Supplement with- biofertilizr

BIOFERTILIZERS in India

BIOFERTILIZERS ARE MICROBIAL

INOCULANTS SUPPORTED ON CARRIERS.

Biofertilizers are cost

effective, eco-friendly

and can be generated

at the farm itself. They

increase crop yield

upto 10-40% and fix

nitrogen upto 40-50

Kg.

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BF: SOME IMPORTANT POINTS:- *Contain live or latent cells of microbes.

*Ready to use formulations.

*Efficient strains of microbes.

*Applied to seed /seed material / seedling /soil /waste

material /crop residue in order to increase their

population.

*Accelerate some biochemical processes.

*Make more nutrient available to the crops.

What are biofertilizers ? (1)

• Microbial inoculants (bacteria fungi and

algae) that are carrier-based

preparations containing beneficial

microorganisms in a viable state.

• Intended for seed or soil application.

• Designed to improve soil fertility in N

and P

• Provide growth promoter substances.

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What are biofertilizers? (2) • Artificially multiplied cultures of certain soil

organisms that can improve soil fertility

and crop productivity.

• They fix atmospheric nitrogen, make

insoluble phosphates soluble and

decompose farm wastes releasing plant

nutrients.

• They are cost effective, eco-friendly and

can be generated at the farm itself.

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Biofertilizers contain 3.5% - 4% nitrogen, 2% -

2.5% phosphorus and 1.5% potassium. In

terms of N : P: K, it was found to be superior to

farmyard manure and other type of manure.

They improve soil texture, pH, and other

properties of soil. They produces plant growth

promoting substances IAA amino acids,

vitamins etc.

Microbial inoculants • Rhizobia were discovered in 1895,

followed by the Azotobacter and then the blue green algae and a host of other nitrogen fixing micro-organisms.

• Azospirillum and Vesicular- Arbuscular Micorrhizae (VAM) are fairly recent discoveries.

• The bacteria with phosphate solubilizing ability containing cells of Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum, were prepared firstly by USSR scientists.

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Active Microbes Crops/ trees/ plants

Associated with; mode

of application

Nature of interaction

(and other remarks)

1 Rhizobium Legume; Soil &

Seed

Symbiosis

2 Azotobacter Non- legume, crops

arid zone plants; Soil

treatment

Non-symbiotic

3 Azospirillum Cereals Symbiosis

4 Cyanobacteria Rice; Soil With Azolla, anabaena

5 Phosphate

solubilizing

bacteria

Soil application for

all crops

6 VAM fungi

BIOFERTILIZERS: USE IN INDIA

# First commercial production of legume

Rhizobium symbiosis was done in 1956

# Ninth Plan initiated National Project

on Development and Use of

Biofertilizers (NPDB).

# To supplement chemical fertilizers that

become expensive and deteriorate soil.

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Factors affecting Performance of

biofertilizers:

• Host plant

• Soil fertility

• Cropping practices

• Biological & environmental factors

Survival and efficiency of BF are

affected by the above factors

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Rhizobium

• Bacteria that grows in root nodules of legumes [soya bean, etc]

• Rhizobium INOCULANTS: Use of Rhizobium culture in legumes is most promising. On average, its use can supply 15-20 kg N/ha to legumes: increase yield up to 20 per cent.

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Rhizobium

• Rhizobium bacteria in roots of legume

plants fix atmospheric N2 in nodules

formed on the roots of plants.

A pure and efficient strain of

Rhizobium multiplied in the lab on a

suitable medium by using shake flask

technology or fermentation technology

and inoculated into seed or root.

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Inoculum Application

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Non-legume INOCULANTS

Azotobacter

# These bacteria enhance the plant growth and finally yield. A highly efficient strain _

Azotobacter chrooccocum is grown in the lab either as shake culture or using

fermenter.

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Azotobacter:

• Free living micro-organisms, that grow

in the rhizosphere and fix atmospheric

nitrogen non-symbiotically

• Makes it available to particularly

cereals. Promotes seed germination,

initial vigor of plants- by producing

growth producing substances

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Azospirillum

• Azospirillum, [ Azospirillum lipoferum,

biological nitrogen fixing in grasses;

enhance biomass-root system]

• Associative endo - symbiotic on roots of

grasses and similar types of plants.

Also fixes atmospheric nitrogen and

benefits host plants by supplying growth

hormones and vitamins.

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Azospirillum

• Used for preparation of commercial inoculants on a large scale, for cereals and grasses as it produces growth promoters in addition to fixing N2.

