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SURVEY & TOWER SPOTTING FOR TRANSMISSION LINES
BY
G. EMMANUEL MADHUKAR
APTRANSCO
TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSMISSION LINES
• Extra High Voltage – 110 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV
• Ultra High Voltage– 765kV
• High Voltage Direct Current– ±500kV
TRANSMISSION LINES
• Survey is the most important activity Survey is the most important activity
• Best possible routeBest possible route
• Right of WayRight of Way
• Techno-Economical ProjectTechno-Economical Project
• Timely completion of the projectTimely completion of the project
• Increasing DemandIncreasing Demand
PRELIMINARY SURVEY AND WALK OVER SURVEY
• Topographical map
• Bee line
• Identify possible routes
• Familiarize
• Indicate the feasibile routes
TOPO MAP
TOPO MAP
Sending end SSSending end SS
Receiving end SSReceiving end SS
AP 1AP 1
AP 2AP 2
AP 3AP 3
AP 4AP 4
Bee LineBee Line
PRELIMINARY SURVEY – SELECTION OF ROUTE
• Shortest possible route
• Less number of deviations
DETAILED SURVEY – TOOLS
• Theodolite & Ranging rods
• Dummpy level & Measuring staff
• Measuring chain
• Megger
DETAILED SURVEY – Theodolite
DETAILED SURVEY
• Fixing of Alignment
• Fixing of Line Points
• Fixing of Angles of deviation
• Fixing of Angle Points
• Fixing of Direction Points
• Measuring of distance between Angle Points
• Levels at every 10 M interval or where there is level difference of 30 Cm
DETAILED SURVEY
• Details of Roads
• Details of Villages
• P & T Lines Crossings
• All Power Lines Crossings – LT to 765 kV
• Railway Crossings
• River Crossings
• Agricultural wells, Field bunds & Earth bunds etc.
• Measuring Soil resistivity at 1 Km interval
• Trial Pits
• Crop & Tree enumeration
DETAILED SURVEY-OBLIGATORY POINTS
• Avoid
• Reserve Forest Area
• Military Firing Ranges
• Aerodromes
• Inhabited and thickly populated areas
• Hilly terrain
• Marshy, Low lying & Submersible areas
• Higher & 90 degrees angle turnings
• Oil & Gas storage areas
DETAILED SURVEY – CORRIDORS
• 132 kV Line 27 M
• 220 kV Line 35 M
• 400 kV Line 52 M
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
• Graphical representation
• Scale
X-axis 1 Cm = 20 M
Y-axis 1 Cm = 2 M
• Plot Plan of Alignment of Line from AP to AP
• Plot Distances
• Plot Levels with respect to distance
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
• Indicate all Power Lines crossings: LT to 765 kV
• Indicate all P & T Lines crossings
• Indicate all Railway crossings
• Indicate all River crossings
• Indicate all Roads: Cart Tracks to National Highways
• Indicate all Villages
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
• Indicate all Agricultural wells
• Indicate all Field bunds & Earth bunds
• Indicate all Boulders
• Indicate all Ponds & Lakes
• Indicate type of Soil
• Indicate Crops & Trees
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
DETAILED SURVEY –LINE PROFILES
TOWER SPOTTING –SAG TEMPLATE
TOWER SPOTTING
• Identify the position of Terminal Tower
• Start from Terminal Tower
• Match the tower footing curve with the position of TT
• Adjust the position of template
• Ensure Ground Clearance
• Identify the position of next tower
• Move the template to the next tower
• Repeat the procedure
TOWER SPOTTING
• NORMAL SPAN: It is the design span
• ACTUAL SPAN: It is the actual distance between two adjacent towers
• NULL POINT: It is a point in a span where the position of the conductor is lowest (or) It is a point in a span where the sag is maximum
• WEIGHT SPAN: The distance between two adjacent null points
• WIND SPAN: It is the distance between the two centre points of adjacent spans
TOWER SPOTTING –SPAN LIMITATIONS
SPAN 132 kV 220 kV 400 kV
NORMAL SPAN 320 M 350M 400 M
WIND SPAN
Both 320 M 350 M 400 M
Single 192 M 210 M 240 M
WEIGHT SPAN
Both 400 M 450 M 600/800 M
Single 240 M 270 M 300/400 M
TYPE OF TOWERS
ANGLE (in degrees)
132 kV
220 kV
400kV
0 to 2 P A DA
2 to 15
R
B DB
15 to 30 C DC
Above 30 S D DD
TYPE OF TOWERS
ANGLE (in degrees)
132 kV
220 kV
400 kV
0 to 2 K X MA
2 to 30 L Y MC
Above 30
M Z MD
132 kV TOWERS Suspension
3900
3860
3860
14653
4200
Tension
7200
3900
4000
12583
7750
220 kV TOWERS Suspension
4865
5050
5050
19380
6295
Tension
7795
5050
5082
17048
10800
400 kV TOWERS Suspension
3000
8000
8000
25800
12000
Tension
6800
8000
8100
22000
15000
RIVER CROSSING TOWERS JC
4729
5127
5268
6357
17670
AT/400 kV
6900
9000
9000
46570
25000
EHV TRANSMISSION LINES CROSSING
CLEARANCES
132 kV 220 kV 400 kV
Ground Clearance 6.1 M 8.5 M 9.0 M
LT to 132 kV and P& T Lines
3.1 M 4.6 M 5.5 M
220 kV 4.6 M 4.6 M 5.5 M
400 kV 5.5 M 5.5 M 5.5 M
CLEARANCES
132 kV 220 kV 400 kV
Highway Crossing 9 M 9 M 9M
Railway Crossing 14.6 M 15.4 M 17.9 M
Railway Crossing Span (Max)
2/3 of NS 2/3 of NS 2/3 of NS
Distance between Tower & Railway
Track (Min)TH+6 M TH+6 M TH+6 M
TOWER SCHEDULES
Location No.
Type of Tower
Angle of Deviation (degrees)
Span (M)
Left Wt. Span (M)
Right Wt. Span(M)
Total Wt. Span (M)
Remarks
SS Boom - - - - Boom at sending end SS
70
1 TT S 35 L - 75 -Terminal tower at sending
end SS
210
2 P - 135 150 285
300
3 R 22 R 150 130 280 Near village
280
4 P+3 - 150 125 255 33 kV Line crossing
250
CHECK SURVEY
• Marking of Tower Location
• Forward & Backward Line Points
• Pit Marking
• Excavation
MODERN TECHNIQUES
• Global Positioning System
• Total Station
• PLS CADD
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
• Satellite dependent
• Latitude & Longitude coordinates of the position
• Starting coordinates and ending coordinates
• Map Source Software
• Google Earth
• Topo sheet can be generated
• Bee Line & Routes can be marked
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
TOTAL STATION
• Similar to Theodolite
• Not dependent on satellite
• Arbitrary Coordinates of the position
• Coordinates of the position obtained from GPS
• Alignment, Distance & Levels are recoded simultaneously
• Horizontal & Vertical Angles can be recorded
TOTAL STATION
• Raw data
• Text
• Auto Plotter
• Auto CAD
• Line Profile can be generated
PLS CADD
• Data from Total Station
• Sag calculation data
• Tower Spotting
• 2-D Model can be generated
• 3-D Model can be generated
PLS CADD
PLS CADD
IMPORTANT POINTS- Survey
• Length of the line
• Levels in the corridors
• Crossings
• Markings in check survey
Thank You&
God Bless You