Survey of anthracnose and wilt of chilli: A potential ... · predominant pathogen infected chilli...

~ 1970 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(2): 1970-1976

E-ISSN: 2278-4136

P-ISSN: 2349-8234

JPP 2018; 7(2): 1970-1976

Received: 15-01-2018

Accepted: 16-02-2018

Abhishek Mishra

Department of Plant Pathology,

C. S. Azad University of

Agriculture and Technology,

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Ved Ratan





Subha Trivedi





MR Dabbas





Kripa Shankar

Department of Entomology, C.

S. Azad University of



AK Singh

Department of Agril. Economics

& Statistics, C. S. Azad

University of Agriculture and

Technology, Kanpur, Uttar

Pradesh, India

Supriya Dixit





Yatindra Srivastava





Correspondence

Abhishek Mishra





Survey of anthracnose and wilt of chilli: A

potential threat to chilli crop in central

Uttar Pradesh

Abhishek Mishra, Ved Ratan, Subha Trivedi, MR Dabbas, Kripa

Shankar, AK Singh, Supriya Dixit and Yatindra Srivastava

Abstract

Chilli one of the most important spices and vegetable crop of India, Chilli is susceptible to various fungal

diseases, such as Anthracnose, Damping–off, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, dry root rot, stem rot. Among of

these, Anthracnose and Fusarium wilt are the most widespread and important disease. An extensive

survey was conducted in 36 selected locations of Pratapgarh, Amethi, Sulatanpur, Kanpur, Etawah,

Allahabad, Faizabad, Jaunpur, and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh during the year 2015-16.

Maximum anthracnose severity recorded in Jaunpur (54.91%) and Mirzapur (54.00%) district. In case of

soil borne pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici was the predominant pathogen. Its average

recovery percent was 53.30 percent in all locations. It caused considerable loss in all chilli growing

regions. Rhizoctonia solani was second most prominant pathogen found in these regions.

Keywords: chilli, anthracnose, potential threat, Uttar Pradesh

Introduction

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) has a unique importance amongst the Solanaceous crops grown

in India, because of its high nutritive value and manifold uses. Besides the evaluation in

improved varieties and use of recommended package of practices, the yield of chilli in the

country is still very disheartening compared to its productivity in the developed countries.

Several constraints for low productivity, pest and diseases are important. Diseases caused by

bacteria, virus and fungi are important which reduce the quality and productivity both. Among

fungal diseases, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici and wilt caused by Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. capsici is becoming a major threat in the production of chilli.

In India, the Anthracnose was first reported by Sydow (1928) [12] from Coimbatore of Madras

Presidency. Yield loss up to 50% in Thailand, 21- 47% in Sri Lanka, 15% in Korea and 50% in

Malaysia has been reported by various workers (Than et al., 2008). Bansal and Grover (1969) [3] during their studies on Colletotrichum frutescens, Linn. reported 10-35% fruit loss due to

anthracnose in 1966 and 20 to 60 % fruit loss during 1967 in six districts of Punjab and

Haryana. Thind and Jhooty (1985) [14] reported fruit loss upto 66-84% in Northern Karnataka.

Wilts are incited by many fungi of which Fusarium being soil borne widely distributed with

limited options for effective control (Mongia, 1991; Dar and Mir, 1995) [4]. Nazar, (2001) [8]

surveyed Kashmir Valley and observed that among various fungal diseases wilt has become a

major threat to chilli production. Madhukar and Naik, (2004) [6] surveyed different districts of

Karnataka and found that black cotton soil supports wilt infection leading up to 25 per cent

yield loss in chilli. The incidence of wilt varied from 0.0 -75.0 per cent in different states of

India (Anonymous, 2005) [2]. Keeping in view the importance of chilli, this present survey was

aimed to investigate the incidence of anthracnose and wilt of chilli crop so as to provide

information regarding integrated disease management to serve as an alternative guide for the

decision making of the farmers.

Materials and Method

Survey and collection of soil sample and disease sample An extensive field survey was conducted from major chilli growing areas of Uttar Pradesh

like: Kanpur, Fatehpur, Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Lakhimpur, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Jaunpur,

Amethi, and Raibareli.