• It secretes vitamin-B complex, gibberellins, naphthalene, acetic acid and other substances that inhibit certain root pathogens and improves root growth and uptake of plant nutrients. Has good adaptability to temp, soil pH and wide host range.

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In addition to N2 fixation, inoculation with Azospirillum results in the

following benefits

1. Promotion of root hair development and branching;

2. Increased uptake of N, P, K and microelements;

3. Improved water status of plants and,

4. Increased dry matter accumulation and grain yield.

Azospirillum species are described as Gram negative, rod-shaped,

1mm in diameter, very motile. Cells are about 1.0 um x 3.5 mm in size

single flagellum when grown in MPSS broth while lateral flagella when

grown on MPSS agar at 30 ºC. They also form wrinkled, dark pink

colonies when grown on MPSS agar.

Cyanobacteria INOCULANTS::

• Biological nitrogen fixing ;

photosynthetic also; Some free living

cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Tolypothirix

etc and other symbiotic like -

Anabaena-Azolle_ useful for rice

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Cyanobacteria

An important group of micro-organisms,

fix atmospheric nitrogen non-symbiotically

mostly in rice fields in heterocysts cells_

specially known as sites of nitrogen

fixation.

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Azolla – Anabaena symbiosis

• Azolla is a free floating, aquatic fern found on

water surface having a cyanobacterial

symbiont Anabaena azollae in their leaves.

• It fixes atmospheric nitrogen in paddy field

and excretes organic nitrogen in water during

its growth.

• Azolla contributes nitrogen, phosphorus (15-

20 Kg/ha/month), potassium (20-25

kg/ha/month)

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Cyanobacteria: Preparation

Efficient strains_ used for multiplication on a large scale in field. Production of inoculum in artificially controlled conditions is defined but more expensive. Open air soil culture_ most simple, less expensive_ easily adaptable by the farmers.

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Cyanobacteria: Preparation

– # Based on use of starter culture that is

multi-strain inoculum of_ Aulosira,

Tolypothrix, Scytonema, Nostoc and

Anabaena.

– # In rural areas, unskilled labour can

undertake the multiplication of blue green

algae as a paying industry.

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Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) are a

group of microbes capable of solubilizing

inorganic phosphorus from insoluble sources. In

alkaline and acidic soils, the availability to phosphorus

is low. These microbes reverse this process. PSM when

used with rock phosphate save 50% of the crop

requirement of phosphatic fertilizer. Inoculation of

seeds with PSM gives crop yield responses equivalent

to 30 kg P2O5/ha of phosphatic fertilizers.

Phosphate SOLUBILIZING

INOCULANTS

• Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms are

bacteria: (Bacillus var. phosphaticum),

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acrobacter acrogens,

nitrobacter spp., Escherichia freundii, Serratia

spp., Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa

that have phosphate solubilising ability. / or fungi

(Aspergillus awamorii) - Secrete organic acids -

dissolve bound phosphate in soil.

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Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria / fungi:

Phosphorus_ required for plant growth and

water yield. It is also essential for

nodulation by Rhizobium.

– Phospho-micro organism are mostly

bacteria and fungi. Mycorrhizae have high

potential of phosphorus

– accumulation in plants.

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Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi

are found to be associated with a majority of

agricultural crops. VAM have been associated with

increased plant growth and enhanced accumulation of

plant nutrients, mainly phosphorus, zinc, copper and

sulphur through greater soil exploitation by

mycorrhizal hyphae. Maximum root colonization and

sporulation occurs in soils with low phosphorus.

VAM fungi

[Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza]

Intracellular, obligate, fungal endo-

symbiont - glomus etc.- transfers

phosphorus, zinc & sulfur from soil to

root.

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Mycorrhiza

• Colonise 85% of land plants_ offers 50 % saving in chemical P fertilizer_ higher resistance to soil-and-root borne pathogens_ helps in wasteland reclamation by providing extended arm to plant root system. # A broad-spectrum mycorrhizal

biofertilizer is available.

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Mycorrhiza Produced by:

# M/s Cadila Pharamaceutical

Ltd., Ahemdabad, and KCP

Sugar and Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.,

Chennai [DBT-TERI, New Delhi’s

technology].

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Award for Producer of Mycorrhiza

• KCP Sugar Industries received the All India Biotechnology Association Award for production and marketing of the mycorrhizal bio-fertilizer.

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Estimated potential Demand for

Biofertilisers by 2000-2001

• Type of Biofertilizer

• Rhizobium

• Azotobacter

• Azospirillum

• Blue green Algae

• Phosphate solublising microorganism

• Total:

• Demand (Tonnes)

• 34,999

• 145,953

• 74,342

• 251,738

• 255,340

762,372

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Biofertilizer Production Support: GOI- 1999-2000

• National Biofertilizer Development Centre was established at Ghaziabad.

