plugged the same thing o-er and o-er again. The



result was to make music into a kind of social cement operating through distraction,displaced wish$

fulfillment, and the intensification of passi-ity.”

Adorno3s friend in alifornia, the great *erman no-elist Thomas 8ann ga-e a lecture at O.S.S.$7P onthe *erman way of thinking in 'ashington during the war. 8ann3s son worked for O.S.S. Adorno and

Thomas 8annGs working relationship during 8annGs work on %r) $austus is a fascinating aside. (-en

8arlene ietrich and otte enya were pulled into O.S.S.3s radio war.

a1arsfeld also brought in se-eral of his old =rankfurt School associates to the +ureau> Adorno, 7erta

7er1og, eo owenthal O'I section chief& and =ran1 ?eumann from OSS, 8arcuse from OSS$O'I.8arcuse was gi-en a full$time position at a1arsfeld3s +ureau. ?eumann was the =rankfurt School

scholar who Boined OSS first, and may ha-e brought others with him. ?eumann wrote the classic study

of ?a1ism called Behemoth !":/&. “;ostwar reports continued the communications researchtradition, commercial studies mi@ing with foreign audience analyses for the 0oice of America, studies

of anti$preBudice propaganda and public health communications.” +arton, p. /& All that a1arsfeld

learned about influencing public opinion -ia radio during wartime was applied to tele-ision ad-ertising

to sell products.

)o 9ere Refugee Radical Sociologists and sychologists Recruited

This paper has e@plored secret triangle between the upper class, intelligence circles and the academy>

the spy school aristocracy. There are many routes of passage into this secret club. Teacher3s pet became

apprentice spy when hief O.S.S. psychologist 7enry A. 8urray, director of 7ar-ard ;sychologicallinic, recruited young emigre researcher (rik (rikson, gi-ing him his first intellectual home in the

C.S. lassmates brought each other into the club, senior professors brought talented Bunior

professors like 2ay <line into the fold. ollege presidents picked the brains of their best faculty.

O.S.S. recruiters like a-id +ruce raided college departments and campuses at his old alma mater

;rinceton, while *eneral ono-an raided his old alma mater olumbia. Other times, it was only after

the recruitment that the old school bonds were there to redisco-er. This is a book about ruling class spytriangles> the I-y eague triangle between bookworms, aristocrats, and spies the triad between social

science, espionage, and radio technology sci$spy$techies& and the intelligence o-erlap between the

triple social sciences of sociology, anthropology, and psychology during 'orld 'ar II.

;resident$*eneral wight a-id (isenhower first drew a picture of “the military$industrial comple@”

triangle between the C.S. go-ernment, the military and the munitions industry. This book e@ploresanother secret triangle between the upper class, intelligence circles and the academy> the spy school

aristocracy. There are many routes of passage into this secret club. Teacher3s pet became apprentice spy

when hief O.S.S. psychologist 7enry A. 8urray, director of 7ar-ard ;sychological linic, recruited

young emigre researcher (rik (rikson, gi-ing him his first intellectual home in the C.S.lassmates brought each other into the club, senior professors brought talented Bunior professors like

2ay <line into the fold. O.S.S. cells were designed to be triangles. To enter into O.S.S., a trusted

insider had to -ouch for the new asset to their case officer. This maintained the upper class structure ofthe O.S.S. bringing in only friendly newcomers from the lower strata who were amicable with the

upper crust.

lass warfare became class attraction between leftist academics and center right old boys in the fight

against fascism during 'orld 'ar II. The O.S.S. intermingled high society with “the best and the

brightest,” which reenacted their I-y eague schooldays, stimulating both old boys and bright boys.



Aristocrats and academics liked, lo-ed, hated, admired, ri-aled, respected and tried to impress each

other to death.

The following chapters chart the e@citing beginning of how and why psychologists, anthropologists andsociologists were recruited by O.S.S. elites who had been students at the same schools where the

brightest stars of the American academy taught. ;rofessors were recruited who brought along their

brightest graduate students, 2A, TAS, colleagues, friends, wi-es, lo-ers and mentors into the wareffort. O.S.S. =amily and <inship ;atterns ha-e rarely been studied at this close range, re-ealing that

intelligence is a family affair of> parent$child spies, legacies, schoolmates, teacher$students, sibling

ri-als, childhood friends, brother$in$laws, se@ual Bealousies, passionate adulteries coe@isting withmarriages of con-enience, lifelong friends, long term ri-als, their e@$lo-ers, and their lo-ers3 lo-ers.

ontrary to the fictional lone spy out in the cold, O.S.S. was actually a high society of spies, playing in

a childhood schoolyard, wearing their school colors, a community as tight as a cult with *eneralono-an as guru, with initiation rituals, rites of passage, and great social control o-er its members> the

power of gossip in high society.

