Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst
description
Transcript of Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst
![Page 2: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Me
• I have a PhD in Planetary Sciences from MIT
• Been teaching Astronomy for the last 7 years
![Page 5: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Review #1
• This man is OFF the wall. He's hilarious. I honestly look forward to this class like no other. He mumbles sometimes, but he is SO funny. Also, his brilliance is obvious. Take this guy's classes!
![Page 6: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Review #2
• This class sucks. He doesn't teach anything. the powerpoints are indecipherable. the formulas don't make any sense. The tests are hard, and he sucks.
![Page 7: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Review #3
• Like what everyone else said. Pretty straightforward teacher, you do need to study for the exams though if you want a good grade. Drops lowest test and a couple lowest HW's. He is funny at times.
![Page 8: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Class Time and Place
• M-W – 11:00-12:15 pm – Kendade 305
![Page 9: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Goals of the Class
• The goals of the class are to learn how the Universe works and understand the phenomena that we see in the sky.
![Page 10: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Textbook
• Pathways to Astronomy (3rd Edition)– (Authors: Stephen Schneider and Thomas Arny) (Third Edition)– 2nd Edition is also okay to use
• A 3rd Edition of the textbook is on reserve at the library
![Page 11: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Calculator
• Everybody will need a scientific calculator for the class.
![Page 12: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Grading
• Grading will be a combination of HW and Quizzes, which will be weighted equally
• Quizzes are cumulative
• Astronomy 100 – 100% lecture grade
• Astronomy 101 – 70% lecture grade, 30% lab grade
• First HW will be due Feb. 6th (assigned Jan. 28)
• First Quiz will be Feb. 13th
• I will drop the two lowest HW and/or Quiz scores
![Page 13: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Policies
• Late HW is not accepted
• No emailed HW
• No makeup quizzes
• If there is an issue, I will need an email from the Dean
![Page 14: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• A (92.50 – 100)• A- (89.50 – 92.49)• B+ (87.50 – 89.49)• B (82.50 – 87.49)• B- (79.50 – 82.49)• C+ (77.50 – 79.49)• C (72.50 – 77.49)• C- (69.50 – 72.49)• D+ (67.50 – 69.49)• D (59.50 – 67.49)• F (below 59.49)
Grading
![Page 15: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Academic Honesty
• All work must be done by the individual. Cheating will be considered direct copying from another individual or from a website or book. Any assignment where cheating occurs will be given a grade of 0.
![Page 16: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Website
• https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mdyar/ast100/index.html
![Page 17: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solar System
• Our Solar System contains the Sun, the eight major planets, the dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids
![Page 18: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Order of the Planets from the Sun
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
• Astronomical Unit – average distance between the Earth and the Sun
![Page 19: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mnemonics
• My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos
• My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
![Page 20: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sizes of planets• Largest to Smallest:
• Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Terrestrial planets: Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury
![Page 21: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What is a planet?
• Complicated definition - “A celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals.”
• Simpler definition - A “large” object that orbits a star and shines primarily by reflecting light from its star.
![Page 22: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Planets
• Ancients called them “Wandering Stars”
• Stars remain motionless in relation to each other
• Planets shift their positions relative to the stars
![Page 23: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060419.html star cluster - Messier 35 (M35)
Mars
![Page 24: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Moon
• Natural satellite that orbits around a planet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg
Moon
![Page 25: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sun
• Star that is at the center of our Solar System
• Largest object in our solar system
• All objects are in orbit around the Sun
![Page 26: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How many planets are there now in the Solar System?
![Page 27: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Number?
• 8?
• 9?
• 11?
• 12?
• Tens?
• Hundreds?
![Page 28: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Why was there a discussion on how many planets exist in
our solar system?
![Page 29: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
136199 Eris was discovered• In 2005, an object a little larger
than Pluto was announced
to have been discovered
• Originally called
2003 UB313
• Also Eris was found to have
a moon called Dysnomia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Animation_showing_movement_of_2003_UB313.gif
Three frames over three hours.
![Page 30: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/trans_neptunian_objects/eris.html
Hubble Space Telescope
![Page 31: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eris_Orbit.svg
![Page 32: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Why is it important that Eris has a Moon?
![Page 33: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Why is it important that Eris has a Moon?
• The moon allows you to calculate Eris’ mass
• Eris is 27% more massive than Pluto
• Size of Eris is harder to determine but is approximately 2326 km
(Pluto is 2306 km in diameter)
![Page 34: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pluto always was anomalous• Smaller than Mercury
• But located in outer solar
system
![Page 35: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Meeting that decided new planet definition
• Astronomy 2006 - IAU XXVIth General Assembly
• IAU is the International Astronomical Union
• Prague
• August 14-25, 2006
• About 2,400 astronomers attended the meeting
![Page 36: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Initial Proposal
• "A planet is a celestial body that
(a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet."
What would then qualify as a planet?
![Page 37: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Pluto and at least three other bodies would be considered planets– (1) Ceres (an asteroid)– (136199) Eris – slightly bigger than Pluto– Charon
• What is Charon?
![Page 38: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Charon
• Charon is the largest moon of Pluto
![Page 39: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Charon• Charon is half the diameter of Pluto
• Center of mass of this system is outside Pluto
• Double planet system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charon_Discovery.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto_and_charon.jpg
1978 1996 – Hubble Space Telescope
![Page 40: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pluto actually has five moons
![Page 41: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2006
• The IAU now defines "planet" as a celestial body that:– (a) is in orbit around the Sun, – (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome
rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and
– (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
![Page 42: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
~400 people voted
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7106/images/442965a-i1.0.jpg http://www.plutoisaplanet.com/index_files/image004.jpg
![Page 43: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that– (a) is in orbit around the Sun, – (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome
rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
– (c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and
– (d) is not a satellite.
• All other objects except satellites orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar-System Bodies".
![Page 44: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Problems• “Any definition that allows a planet in one
location but not another is unworkable. Take Earth. Move it to Pluto’s orbit, and it will be instantly disqualified as a planet.” (Allan Stern)
• What does clear the neighborhood really mean?– Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune all have asteroids as
neighbors (in similar orbits)
![Page 45: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Five bodies which fulfill the first three conditions but not the fourth (Charon) are now classified as dwarf planets: – Ceres, Pluto, (136199) Eris, (136472) Makemake, and
(136108) Haumea
![Page 46: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/
![Page 47: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/
?
![Page 48: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
How many planets are known to exist outside the solar system?
![Page 49: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
How many planets are known to exist outside the solar system?
• There have been more than 800 hundred planets (859 as of January 23) discovered orbiting other stars to date.
![Page 50: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Does it really matter what is a planet and what isn’t?
![Page 51: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• up to 1500 - seven (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) - Geocentric model
• 1550 - six (with Earth, without Moon and Sun) - Heliocentric model • 1781 - seven (with Uranus) • 1807 - eleven (with Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta) • 1845 - twelve (with Astraea) • 1846 - thirteen (with Neptune) • 1851 - eight (without the asteroids) • 1930 - nine (with Pluto) • 2006 - eight (without Pluto)
– From wikipedia
![Page 52: Survey of the Universe Tom Burbine tburbine@amherst](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814fbf550346895dbd7a2c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Any Questions?