Name of location in different districts of central U.P. surveyed

~ 1971 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry S. no. Districts Locations

1. Sultanpur Jafarpur, Gaurabibipur, Kunwar, Semari

2. Pratapgarh Uska, Basupur, Kohandaur, Sarauli

3. Amethi Sangapur, Sonari, Argrasenpur, Durgapur

4. Faizabad Pipari, Bikapur, Shivpur, Badhapur

5. Etawah Purekalahar, Mahewa, Bamhora, Lakhi

6. Kanpur Vegetable farm, Sarsaul, Student farm, Kalyanpur

7. Jaunpur Sikrara, Machalishahar, Kalwan, Twaripur

8. Allahabad Nani, Mahewa, Mau-ayama, Sorawan

9. Mirzapur Narayanpur, Shivrajpur, Mohamdpur, Raniganj

A total 36 (each diseased) Plant sample was collected from

different districts of Uttar Pradesh for wilt and anthracnose

pathogen. Each plant sample was collected from infected chili

plant and fruits. Each sample was wrapped in old news paper

and kept in poly propylene bag and clearly marked like:

sample no, crop, block, district, date of collection etc. and

write down the data of survey in survey form and both was

brought to the laboratory of Department of Plant pathology,

CSAUA&T, Kanpur for further investigation.

Collection of disease prevalence data in major chilli

growing areas in Uttar Pradesh

An extensive survey during the year 2014-15 was conducted

in ten districts of Uttar Pradesh viz; Kanpur, Fatehpur,

Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Lakhimpur, Sultanpur, Faizabad,

Jaunpur, Amethi, Raibareli to assess severity of wilt and

anthracnose in chilli. Data were collected from the different

sites through the application of participatory research

appraisal tools and techniques, such as direct observation,

group discussions, individual interviews, and field visits using

a questionnaire.

The calculation of the mean anthracnose and wilt incidence of

each location assessed by using following formula-

Result and Discussion

An extensive survey was conducted in purposively selected

locations (Table 1) of major chilli growing districts of Uttar

Pradesh. During the survey, so many biotic and abiotic

constraints were observed. The diseases those were

responsible for lowering down the production of chilli

includes Anthracnose, Alternaria blight, Cercospora Leaf

spot, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora blight and Bacterial leaf

spot etc. Among them Anthracnose and Fusarial wilt both

were observed as serious diseases cause considerable loss in

chilli production. Major impact of anthracnose and wilt

complex on chilli production is well documented worldwide.

Survey and collection of Anthracnose infected plant

samples

An extensive survey was conducted in 36 selected locations

of Pratapgarh, Amethi, Sulatanpur, Kanpur, Etawah,

Allahabad, Faizabad, Jaunpur, and Mirzapur districts of Uttar

Pradesh during 2015-16 (Table 1). On the basis of field

symptoms infected plant samples were collected from the

fields of villages adjoining to Block Headquarters of each

district. For the calculation of disease incidence in each

location, randomly 10 chilli plants were selected and total

number of fruits and infected fruits were counted.

Table 1: Disease severity of Colletotrichum capsici from different locations during 2015-16

S. No. Location/ Locality Total number of fruit examine Total number of fruit infected Disease severity (%)

A. District- Sultanpur

1. Jafarpur 1393 630 46.75

2. Gaurabibipur 980 378 39.53

3. Kunwar 1019 432 41.20

4. Semari 1494 619 42.45

Total 4886 2059 169.93

Average 42.48

B. District- Pratapgarh

5. Uska 1155 538 46.38

6. Basupur 1086 494 45.31

7. Kohandaur 1081 420 38.65

8. Sarauli 996 396 40.78

Total 4318 1848

Average 42.78

C. District- Amethi

9. Sangapur 828 293 36.82

10. Sonari 1527 556 36.89

11. Argrasenpur 1126 486 45.97

12. Durgapur 960 427 42.31

Total 4441 1762 161.99

Average 40.49

D. District- Faizabad

13. Pipari 1369 549 40.80

14. Bikapur 1442 767 53.59

15. Shivpur 1358 793 58.91

16. Badhapur 1221 665 54.32

Total 5390 2774 207.62

Average 51.90

E. District- Etawah

17. Purekalahar 837 411 50.77

~ 1972 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 18. Mahewa 925 411 44.65