O.S.S. organi1ed and unified the lonely, lost adult children and wi-es of American e@patriates, andturned them into an American global -illage, a worldly small town. These Betsetters, internationals,

American upper class marginals, biculturals, and triculturals who spoke se-eral languages had li-ed in

so many countries they were no longer sure which country they belonged to. The war made these prodigal sons, daughters and e@$wi-es feel American. O.S.S. brought them home at last to the country

their families had left.

O.S.S. was a romantic masculinity cult, modeled after an (nglish men3s club where men really liked,

befriended and lo-ed each other. O.S.S. male bonded in the (nglish way, and male$female bonded as

the *reeks knew it, and O.S.S. pro-ed it> “An Army of o-ers annot =ail.”

At the heart of this study is the basic Luestion> how was social science used as espionage in 'orld 'ar

IIQ This Luestion ine-itably raise a number of related Luestions of particular interest to 'orld 'ar II

buffs, historians, sociologists, psychoanalysts, and anthropologists including> 'hat is the relationshipof academia to espionageQ 'hat social science classics can be traced back to O.S.S.EO'I warworkQ

7ow can classic (uropean and American social science be separated from 'orld 'ar II military

intelligenceQ id academics go beyond bookworming for O.S.S.Q 'hat roles did social scientists playin the intelligence reports that lead to the decision to deploy the atom bombQ 'hat is the relationship

between science, communications technology and espionageQ 'hich psychologists and sociologists

were used by O.S.S. to de-elop character studies of foreign leaders and to analy1e 7itler talk radio andthe lure of fascism for the *erman massesQ 'hy did O.S.S. recruit so many upper class men and

womenQ =inally, what did '.'.II sociologists of radio war learn that is applied to tele-ision and

Internet war todayQ =or the scholarly audience, the book pro-ides a -aluable history of the origin of

uni-ersity affiliation with CS intelligence for social theorists, a ree@amination of classic social sciencetheories in new light for social scientists, a social history of American anthropology and sociology at

olumbia Cni-ersity. =or the psychoanalytic community, this is a new discussion of the history of

psychology3s collusion with military intelligence.



i

*eorge . halou, The Secrets War The -ffice of Strategic Ser.ices in World War II) roceedings of the Conference on the

-ffice of Strategic Ser.ices in World War II )une !!$!/, !""!& sponsored by the ?ational Archi-es and 2ecords Administration. 'ashington, > ?ational Archi-es Trust =und +oard,

!""/. See also +radley =. Smith The Shadow Warriors/ -)S)S) and The -rigins of the CIA. ?ew Dork>

!":F and <ermit 2oose-elt, 'ar 2eport of the O.S.S.. ?ew Dork, !"56.

ii

+arry <at1, “The O.S.S. and the e-elopment of the 2esearch and Analysis +ranch,” in Ibid., pp. #F$#5.

iii2ay S. line, Secrets, Spies and Scholars Blueprint of the Essential CIA) 'ashington, > Acropolis,

R"56. line also names 2alph +unche as an O.S.S.er. See also halou, op) cit).i-

<line, !"56, p. 55.

-

2obin 'inks, Cloak and Gown Scholars in the Secret War+ 0121340) ?ew Dork> !":5&. See also 2obin

'inks, “*etting the 2ight Stuff, =2, ono-an, and the Puest for ;rofessional Intelligence ,” in halou, op) cit), pp. !"$F:.

-i

+arry <at1, =oreign Intelligence> 2esearch and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Ser-ices, !"#/$!"#%.

ambridge, 8A, !":".

-ii

+arry <at1, in halou, op. cit., p.p. ##$#%.

-iii7eideking 9 8auch3s American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler !""6, p. F&

i"

I5id)+ p. :5

@

@i

Adorno in <laus ieter <rohn, Intellectuals in E"ile, p. /!: pp. !!$!/

@ii I5id ., p. /4:.

@iii

Ibid., p. !!$!/.

@i-

Ibid., p.%$6. After !"FF, the ?ew School, which is intimately linked with the 2ockefeller =oundation,

attracted the most refugee scholars in the C.S.@-

<at1, op. cit., 'ink, op. cit.@-i

8artin )ay, The %ialectical Imagination+ A 7istory of the =rankfurt School 9 the Institute of Social

2esearch !"/F$%4 +oston> ittle +ronw 9 o., !"5F& p. !6:$6".