• Six other regional BF development centres are located at Jabalpur, Hissar, Nagpur, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar and Imphal.

• Under this scheme 74 BF-production units were established with central assistance having annual production capacity of 8475 tonnes.

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Promoting Bio-fertilizers: Current Situation

• A limited extent of success till date

(2000).

• There has been no accelerated growth

in distribution with time.

• Inadequate spatial diffusion.

• Despite entry of small private units into

the industry there is no clear indication

of the success of privatization.

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Progress of the bio-fertilizer Industry

• Based on the data for 1995, 1997

and 1999, the industry witnessed a

steady increase in the number of

units producing the BF ;

• the bulk of the growth took place by

1992-95 of the sample period and

stagnated thereafter.

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Changes in the share by type of BF

• moderate success in AZT and by

far the best performance by PSB

• decline in RHZ indicated success in

groundnut and pulses was below

expectation.

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Main constraints in spread of

BF as an Industry:

1. Inadequate production and supply of efficient cultures of micro-organisms to farmers well before sowing.

2. Quality control aspect

3. Lack of publicity, communication.

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Marketing: Host, soil & climate specific

BF: Receive user feedback

• To cover the vast areas of legumes, pulses and oil seeds cereals and horticultural crops- to train users to apply and to receive feedback info. from them.

• More manufacturer-distributors needed_ to prepare the bio-fertilizers in particular locality and supply to farmers as per farmer’s need, while earning profit. 48

Marketing of BF: Logistics

• # Prepared bio-fertilizers should reach

farmers prior to sowing.

# If given free of cost, that lowers down

the importance of product and farmers

don’t use them carefully.

# If bio-fertilizers are supplied after

expiry date_expected results are not

obtained.

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Steps in biofertilizer production

Strain selection, Mass Culture,

Carrier preparation and Inoculation

Quality testing. Packaging

Distribution

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NATURE OF BF INDUSTRY:

• Indigenous technology

• Scientific aspects: Standardized by

Agricultural Universities and Research

Labs.

• Machineries and laboratory

equipments are of BIS standards.

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Manufacturing equipments:

• Laboratory equipments,

• Autoclaves,

• Fermenter assembly,

• Boiler,

• Broth dispensers,

• Plant for sterlisation, deminralising

• Air compressor

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The size of a Biofertiliser unit:

• Capacity of production of various types /

strains of bio-fertilizers per annum.

• The projects so far set up in our county

vary from 75 TPA to 300 TPA.

• Expandable by adding a few additional

equipment like a fermenter and / or

adding another shift.

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Requirements of BF Projects

1 Land

2 Layout and buildings

3 Plant and Machinery

4 Manufacturing process and Source of technology

5 Infrastructural Facilities for raw material, carrier material

and utilities (Power, Water, Compressed air, Vehicles)

6 Manpower Unit Size

7 Business Prospects And Marketing and Selling

Arrangements

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Examples of biofertilizers available in Indian market Product

Price

Crops

Excel Industries Ltd., Kolkata

1. Celrich

Rs 200 per 50 kg

Orchards, field crops, plantation crops

Bicco Agro Products Pvt Ltd., Kolkata

2. Biofert

Rs 5,000 per tonne

All crops


3. Biccosulph

Rs 190 per litre

All crops


4. Tea tonic

Rs 750 per kg

Mainly for tea


5.-Chelated zinc

Rs 240 per kg

All crops (Zn deficiency)

Biotech Intern Ltd., New Delhi

6. Bioboost

Rs 225 per 8 kg

All crops 56

Dr Bhabani Dikshit

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• To promote the production and use of bio-

fertilizer, Government has initiated a project

“National Project on Development and Use of Bio

fertilizers”. Main objectives of this project are as

following:

• Production and distribution of Bio fertilizers (BFs)

• Developing Standards for different BFs and

Quality control

• Releasing of grants for setting up BF units

• Training and Publicity

New Units sanctioned during 9th Plan

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Location of National /Regional Biofertilizer Production

and Development Centres (After DGTD, 1989)

Extension work needed for popularizing BF

• Visits to areas of Puri district comprising of Pipli,

Khurda and Nayagarh belt, showed that a large

number of farmer of Chandanpur area applied

biofertilizer in their betel vine crops by using

Azatobacter and PSB (Phosphates soluble

bacteria) and yielded good results. A senior

Government agronomist of the Fertilizer

Promotion and Agricultural Research Division (FP

& ARD) based in Puri, Simanchala Panigrahi, said

that as biofertilizer was a new concept to the

farmers of Orissa, it needed further extension

work for popularizing its use. 69

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The Integrated Plant Nutrition System is a key

component of agricultural production in order to meet

growing demand of food and fiber by the size of farm that

is decreasing.