19. Bamhora 909 504 55.60

20. Lakhi 1186 589 49.63

Total 3857 1915 200.65

Average 50.16

F. District- Kanpur

21. Vegetable farm, CSAUA&T,

Kanpur 744 329 44.24

22. Sarsaul 908 477 52.51

23. Student farm 888 511 56.85

24. Kalyanpur 875 528 60.33

Total 3415 1845 213.93

Average 53.48

G. District- Jaunpur

25. Sikrara 971 560 58.70

26. Machalishahar 755 360 47.14

27. Kalwan 646 339 52.71

28. Twaripur 753 470 61.09

Total 3125 1729 219.64

Average 54.91*

H. District- Allahabad

29. Naini 903 471 51.66

30. Mahewa 734 365 51.53

31. Mau-ayama 880 446 51.22

32. Sorawan 886 452 50.84

Total 3403 1734 204.95

Average 51.23

I. District- Mirzapur

33. Narayanpur 1026 446 44.37

34. Shivrajpur 814 431 53.13

35. Mohamdpur 897 500 55.29

36. Raniganj 936 512 63.23

Total 3673 1889 216.02

Average 54.00

Average anthracnose severity in all surveyed area in UP 49.04

It is evident from the Table 1 and Graph 1 among four

locations surveyed in Sultanpur district, maximum disease

severity 46.75 per cent was recorded in Jafarpur village while,

in Pratapgarh district, out of 4318 fruits, 1848 were infected

with 42.78 per cent disease incidence. Maximum disease

severity 46.38 per cent was observed in Uska village of

Pratapgarh district. In Amethi district, a total of 4441 fruits

were selected for observation and 1762 fruits were found

infected with average disease incidence as 40.49 per cent.

Among four locations of Amethi district, maximum disease

severity as 46.75 per cent was recorded in Agrasenpur village.

In Faizabad district out of 5390 fruits, 2774 were foundp09

infected with Anthracnose and average disease incidence was

recorded as 51.90 per cent. Maximum disease severity as

58.91 per cent was observed in Shivpur village of Faizabad

district.

In Etawah district, 3857 fruits were selected for observation.

Out of which 1915 were found infected with 50.16 percent

average disease incidence. Maximum disease severity as

55.60 per cent was recorded in Bamhora village. A total 3415

fruits from Kanpur district were examined and 1845 fruits

showed Anthracnose infection with average disease severity

as 53.48 per cent. Maximum disease severity as 60.33 per

cent was observed in Kalyanpur village. In Jaunpur district,

1729 fruits were found infected with anthracnose showed

54.91 per cent average disease severity. Among 3403 fruits

selected from 4 locations of Allahabad district, 1734 fruits

were found infected with average disease intensity as 51.23

per cent. Maximum disease severity as 51.66 percent was

recorded in Naini village of Allahabad district. In Mirzapur

district, a total 3673 fruits were collected and examined for

anthracnose infection out of which 1889 fruits were found

infected with 54.00 per cent disease severity. Maximum

disease severity as 63.23 per cent (Fig. 1) was recorded in

Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Therefore, for enhancing the production and productivity of

this important solanaceae vegetable crop, it is imperative to

combat the malady which causes heavy loss every year in the

country. To know the prevalence, severity and distribution of

disease, a survey was carried out in the year 2014-15 in

different chilli growing areas of Uttar Pradesh. Over all

36,835 fruits were observed in 36 villages of nine district of

Uttar Pradesh and 17,555 fruits found to be infected by

Anthracnose disease. The average disease severity in all

selected area was 49.04 per cent. Under natural conditions,

the average disease severity of anthracnose varied from 42.48

to 54.91 per cent. Highest disease severity (54.91 %) was

recorded in Jaunpur district followed by Kanpur district

(53.48%). The lowest severity (42.48%) was observed in

Sultanpur district. Among all 36 locations, the Shivrajpur

village in Mirzapur district showed maximum disease

severity. It was also observed that disease severity was

highest in late sown varieties and lowest in early sown

varieties of chilli. Similar results were recorded by Rahul

Ravneel Prasad (2016) [10] under field conditions with 65.5%

to 78.5% anthracnose infection in early sown chilli as

compared to late sown in Bulileka, Fiji. Anamika et al. (2014)

[1] also conducted survey in five locations of Rewa Province

to assess the incidence of anthracnose of chilli and they

observed 55.53 to 71.10 percent disease severity under field

conditions. Similar results were reported by Yadav et al. (2016) [9], Park et al. (2007) [12] and Krishnareddy et al. (2008) [5].

~ 1973 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Survey and collection of wilt infected plant samples

Similarly, survey was conducted from 36 locations of 09

districts of Uttar Pradesh for the collection of wilt infected

chilli plant samples.