@-ii

Ibid.

@-iii

Teodor '. Adorno with (lse =renkel$+runswick, aniel T. e-inson 9 2. ?ewitt Sanford, The

Authoritarian ;ersonality ?ew Dork> !"%4&.

@i@

laus ieter <rohn3s Intellectuals in E"ile Refugee Scholars and the #ew School for Social ResearchCni-ersity of 8assachusetts, !""F, translated by 2ita and 2obert <imber, foreword by Arthur ). 0idich& pp. !56$!55. See

also 8artin )ay, The ialectical Imagination> A history of the =rankfurt School and the Institute of Social 2esearch !"/F$

!"%4 +oston> ittle, +rown 9 o., !"5F&.

@@

)ay, op. cit., p. !56$55.

@@i

(rnst <ris and 7ans Speier, *erman 2adio ;ropaganda> 2eport on 7ome +roadcasting during the 'ar.

?ew Dork> O@ford, !"##&.

@@ii

See also (rnst <ris, 'alter anger, 7enry A. 8urray, and +ertram ewin. The 8ind of Adolph 7itler.



See also (rnst <ris, “The anger of ;ropaganda,” American Imago, II, !"#4, pp. !$#/. (rnt <ris, “Some ;roblems of 'ar

;ropaganda> A ?ote on ;ropaganda, ?ew and Old,” The ;sychoanalytic Puarterly, 0ol. II, !"#F, pp. F:!$"". (rnt <ris,

“*erman ;ropaganda Instructions of !"FF,” Social 2esearch, 0ol. I, ?o. !, =ebruary !"#/, pp. 6/$6F.@@iii

2obert oles, (rik (rikson The *rowth of 7is 'ork, +oston> ittle +rown, 9 o. !"54.

@@i-

8urray wrote in his study of 7itler3s mind on file at ?A2A> “Sources of Information for this

analysis....A paper published by '.7.. 0ernon, 7itler, the 8an$ ?otes for a ase 7istory, )ournal of Abnormal and Social

;sychology !"#/, F5,/"%$F4:, was written under my general super-ison and contains most of the ideas of ;rofessor *.'.Allport and myself on this topic as far as they were crystalli1ed in the fall of !"#!.”

@@-

7enry A. 8urray3s Sadism>

The strange case of 8urr

+orn into A-erill 7arriman3s upper class =ifth A-enue world on 8ay !F, !:"F, 7arry 8urray was his mother3s least fa-orite

child 7A8, o-e3s Story Told, p. 5& +ossed and bullied around by his older sister 0irginia, 7arry was sent to *roton in

!"46 to toughen up. ean Acheson was one of his roommates 7A8, p. /%& at *roton where he encountered his second

taste of sadomasochistic bullying> ;umping.a ritual in which the upper$classmen turned upside down so that water

could be pumped into his nose. ;umping didnGt happen to 7arry, but he witnessed it. 7arry a-oided the humiliation of

being elected 8ay Pueen and forced to dance in skirts before a crowd of boys who laughed and then ran their strange

-ictim down. 7A8, p. /F& 7arry did note howe-er, that at first introduction to male communal life in the showers, hewalked in with an erection and was laughed at. 7A8, p/F&

It appears that the *roton sadomasochistic gang rape of the male 8ay Pueen turned 7arry on,

since he replicated it for twenty years in ritualistic MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMM se@ with hristiana 8organ.

,o.e&s Stor! Told and Translate This %arkness& hristiana 8organ co$authored the Thematic

Apperception Test TAT& with 7arry, although he later stole it completely from her. 7arry dressed as a

woman in skirts while he beat hristiana with whips and used other medie-al instruments to torture her before they had se@ at their Tower she built with his money, modeled after arl )ung3s Tower in +ollingen, Swit1erland.

hristiana was beautiful and she knew it.

8urray, 8oby ick 9 8el-ille

In August !"/#, 7arry sailed on the Scythia across the Atlantic and assisted the surgeon +land$Sutton in an emergency, it was 7arry3s first human surgery. +land$Sutton, who had read 8oby ick twel-e times,

introduced 7arry to 8el-ille3s 6o5! %ick . 7A8, p. !&At 7ar-ard, he was the e@act opposite of Ted <os1ynski 7arry was a preppy with the best social

connections, a (<( and member of 7asty ;udding 7A8, p. /5&. 7arry 'ent to olumbia ;resbyterian for 8edical

School and then did research at 2ockefeller Institute. o-eGs

Story Told, p. %F&

In o-eGs Story Told, the author thanks these people for inter-iews about 7A8>

8rs. *ordon Allport, (rik (rikson, (-elyn 7ooker, Alfred <a1in, <enneth <enniston, 2ollo 8ay, ewis 8umford, Talcott

;arsons, a-id 2iesman, (dwin Shneidman, ?eil Smelser, 2obert ;enn 'arren, and Alan 'atts. 7A8, p. i@$@&

@@-i

=or more on (rikson3s 7itler studies, see his classic,” 7itler3s Imagery and *erman Douth in !"#/

;sychiatry %, pp. #5%$"F which becomes his classic “The egend of 7itler3s hildhood” in hildhood and Society !"%4&.