System property is chalked out and tailored to the needs

of the farmers; it will empower small-scale farmers to

increase their technical know-how and have decision-

making capacities to make adequate changes in plant

nutrition systems.

This will support agricultural intensification. The use of

organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer has increased crop

productivity. Therefore the farm practices are to be

changed in this direction.

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In 2009-10, Tamil Nadu produced 3733 tonnes of

bio-fertilizers followed by Karnataka at 3696 tonnes.

The other major producers of bio-fertilizers are

Kerala (1937 tonnes), Maharashtra (1861 tonnes)

and Madhya Pradesh (1588 tonnes).

Studies on benefits and usefulness of bio-fertilizers

on agriculture production reveal that on an average

10-20% increase in production can be realized by

use of bio-fertilizers. In terms of nutrients, bio-

fertilizers can provide 10-20 kg Nitrogen and can

solubilize 10-12 kg of P2 O5 per hectare per

cropping season. Use of bio-fertilizers also improves

soil health by helping other beneficial micro-

organisms to grow.

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Use of bio-fertilizers is being promoted through

Integrated Nutrient Management, enhancing

awareness and field demonstration.

Financial Support for establishment of bio-fertilizer

production units is also provided under the National

Project on Organic Farming as back-ended subsidy

of 25%, restricted to Rs. 40 lakh, through NABARD.

Bio-fertilizers are products containing living micro-

organisms which are agriculturally useful. Most

commonly produced and marketed bio-fertilizers are

Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Azospirillum and one

such bio-fertilizer is phosphate solubilizer, called

Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB).

BOOKS ABOUT BIOFERTILIZERS

CONTINUED

Indian Books on Biofertilizers-1

• Biofertilizer - Technology, Marketing

and usage, a source book-cum-

Glossary by Dr. M R Motsara et al

(1995) - Fertilizer Development and

Consultation Organization publishers,

New Delhi 110048 (India)

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Indian Books on Biofertilizers-2

• Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry

by N S Subba Rao, Third Ed. 1993

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd

66, Janpath, New Delhi-110 001.

• Biotechnology of Biofertilizers Edited by

S. Kannaiyan, 2002 Narosa Publishing

House, N. Delhi.

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Indian Books on Biofertilizers -3

• Recent Advances in Biofertilizer

Technology/ Edited by A.K. Yadav, S.

Ray Chaudhuri and M.R. Motsara, 2001,

Society for Promotion and Utilisation of

Resources and Technology,

New Delhi. [Vedam Books]

• Phosphatic Biofertilizers / Laxmi Lal.

Udaipur, Agrotech Pub., 2002.

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Handbook of Biofertilizers • Handbook of microbial biofertilizers, M. K. Rai,

Routledge, 2006 - 579 pages,

• Sharply focused, up-to-date information on microbial

biofertilizers--including emerging options such as

"Piriformospora indica" and "Matsutake" The Handbook

of Microbial Biofertilizers provides in-depth coverage of

all major microbial biofertilizers (rhizobia, arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi, and cyanobacterias well as new and

emerging growth promoters (endophytes).

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It examines the role of microbes in growth promotion,

bioprotectors, and bioremidiators, and presents protocols

and practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable

agriculture.

An abundance of helpful charts, tables, and figures

make complex information easy to access and

understand.

In this first-of-its-kind volume, contributors from 11

countries and several continents address important

issues surrounding microbial biofertilizers,

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… including: the rhizobium-host-arbuscular mycorrhizal"

tripartite relationship, mycorrhiza as a disease suppresser

and stress reducer mycorrhiza helping bacteria the

impact of functional groups of soil microorganisms on

nutrient turnover PBPRs as biofertilizers and

biopesticides the potential of wild-legume rhizobia for use

as a biofertilizers, the expanding role of blue-green algae

in sustainable agriculture, the role of microbial fertilizers

in sustainable plant production new and emerging

endophytes the commercial potential of biofertilizers 80

In this young century, the use of biofertilizers is already

growing rapidly. It has been recognized that these

environment-friendly bioprotectors, growth boosters, and

remediators are essential for soil / plant health. The

Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers is designed to fit the

expanding information needs of current and future

biotechnologists, microbiologists, botanists, agronomists,

environmentalists, and others whose work involves

sustained agriculture.

Handbook of Biofertilizers

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Supplement with- biofertilizr

Technology

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