Jaunpur Mirzapur Kanpur Nagar

Fig 1: Anthracnose symptoms in different locations of Uttar Pradesh

Graph 1: Average anthracnose severities in different districts of Uttar Pradesh during 2015-16

Table 2: Percent recovery of different soil borne pathogens from infected chilli field

S. N. Location/ Locality Foc R. solani S. rolfsii Pythium sp. Unidentified

A. District- Amethi

1. Sangapur 80 15 5 - -

2. Sonari 75 - 25 - -

3. Argrasenpur 50 20 10 - 20

4. Durgapur 55 20 5 15 5

Average 65.00 13.75 11.25 3.75 6.25

B. District- Allahabad

5. Naini - - 20 - 80

~ 1974 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6. Mahewa - 15 - - 85

7. Mau-ayama 15 5 15 - 65

8. Sorawan - - - - 100

Average 3.74 5.0 8.75 00.0 82.5

C. District- Sultanpur

9. Jafarpur - - - - 100

10. Gaurabibipur - 15 - - 85

11. Kunwar - - - - 100

12. Semari - - - - 100

Average 0.0 3.75 0.0 0.0 96.25

D. District- Faizabad

13. Pipari 80 - 10 10 -

14. Bikapur 70 15 - 15 -

15. Shivpur 80 - 10 5 5

16. Badhapur 50 5 10 - 35

Average 70.0 5.0 7.5 7.5 10.0

E. District- Etawah

17. Purekalahar 65 10 5 5 15

18. Mahewa 70 15 10 - 5

19. Bamhora 50 5 10 10 25

20. Lakhi 70 5 5 5 15

Average 63.75 8.75 7.5 5.0 15

F. District- Kanpur

21. Vegetable farm 45 10 - - 45

22. Sarsaul 70 25 5 - -

23. Student farm 55 - - - 45

24. Kalyanpur 50 10 25 - 15

Average 55.0 15.0 7.5 0.0 26.25

G. District- Jaunpur

25. Sikrara - - 15 - 85

26. Machalishahar 55 45 - - -

27. Kalwan 70 25 - 5 -

28. Twaripur 45 30 5 10 10

Average 42.5 25.0 5.0 3.75 23.75

H. District- Pratapgarh

29. Uska - 25 - - 75

30. Basupur 65 25 - - 10

31. Kohandaur 70 - - 15 15

32. Sarauli 60 - 10 5 25

Average 48.7 12.5 2.5 5.0 31.25

I. District- Mirzapur

33. Narayanpur 60 - - 10 30

34. Shivrajpur 55 10 25 10 -

35. Mohamdpur 75 5 10 10 -

36. Raniganj 40 15 10 20 15

Average 57.5 7.5 11.25 12.5 11.25

Grand Mean 53.30 14.58 11.52 8.0

Isolations were made on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium

from wilted chilli plants collected from different villages of

district Pratapgarh, Amethi, Sulatanpur, Kanpur, Etawah,

Allahabad, Faizabad, Jaunpur and Mirzapur districts of Uttar

Pradesh, yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici,

Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium, indicated

that among soil borne pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

capsici observed as the dominant pathogen causing wilt in

chilli in these districts. (Table 2 and Graph 2).

The infected chilli plants collected from different villages of

Amethi district yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici,

Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. to the

tune of 65.0, 13.75, 11.25, and 3.75 percent respectively. The

recovery of unidentified pathogens from the wilted chilli

plants remained as 6.25 percent.

In Allahabad district, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici was

isolated from chilli plants collected from Mau-aiyma village

only while, plant samples from Naini and Mahewa village

yielded S. rolfsii as 20.0 percent and R. solani as 15.0 percent.

At district level the infection of these pathogens was 3.75, 5.0,

and 8.75 percent. Similarly, in Sultanpur district percent

recovery of thes soil borne pathogens was negligible.

Infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, Rhizoctonia

solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. in different villages

ranged from 50.0-80.0, 5.0-15.0, 5.0-10.0 & 5.0-15.0 percent

respectively in Faizabad district. At district level, it was

observed that 70.0 percent plants yielded Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. capsici, while Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium

rolfsii and Pythium sp. were recovered from 5.0, 8.75 and 7.5

percent plants respectively. However, 8.75 percent plants

yielded unidentified fungi.

The infected chilli plants collected from different villages of

Etawah district, yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici,

Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. to the

tune of 55.0-70.0, 10.0-35.0, 5.0-10.0 and 15.0-25.0 percent

respectively. At the district level, 65.0 percent plants yielded

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, while Rhizoctonia solani,

Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. were recovered from 17.5,

6.25, and 4.5 percent plants respectively. However, 6.75

percent plants yielded unidentified fungi.