References

(rik (rikson, Toys and 2easons Stages in the 2ituali1ation of (@perience, ?D> ?orton,

!"56&

(rik (rikson, *andhiGs Truth !"6"&

UUUUUUUUUUDoung 8an uther !"%:&

UUUUUUUUUUUUUhildhood and Society !"%4, !"6F&

a-id )ohnston, Suspect in oss of ?uclear Secrets Cnlikely to =ace Spying harges, ?ew Dork Times, )une !%, !""", p. !.

7enry A. 8urray, Thematic Apperception Test 8anual. ambridge> 7ar-ard Cni-ersity

;ress, !"#F.



UUUUUUUUUUUUU (@plorations in ;ersonality. ?ew Dork> O@ford Cni-ersity ;ress,

!"F:.

a-id ?orman Smith, The Social onstruction of (nemies> )ews and the2epresentation of (-il, Sociological Theory, 0ol. !#, ?o. F, ?o-ember !""6, pp. /4/$

/#4.

?eil 8caughlin, ?a1ism, ?ationalism, and the Sociology of (motions> (scape from

=reedom 2e-isited, Sociological Theory, 0ol. !#, ?o. F, ?o-ember !""6, pp. /#!$/6!.

(dwin S. Shneidman, et. Al. =oreword by 7enry A. 8urray ?ew Dork> *rune 9Stratton, !"%!&.

<urt ewin,Gs A ynamic Theory of ;ersonality !"F%&.=ran1 Ale@anderGs The influence of psychologic factors upon gastro$intestinal

disturbance, ;sycholanalytic Puarterly !"F#&, p. %4!$%::

7enry A. 8urray, The ;sychology of 7umor +7 'ournal of A5normal and Social s!cholog! /" !"F#&, 5".

=orrest *. 2obinson, o-e3s Story Told A ife of 7enry A. 8urray ambridge,

8A> 7ar-ard Cni-ersity ;ress, !""/&.

laire ouglas, Translate This arkness, The ife of hristiana 8organ, ?ew Dork>

Simon 9 Schuster, !""F&.

@@-ii

@@-iii

@@i@

)urgen 7eideking and hristof 8auch, American Intelligence and the *erman 2esistance to 7itler 'est-iew, !""6&, p. #4. See also “The =irst *erman Surrender The (nd of the Italian ampaign,” 2eport by Allen '.

ulles and *ero -on *ae-ernit1, +ern, 8ay //, !"#% at the ?ational Archi-es ?A2A& , 2* //6, (. !!4, +o@ !, =older

!!+. See also 8ary +ancroft, “)ung and 7is ircle,” ;sychological ;erspecti-es 6>/ !"5%&. )ung entenary Issue II.

@@@

+ancroft, Ibid.. See also 8ary +ancroft, Autobiography of a Spy.

@@@i

7eideking and 8auch, op. cit., See also ;aul 8ellon, 2eflections in a Sil-er Spoon> a memoir ?ewDork> 8orrow, !""/&.

@@@ii

ialogue with 7enry A. 8urray by 2ichard (-ans, !"6# -ideotape series with arl )ung, *ordon

Allport, (rik (rikson.. See also 8urray and *V'. Allport3s report on 7itler3s mind in OSS files at the

?ational Archi-es, ?A2A, 2*//6,(ntry "/.

@@@iii7enry 8urray, Assessment of 8en> Selection of ;ersonnel for the Office of Strategic Ser-ices. The

O.S.S. Assessment Staff !"#:& ?ew Dork> 2inehart, !"#:, p. -ii.@@@i-

7enry A. 8urray, 'alter harles anger, (rnsty <ris, +ertram . ewin. A psychological analysis of

Adolph 7itler> his life and legend. 'ashington> 8. O. +ranch, Office of Strategic Ser-ices, !"#F. !6%

pp.&

See also +radley =. Smith, The Shadow 'arriors, op. cit., p. /56$55.

Susan Cavin - OSS & the Frankfurt School

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