Physical Geology Laboratory Tuesday Tom Burbine [email protected].
Introduction to Physical Science Monday, Wednesday, Thursday Tom Burbine [email protected]
description
Transcript of Introduction to Physical Science Monday, Wednesday, Thursday Tom Burbine [email protected]
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• Fission – Splitting of the nucleus of a heavy atom with the release of energy
• Fusion – Combination of the nuclei of light atoms to form heavier nuclei with the release of energy
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Energy Source for Sun
• Fusing hydrogen into helium– Hydrogen nucleus – 1 proton– Helium nucleus – 2 protons, 2 neutrons
• Need high temperatures for this to occur• ~10 to 14 million degrees Kelvin
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http://www.astronomynotes.com/starsun/s3.htm
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http://www.astronomynotes.com/starsun/s3.htm
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How does Fusion Convert Mass to Energy
• What is the most famous formula in the world?
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E = mc2
• m is mass in kilograms• c is speed of light in meters/s• E (energy) is in joules• very small amounts of mass may be converted
into a very large amount of energy
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Who came up with it?
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http://msnbcmedia3.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/z_Projects_in_progress/050418_Einstein/050405_einstein_tongue.widec.jpg
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Law
• Law of Conservation of mass and energy– Sum of all mass and energy (converted into the same
units) must always remain constant during any physical process
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Reaction
• 4 protons → helium-4 + 2 neutrinos + energy
Neutrino-virtually massless, chargeless particles
Positron-positively charged electron – annihilated immediately by colliding with an electron to produce energy
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Antiparticles
• Antiparticle – particle with the same mass and opposite electric charge
• Antiparticles make up antimatter• Annihilation – when a particle and an antiparticle
collide• Antimatter is said to be the most costly substance
in existence, with an estimated cost of $62.5 trillion per milligram.
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Fusion reaction
• Much more complicated than 4 protons → helium-4 + 2 neutrinos + energy
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Deuteron – Deuterium (hydrogen with a neutron)nucelus
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Proton-Proton Chain Reaction
• This reaction occurs ~1038 times each second• It if occurred faster, Sun would run out of fuel
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Neutrinos
• Neutrinos – almost massless particles• No charge• It takes a neutrino about 2 seconds to exit the Sun
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Fusion
• The rate of nuclear fusion is a function of temperature
• Hotter temperature – higher fusion rate• Lower temperature – lower fusion rate• If the Sun gets hotter or colder, it may not be
good for life on Earth
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What is happening to the amount of Helium in the Sun?
• A) Its increasing• B) its decreasing• C) Its staying the same
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What is happening to the amount of Helium in the Sun?
• A) Its increasing• B) its decreasing• C) Its staying the same
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Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost occupied shell of an atom
• Forms chemical bonds
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Ion
• Ion – an electrically charged particle created when an atom either loses or gains one or more electrons
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Ionic Bond
• Ionic bond – chemical bond in which an attractive electric force holds an opposite charge together
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Covalent Bond
• Covalent bond – a chemical bond in which atoms are held by their mutual attraction for two or more electrons share
• Covalent bonds form molecules
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Metallic Bonds
• A chemical bond in which positively charged metal ions are held together within a “fluid”
• Electromagnetic interaction between conduction electrons and gathered in an "electron sea“
• Atoms "share" electrons that float about in a general electron cloud
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Charges need to balance
• Na ions carry a +1 charge• Cl ions carry a -1 charge• Na+ + Cl- → NaCl (Sodium chloride)
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• HCl – Hydrogen Chloride• Li2O – Lithium Oxide
• CO – Carbon Monoxide• CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
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Any Questions?