~ 1975 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Kanpur district, 57.5 percent chilli plants yielded F.

oxysporum f. sp. capsici while, 7.5% plants yielded R. solani,

27.5% yielded S. rolfsii and 15.0 percent plant yielded

Pythium sp. while rest of plants yielded 22.5 percent

unidentified fungi. The infected chilli plants from different

villages of Jaunpur district yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp.

to the tune of 45.0-70.0, 25.0-45.0, 5.0-15.0 and 5.0-10.0

percent respectively. At the district level, 42.5 percent plants

yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, while Rhizoctonia

solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. were recovered

from 25.0, 5.0, and 3.75 percent plants respectively. However,

23.75 percent plants yielded unidentified fungi.

Infected plant samples from 4 villages of Pratapgarh district

yielded Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, Rhizoctonia

solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. as 60.0-70.0, 0.0-

25.0, 0.0-10 and 5.0-15.0 percent respectively. At district

level the infection of these pathogens remained as 48.7, 12.5,

2.5 and 5.0 percent respectively.

Mirzapur district, 57.5 percent chilli plants yielded F.

oxysporum f. sp. capsici while, 7.5% plants yielded R. solani,

18.7% yielded S. rolfsii while 15.0 percent plants yielded

Pythium sp. while rest of plants yielded 1.3 percent

unidentified fungi.

From the present findings it is quite evident that in all nine

districts of central Uttar Pradesh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

capsici was the predominant pathogen associated with chilli

wilt while, Rhizoctonia solani was appeared as second

important pathogen found from infected chilli plant samples.

Maximum incidence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici

found in Faizabad (70.0%) followed by Amethi, Etawah

(65.0%), Mirzapur (57.5%), Kanpur (55.0%), Jaunpur

(42.5%), and Pratapgarh (48.7%) district while minimum

incidence was observed in Allahabad (3.74%) district of Uttar

Pradesh (Fig. 2). Infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

capsici was not observed in any of the plant sample collected

from Sultanpur district. In case of Rhizoctonia solani

maximum incidence was found in diseased plant samples of

Jaunpur (25.0%) while minimum in Sultanpur district (3.75%)

district. Maximum Incidence of Sclerotium rolfsii was

observed in plant samples collected from Mirzapur district

(18.7%) while minimum in Pratapgarh district (2.5%) of Uttar

Pradesh. Similarly, maximum incidence of Pythium sp. as

15.0% was recorded in Mirzapur while, minimum as 3.75

percent was observed in Amethi and Jaunpur district.

These finding clearly indicated that, among these soil borne

pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici was the

predominant pathogen infected chilli crop and caused

considerable loss in all chilli growing regions. Rhizoctonia

solani was second most prominant pathogen. Rhizoctonia

solani and Sclerotium rolfsii mostly found in such places,

where irrigation was more frequent with poor drainage

system. For both pathogens, high moisture conditions are

required, which were available in irrigated field.

Similarly, wilt incidence and distribution of disease was

recorded during the year 2014-15 in different chilli growing

regions of Uttar Pradesh. Four different soil borne pathogens

were observed and results clearly indicated that Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. capsici was found predominant in all chilli

growing districts. Highest disease incidence were recorded in

Faizabad district (70.0%) followed by Etawah (65.0%).

Intensity of the disease nearly went up to 50% leading to

heavy crop loss. Singh et al. (1998) [11], studied that Fusarium

wilt, become more serious in chilli growing tracts of India,

particularly in Karnataka in black cotton soil leading up to 25

per cent yield loss (Madhukar and Naik, 2004) [6]. The

incidence of wilt varied from 0.0 to 75.0 percent in different

states of India (Anonymous, 2005) [2].

Faizabad

Etawah

Amethi

Fig 2: Wilt symptoms in different locations of Uttar Pradesh

~ 1976 ~

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Graph 2: Average percent recovery of different soil borne pathogens in different districts of Uttar Pradesh during 2015-16

Conclusion

The information obtained from plant disease surveys enables

the relative importance of different diseases to be determined,

which in turn enables rational allocation of resources for

research as well as control and eradication programs in 36

locations of Pratapgarh, Amethi, Sulatanpur, Kanpur, Etawah,

Allahabad, Faizabad, Jaunpur, and Mirzapur districts of Uttar

Pradesh. Most of the subsistent farmers have cultivated this

crop on the basis of generating little income to sustain their

livelihood especially in Jaunpur (54.91%) and Mirzapur

(54.00%) district. In case of soil borne pathogens Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. capsici was the predominant pathogen. Its

average recovery percent was 53.30 percent in all locations.

They caused considerable loss in all chilli growing regions.

Rhizoctonia solani was second most prominant pathogen

found in these regions. It is obvious therefore, that decisions

based on disease assessment data can be reduced by using

alternate integrated disease management friendly to the

environment.

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